Direct numerical test of the B-G-K model equation by the DSMC method

In the present paper the rarefied gas how caused by the sudden change of the wall temperature and the Rayleigh problem are simulated by the DSMC method which has been validated by experiments both in global flour field and velocity distribution function level. The comparison of the simulated results with the accurate numerical solutions of the B-G-K model equation shows that near equilibrium the BG-K equation with corrected collision frequency can give accurate result but as farther away from equilibrium the B-G-K equation is not accurate. This is for the first time that the error caused by the B-G-K model equation has been revealed.

三维稀薄气体流动DSMC位置元新方案混合网络算法的验证

本文发展了直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法位置元新方案混合网格算法,提出了新的表面元标识方法,可以直接、准确地标识并记录物面在表面元的分布情况。本文利用嵌入了该方法的位置元通用程序模拟了高超声速圆球绕流,给出了阻力系数随稀薄程度的变化曲线以及不同雷诺数下沿驻点线的流场密度分布;同时模拟了羽流冲击平板问题,给出了有背景压力下平板表面的压力、剪切力和热流分布。模拟结果与实验结果符合很好,验证了该方案在模拟三维稀薄气体流动时的有效性和精确性。

三维稀薄气体流动DSMC位置元新方案混合网格算法的验证

本文发展了直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法位置元新方案混合网格算法,提出了新的表面元标识方法,可以直接、准确地标识并记录物面在表面元的分布情况。本文利用嵌入了该方法的位置元通用程序模拟了高超声速圆球绕流,给出了阻力系数随稀薄程度的变化曲线以及不同雷诺数下沿驻点线的流场密度分布;同时模拟了羽流冲击平板问题,给出了有背景压力下平板表面的压力、剪切力和热流分布。模拟结果与实验结果符合很好,验证了该方案在模拟三维稀薄气体流动时的有效性和精确性。

Characteristics of Micronozzle Gas Flows

The fluid characteristics of gas flows in the micronozzle whose throat height is 20 μm were investigated by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. In a series of cases, the dependence of mass flux on the pressure difference was gained, and the DSMC's results show good agreement with the experimental data. The comparison of mass flux and the Mach number contours between the DSMC and Navier-Stokes equations adding slip boundary also reveals quantitatively that the continuum model will be invalid gradually even when the average Knudsen number is smaller than 0.01. As one focus of the present paper, the phenomenon of the multiple expansion-compression waves that comes from the nozzle's divergent part was analyzed in detailed.

Vaporization of heated materials into discharge plasmas

The vaporization of condensed materials in contact with high-current discharge plasmas is considered. A kinetic numerical method named direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and analytical kinetic approaches based on the bimodal distribution function approximation are employed. The solution of the kinetic layer problem depends upon the velocity at the outer boundary of the kinetic layer which varies from very small, corresponding to the high-density plasma near the evaporated surface, up to the sound speed, corresponding to evaporation into vacuum. The heavy particles density and temperature at the kinetic and hydrodynamic layer interface were obtained by the analytical method while DSMC calculation makes it possible to obtain the evolution of the particle distribution function within the kinetic layer and the layer thickness.

Get Acquaited with Rarefied Gas Dynamics

以通俗易懂的方式介绍了空气动力学当气体间断分子效应显著时发展起来的特殊分支--稀薄气体动力学。讨论了非平衡现象与稀薄气体动力学的关系。通过与8速度气体模型的间断Boltzmann方程的对比,解释了Boltzmann方程碰撞项的物理意义和数学困难,简要综述了其一般解法。讨论了分子在物体表面的反射和问题的边界条件,着重介绍了直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)方法和为克服低速稀薄流动(如MEMS中流动)中模拟困难的信息保存(IP)方法。

稳态等离子体推进器羽流的粒子模拟

本文利用结合了particle-in-cell方法的直接模拟Monte Carlo方法模拟了稳态等离子体推进器的羽流场.为了更真实地再现实验设备中的流动,模拟中包含了背压气体,并在计算中直接模拟,改变了以往的中性粒子平衡态的处理方式.为了匹配试验结果,修正了推进器出口处气流偏转角分布,并建议最大偏转半角取为20°.计算结果与现有的实验结果符合较好.

Navier-Stokes方程二阶速度滑移边界条件的检验

对微尺度气体流动，Navier-Stokes方程和一阶速度滑移边界条件的结果与实验数据相比，在滑移区相互符合，在过渡领域则显著偏离，为改善Navier-Stokes方程在过渡领域的表现，有些研究者尝试引入二阶速度滑移边界条件，如Cercignani模型，Deissler模型和Beskok-Karniadakis模型．以微槽道气体流动为例，将Navier-Stokes方程在不同的二阶速度滑移模型下的结果与动理论的直接模拟Monte Carlo（DSMC）方法和信息保存（IP）方法以及实验数据进行比较．在所考察的3种具有代表性的二阶速度滑移模型中，Cercignani模型表现最好，其所给出的质量流率在Knudsen数为0．4时仍与DSMC和IP结果相符；然而，细致比较表明，Cercignani模型给出的物面滑移速度及其附近的速度分布在滑流区和过渡领域的分界处（Kn=0．1）已明显偏离DSMC和IP的结果．

Statistical Simulation of Rarefied Gas Flows in Micro-Channels

Rarefied gas flows through micro-channels are simulated using particle approaches, named as the information preservation (IP) method and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. In simulating the low speed flows in long micro-channels the DSMC method encounters the problem of large sample size demand and the difficulty of regulating boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet. Some important computational issues in the calculation of long micro-channel flows by using the IP method, such as the use the conservative form of the mass conservation equation to guarantee the adjustment of the inlet and outlet boundary conditions and the super-relaxation scheme to accelerate the convergence process, are addressed. Stream-wise pressure distributions and mass fluxes through micro-channels given by the IP method agree well with experimental data measured in long micro-channels by Pong et al. (with a height to length ratio of 1.2:3000), Shih et al. (l.2:4800), Arkilic et al. and Arkilic (l.3:7500), respectively. The famous Knudsen minimum of normalized mass flux is observed in IP and DSMC calculations of a short micro-channel over the entire flow regime from continuum to free molecular, whereas the slip Navier-Stokes solution fails to predict it.

Thickness And Component Distributions Of Yttrium-Titanium Alloy Films In Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Thickness and component distributions of large-area thin films are an issue of international concern in the field of material processing. The present work employs experiments and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to investigate three-dimensional low-density, non-equilibrium jets of yttrium and titanium vapor atoms in an electron-beams physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) system furnished with two or three electron-beams, and obtains their deposition thickness and component distributions onto 4-inch and 6-inch mono-crystal silicon wafers. The DSMC results are found in excellent agreement with our measurements, such as evaporation rates of yttrium and titanium measured in-situ by quartz crystal resonators, deposited film thickness distribution measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and surface profilometer and deposited film molar ratio distribution measured by RBS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). This can be taken as an indication that a combination of DSMC method with elaborate measurements may be satisfactory for predicting and designing accurately the transport process of EBPVD at the atomic level.

过渡领域高超声速圆柱绕流直接模拟

用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法模拟了再入速度为7.5km/s,高度分别为80、85、90km,物壁是完全漫反射有限催化壁的圆柱绕流。在80km考察了壁面催化率的影响。计算结果表明: 稀薄程度对壁面物理量和流场结构有十分显著的影响,热力学和化学非平衡效应显著。随着高度降低,壁面催化率对壁面热流量等有明显影响。而流场沿物面方向变化比较缓慢,应用较粗的沿壁向网格也可以得到满意的宏观结果。作了球体绕流的数值模拟并与半球头柱头部热流量的实验结果作了比较,二者符合良好。

Examination of the LBM in simulation of microchannel flow in transitional regime

The gas flows in micro-electro-mechanical systems possess relatively large Knudsen number and usually belong to the slip flow and transitional flow regimes. Recently the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was proposed by Nie et al. in Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 107, pp. 279-289, in 2002 to simulate the microchannel and microcavity flows in the transitional flow regime. The present article intends to test the feasibility of doing so. The results of using the lattice Boltzmann method and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method show good agreement between them for small Kn (Kn = 0.0194), poor agreement for Kn = 0.194, and large deviation for Kn = 0.388 in simulating microchannel flows. This suggests that the present version of the lattice Boltzmann method is not feasible to simulate the transitional channel flow.

过渡领域三维绕流直接统计模拟位置元法的一种新方案

发展了DSMC方法计算三维绕流位置方法的新方案,还解决了除气动力、矩总体量以外的气动加热和压力分布等局部分布量的计算所提出的新问题.并通过与准确结果的比较证明了采用的方案和技术的有效性.

Rayleigh-Bénard热对流的动理论分析

利用基于分子动理论的直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)方法,研究了 Rayleigh-Bènard问题.计算中,上下平板表面温度之比固定为0.1.Kn=0.01时,随着Ra数的增大,大约在1700附近,流动从热传导状态转变为热对流状态,DSMC计算得到的下平板热流与Ra数的关系与经典实验和理论结果相符.Kn=0.05时,流动保持稳定的热传导状态,Ra数的增大并不能引发热对流现象.