《植物名实图考》中一些百合科植物考证兼论茄子在中国的栽培起源和传播——植物考据学个例研究

中国古代涉及植物学的文献可谓浩如烟海。由于中国植物种类繁多，加之方言的分化和文字的演变，古籍文献中的植物名称难以计数。距古愈久，失误愈多，渐至名称混乱难以分辨，同物异名、同名异物现象比比皆是。植物考据在这样的背景下产生了。本文确立了中国植物考据研究的范围、内容、证据、方法和目的，并以时间为线索，梳理了中国植物考据研究两千多年的历史，扼要评介了各个历史阶段的代表人物及作品。在此基础上，本文遵循“由近及远，先实后虚”的研究思路，考证了《植物名实图考》的几种百合科植物，同时选定茄子这一栽培植物，以它为点，利用中国古籍文献证据，研究它在中国的起源、驯化和传播，藉此探讨植物考据研究所能解决的植物学问题。 1. 粉条儿菜和肺筋草考 理清了近百年来“粉条儿菜”和“肺筋草”这两个植物中文名称的混乱，确认粉条儿菜一名最早见于《救荒本草》，实为菊科Compositae鸦葱属Scorzonera华北鸦葱Scorzonera albicaulis;首次记载于《植物名实图考》中的“肺筋草”才是Aletris 属植物，应为Aletris scopulorum，非前人考证的Aletris spicata。 2. 黄精属植物考 《图考》“黄精”包括了多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema、长梗黄精P. filipes和距药黄精P. franchetii，这三个种实际上是一个集合种 (species aggregate), 即使用现代分类的观点来看，它们之间也很难从外部形态区分开来;“黄精苗”可能为P. sibiricum或P. verticillatum;认为“滇钩吻（一）”应为点花黄精P. punctatum，这与前人的考证结果相同;“滇钩吻（二）”和“滇黄精”可能分别为卷叶黄精P. cirrhifolium和滇黄精P. kingianum中的某个种，但限于黄精属植物分类研究的程度，暂且存疑;“萎蕤”图所绘植物不属于黄精属Polygonatum，而为万寿竹属Disporum的横脉万寿竹D．trabeculatum。 3. 贝母考 《图考》贝母条下所附贝母图，不属于贝母属Fritillaria植物，而属天南星科Araceae，可能为半夏Pinellia ternata的幼苗;文中“点苍山生者”可能是鸭趾草科蓝耳草Cyanotis vaga;“张子诗”中的蔓生贝母为Bolbostemma paniculatum，这可能是中国古代最早利用的“贝母”，后来逐渐被Fritillaria属植物替代。 4. 茄子的栽培起源和传播 本文首先借助于现代系统学和遗传学的研究结果，理清茄子及其近缘种的分类、地理分布和可能的驯化过程;结合民族植物学研究和大量的野外考察，确认了茄子及其近缘种在中国的形态、分布和利用方法等等;而后将今论古，用严格的考据方法理清在浩如烟海的中国古籍文献中与茄子相关文献的科学含义。在这个基础上推演茄子在中国栽培起源和传播的途径。得到以下结论：茄子的野生种GroupF和原始栽培种Group G在中国南方热带地区存在，早在晋代记载的“茄树”很可能就是这个原始栽培种Group G;高级栽培种Group H最早在公元前一世纪就有记载，有可能在中国四川盆地南部山区的暖温带地区被首先驯化;中国有些茄子的高级栽培种Group H也有可能从印度传来，但传播路线应该是沿着由南向北的西南丝绸之路，而非如一些学者所认为的自西向东由西北丝绸之路首先传入长安;在中国，茄子的高级栽培种由成都平原向长江中下游地区传播，继而在公元五到六世纪传播到黄河中下游地区，栽培技术已经成熟，利用方法越来越多, 到了宋代已经遍布整个中国;茄子在中国的选育是向着果实体积变大、味道变甜的方向进行, 宋代茄子发生了明显的品种分化，出现了世界上最早的茄子图。

An optimal theory for an expansion of flow quantities to capture the flow structures

An optimal theory on how database analysis to capture the flow structures has been developed in this paper, which include the POD method as its special case. By means of the remainder minimization method in the Sobolev space, for more general optimal conditions the new theory has the potential to overcome an inherent limitation of the POD method, i.e., it cannot be used to the situations in which the optimal condition is other than the inner product global one. As an example, using the new theory, the database of a two-dimensional flow over a backward-facing step is analyzed in detail, with velocity and vorticity bases.

Growth and properties of ZnO thin film on beta-Ga2O3(100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were grown on the beta-Ga2O3 (100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the ZnO films are c-axis oriented. The optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated. The room temperature Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum showed a near band emission at 3.28 eV with two deep level emissions. Optical absorption indicated a visible exciton absorption at room temperature. The as-grown films had good electrical properties with the resistivities as low as 0.02 Omega cm at room temperature. Thus, beta-Ga2O3 (100) substrate is shown to be a suitable substrate for fabricating ZnO film. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

The physiological differences for three bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) were investigated. In comparison with M. aeruginosa and A. flos-aquae, C. raciborskii exhibited a significantly higher concentration of carotenoids, higher values in maximum photosynthesis rate (P-m), apparent photosynthetic efficieny (a), and maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) during the growth period. In addition, higher extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities and lower light compensation point (I-c) were also detected in C raciborskii (p < 0.05, ANOVA). Therefore, it is suggested that the higher photosynthetic activities, more effective uptake and utilization to phosphate, and low light requirements might play important roles in the occurrence and invasive behavior of C. raciborskii. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

First description of a novel Weissella species as an opportunistic pathogen for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in China

Six strains of Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, irregular short rod-shaped Weissella bacteria, with width and length of 0.5-0.6 and 1.2-2.7 mu m were isolated from diseased rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in winter of 2007 at a commercial fishery in Jingmen, Hubei province, China. The diseased rainbow trout exhibited hemorrhage in eyes, anal region, intestine and abdomen wall, petechia of liver, some fish with hydrocele in stomach. Six isolates had identical biochemical reactions, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), enzymatic profile analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility results, indicating as a single clonal outbreak. But all were different from any other validated twelve Weissella species in the term of physiological and biochemical characters. It is indicated that isolates are phylogenetically closer to Weissella halotolerans, Weissella viridescens and Weissella minor on 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis result, than to W halotolerans and W viridescens on the result of ARDRA study and enzymatic profile analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to scan effective drugs for the therapy of this disease. Experimental infection assays with one isolate were conducted and pathogenicity (by intraperitoneal injection) was demonstrated in rainbow trout O. mykiss (Walbaum) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) fingerlings. Because no Weissella was detected in fish feedstuffs and pond water, the source of this pathogen remains unknown, and Weissella isolates were regarded as an opportunistic pathogen for rainbow trout. This is the first report of Weissella strains which can cause disease of cultured fish in the world. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Fully Integrated 900-MHz Passive RFID Transponder Front End With Novel Zero-Threshold RF-DC Rectifier

This paper presents a fully integrated CMOS analog front end for a passive 900-MHz radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder. The power supply in this front end is generated from the received RF electromagnetic energy by using an RF-dc voltage rectifier. In order to improve the compatibility with standard CMOS technology, Schottky diodes in conventional RF-dc rectifiers are replaced by diode-connected MOS transistors with zero threshold. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses for the proposed rectifier are provided and verified by both simulation and measurement results. The design considerations of the pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) demodulator and the backscatter modulator in the front end are also discussed for low-power applications. The proposed front end is implemented in a 0.35-mu m 2P4M CMOS technology. The whole chip occupies a die area of 490 x 780 mu m(2) and consumes only 2.1 mu W in reading mode under a self-generated 1.5-V supply voltage. The measurement results show that the proposed rectifier can properly operate with a - 14.7-dBm input RF power at a power conversion efficiency of 13.0%. In the proposed RFID applications, this sensitivity corresponds to 10.88-m communication distance at 4-W equivalent isotropically radiated power from a reader base station.

Keyword spotting system based on biomimetic pattern recognition

The mandarin keyword spotting system was investigated, and a new approach was proposed based on the principle of homology continuity and point location analysis in high-dimensional space geometry theory which are both parts of biomimetic pattern recognition theory. This approach constructed a hyper-polyhedron with sample points in the training set and calculated the distance between each test point and the hyper-polyhedron. The classification resulted from the value of those distances. The approach was tested by a speech database which was created by ourselves. The performance was compared with the classic HMM approach and the results show that the new approach is much better than HMM approach when the training data is not sufficient.

A high-gain high-linearity wide-band low noise amplifier for terrestrial and cable receptions

This paper presents the design of a wide-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) implemented in a 0.35 mu m SiGe BiCMOS technology for cable (DVB-C) and terrestrial (DVB-T) tuner applications. The LNA utilizes current injection to achieve high linearity. Without using inductors, the LNA achieves 0.1-1GHz wide bandwidth and 18.8-dB gain with less than 1.4-dB gain variation. The noise figure(NF) of the wideband LNA is 5dB, its 1-dB compression point is -2dBm and IIP3 is 8dBm. The LNA dissipates 120mW power with a 5-V supply.

An ambient proof and wide tuning range LC VCO with automatic amplitude control for tuner applications

This paper represents a LC VCO with AAC (Auto Amplitude Control), in which PMOS FETs are used as active components, and the varactors are directly connected to ground to widen Kvco linear range. The AAC circuitry adds little noise to the VCO and provides it with robust performance over a wide temperature and carrier frequency range. The VCO is fabricated in 50-GHz 0.35-mu m SiGe BiCMOS process. The measurement results show that it has -127.27-dBc/Hz phase noise at 1-MHz offset and a linear gain of 32.4-MHz/V between 990-MHz and 1.14-GHz. The whole circuit draws 6.6-mA current from 5.0-V supply.

A Wide-Band High-Linearity Down-Conversion Mixer for Cable Receptions

We analyze a wide-band,high-linearity down-conversion mixer for cable receptions that is implemented in 0. 35μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The bandwidth of the RF （radio frequency） input covers the range from 1 to 1.8GHz. The measured input power at the - 1dB compression point of the mixer reaches ＋ 14.23dBm. The highest voltage conversion gain is 8. 31dB, while the lowest noise figure is 19.4dB. The power consumed is 54mW with a 5V supply. The test result of the down-conversion mixer is outlined.

Thermally Stable Guest-Host Polyetherketone Poled Polymer for Electro-Optical Applications

The high glass transition temperature polymer polyetherketone doped with disperse red 13 (DR13/PEK-c) has been prepared by the spin-coating method. Through in situ second-harmonic generation, the corona poling temperature was optimized by measuring the temperature dependence of the in situ second-harmonic generation signal intensity under the poling electric field. The linear electro-optic coefficients of the poled polymer films have been determined at 632.8 nm by using a simple interferometric technique. The polymer system was measured after 13 000 h, and found that it remained at 80% of its initial value.

A one-way MOS analog switch

In this paper, a one-way NMOS analog switch featuring a low plug-in consumption is presented. The performances of analog switch, especially the performances of source follower are simulated under different conditions with PSPICE. Simulation results and factors affecting the deviation between input and output are analyzed, some advice on how to reduce the deviation between input and output is given. Ar the end of the paper, voltage relationship between input and output of the analog switch is obtained. Function of first degree, Vout = kVin + V0, is used to approximate the voltage relationship. The simulation results anti the value achieved from the approximation equation are given as well.

Design and simulation of charge sensitive preamplifier with CMOS FET implemented as feedback capacitor C-fp

In this paper, to design a new preamplifier for optimum performances with charged-particle or heavy-ion detectors, the CMOS FET is implemented as a feedback capacitor C-fp, so that the entire system should be built only with MOSFET. This work is a revolution design because to realize an ASIC for a preamplifier circuit, the capacitor will also be included. We succeed after a simulation to maintain a rise time less than 3 ns, the output resistance less than 94 Omega and the linearity almost good.

A low noise charge sensitive preamplifier with switch control feedback resistance

In this paper, the design and analysis of a new low noise charge sensitive preamplifier for silicon strip, Si(Li), CdZnTe and CsI detectors etc. with switch control feedback resistance were described, the entire system to be built using the CMOS transistors. The circuit configuration of the CSP proposed in this paper can be adopted to develop CMOS-based Application Specific Integrated Circuit further for Front End Electronics of read-out system of nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics research, etc. This work is an implemented design that we succeed after a simulation to obtain a rise time less than 3ns, the output resistance less than 94 Omega and the linearity almost good.