Analysis of the population capacity in the reconstruction areas of 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

National Key Technology R&D Program of China [2008BAK50B05]; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX-YW-Q06, KZCX2-YW-Q03-06]

Friction and Wear Studies of Octadecyltrichlorosilane SAM on Silicon

A self-assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) was prepared on a single-crystal silicon wafer (111) and its tribological properties were examined with a one-way reciprocating tribometer. The worn surfaces and transfer film on the counterface were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that, due to the wear of the OTS monolayer and the formation of the transfer film on the counterpart ball, the friction coefficient gradually increases from 0.06 to 0.13 with increasing sliding cycles and then keeps stable at a normal load of 0.5N. The transfer film is characterized by deposition, accumulation, and spalling at extended test duration. Though low friction coefficients of the monolayer in sliding against steel or ceramic counterfaces are recorded, poor load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability are also shown. Moreover, the monolayer itself or the corresponding transfer film on the counterface fails to lubricate even at a normal load of 1.0 N. Thus, the self-assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane can be a potential boundary lubricant only at very low loads.

Preparation and Tribological Studies of Stearic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers on Polymer-Coated Silicon Surface

We present a good alternative method to improve the tribological properties of polymer films by chemisorbing a long-chain monolayer on the functional polymer surface. Thus, a novel self-assembled monolayer is successfully prepared on a silicon substrate coated with amino-group-containing polyethyleneimine (PEI) by the chemical adsorption of stearic acid (STA) molecules. The formation and structure of the STA-PEI film are characterized by means of contact-angle measurement and ellipsometric thickness measurement, and of Fourier transformation infrared spectrometric and atomic force microscopic analyses. The micro- and macro-tribological properties of the STA-PEI film are investigated on an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a unidirectional tribometer, respectively. It has been found that the STA monolayer about 2.1-nm thick is produced on the PEI coating by the chemical reaction between the amino groups in the PEI and the carboxyl group in the STA molecules to form a covalent amide bond in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) as a dehydrating regent. By introducing the STA monolayer, the hydrophilic PEI polymer surface becomes hydrophobic with a water contact angle to be about 105degrees. Study of the time dependence of the film formation shows that the adsorption of PEI is fast, whereas at least 24 h is needed to generate the saturated STA monolayer. Whereas the PEI coating has relatively high adhesion, friction, and poor anti-wear ability, the STA-PEI film possesses good adhesive resistance and high load-carrying capacity and anti-wear ability, which could be attributed to the chemical structure of the STA-PEI thin film. It is assumed that the hydrogen bonds between the molecules of the STA-PEI film act to stabilize the film and can be restored after breaking during sliding. Thus, the self-assembled STA-PEI thin film might find promising application in the lubrication of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).

Micro/Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of thin Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings

The diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with different thicknesses on 9Crl8 bearing steels were prepared using vacuum magnetic-filtering arc plasma deposition. Vickers indentation. nanoin-dentation and nanoscratch tests were used to characterize the DLC films with a wide range of applied loads. Mechanical and tribological behaviors of these submicron films were investigated and interpreted. The hardnesses of 9Crl8 and DLC, determined by nanoindentation, are approximately 8GPa and 60GPa respectively; their elastic moduli are approximately 25OGPa and 600GPa respectively. The friction coefficients of 9Crl8, DLC. organic coating, determined by nanoscratch, are approximately 0. 35, 0. 20 and 0. 13 respectively. It is demonstrated that nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests can provide more information about the near-surface elastic-plastic deformation, friction and wear properties. The correlation of mechanical properties and scratch resistance of DLC films on 9Crl8 steels can provide an assessment for the load-carrying capacity and wear resistance

Micro- and macro-tribological study on a self-assembled dual-layer film

A novel self-assembled dual-layer film as apotential excellent lubricant for micromachines was successfully prepared on single-crystal silicon substrate by chemical adsorption of stearic acid (STA) molecules on self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltri

Substrate Effects on the Micro/Nanomechanical Properties of TiN Coatings

Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests were performed for titanium nitride (TiN) coatings on different tool steel substrates to investigate the indentation/scratch induced deformation behavior of the coatings and the adhesion of the coating–substrate interfaces and their tribological property. In this work, TiN coatings with a thickness of about 500 nm were grown on GT35, 9Cr18 and 40CrNiMo steels using vacuum magnetic-filtering arc plasma deposition. In the nanoindentation tests, the hardness and modulus curves for TiN/GT35 reduced the slowest around the film thickness 500 nm with the increase of indentation depth, followed by TiN/9Cr18 and TiN/40CrNiMo. Improving adhesion properties of coating and substrate can decrease the differences of internal stress field. The scratch tests showed that the scratch response was controlled by plastic deformation in the substrate. The substrate plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties and wear resistance of such coatings. TiN/GT35 exhibited the best load-carrying capacity and scratch/wear resistance. As a consequence, GT35 is the best substrate for TiN coatings of the substrate materials tested.

Electrothermal stress in conductive body with collinear cracks

The temperature and stress field in a thin plate with collinear cracks interrupting an electric current field are determined. This is accomplished by using a complex function method that allows a direct means of finding the distribution of the electric current, the temperature and stress field. Temperature dependency for the heat-transfer coefficient, coefficient of linear expansion and the elastic modulus are considered. As an example, temperature distribution is calculated for an alloy (No. GH2132) plate with two collinear cracks under high temperature. Relationships between the stress, temperature, electric density and crack length are obtained. Crack trajectories emanating from existing crack are predicted by application of the strain energy density criterion which can also be used for finding the load carrying capacity of the cracked plate. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Formation, microstructure and development of the localized shear deformation in low-carbon steels

An investigation has been made into the effect of microstructural parameters on the propensity for forming shear localization produced during high speed torsional testing by split Hopkinson bar with different average rates of 610, 650 and 1500 s(-1) in low carbon steels. These steels received the quenched, quenched and tempered as well as normalized treatments that provide wide microstructural parameters and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the occurrence of the shear localization is susceptible to the strength of the steels. In other words, the tendency of the quenched steel to form a shear band is higher than that of the other two steels. It is also found that there is a critical strain at which the shear localization occurs in the steels. The critical strain value is strongly dependent on the strength of the steels. Before arriving at this point, the material undergoes a slow work-hardening. After this point, the material suffers work-softening, corresponding to a process during which the deformation is gradually localized and eventually becomes spatially correlated to form a macroscopic shear band. Examinations by SEM reveal that the shear localization within the band involves a series of sequential crystallographic and non-crystallographic events including the change in crystal orientation, misorientation, generation and even perhaps damage in microstructures such as the initiation, growth and coalescence of the microcracks. It is expected that the sharp drop in the load-carrying capacity is associated with the growth and coalescence of the microcracks rather than the occurrence of the shear localization, but the shear localization is seen to accelerate the growth and coalescence of the microcracks. The thin foil observations by TEM reveal that the density of dislocations in the band is extremely high and the tangled arrangement and cell structure of dislocations tends to align along the shear direction. The multiplication and interaction of dislocations seems to be responsible for work-hardening of the steels. The avalanche of the dislocation cells corresponds to the sharp drop in shear stress at which the deformed specimen is broken. Double shear bands and kink bands are also observed in the present study. The principal band develops first and its width is narrower than that of the secondary band.

Gene transfer into genomes of human cells by the sleeping beauty transposon system

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system, derived from teleost fish sequences, is extremely effective at delivering DNA to vertebrate genomes, including those of humans. We have examined several parameters of the SB system to improve it as a potential, nonviral vector for gene therapy. Our investigation centered on three features: the carrying capacity of the transposon for efficient integration into chromosomes of HeLa cells, the effects of overexpression of the SB transposase gene on transposition rates, and improvements in the activity of SB transposase to increase insertion rates of transgenes into cellular chromosomes. We found that SB transposons of about 6 kb retained 50% of the maximal efficiency of transposition, which is sufficient to deliver 70-80% of identified human cDNAs with appropriate transcriptional regulatory sequences. Overexpression inhibition studies revealed that there are optimal ratios of SB transposase to transposon for maximal rates of transposition, suggesting that conditions of delivery of the two-part transposon system are important for the best gene-transfer efficiencies. We further refined the SB transposase to incorporate several amino acid substitutions, the result of which led to an improved transposase called SB11. With SB11 we are able to achieve transposition rates that are about 100-fold above those achieved with plasmids that insert into chromosomes by random recombination. With the recently described improvements to the transposon itself, the SB system appears to be a potential gene-transfer tool for human gene therapy.

农地承载力影响因素及拓展途径分析

在分析农地承载力内涵的基础上,指出农地资源承载力的影响因素众多,概括为自然环境因素和社会经济因素;农地承载力是动态变化的,改变农地所处的条件和影响因素可以拓展其承载力;从系统耦合,开放条件,农地制度,农地结构方面探讨农地承载力的拓展途径。

米脂县农地承载力系统动力学分析

在综合分析米脂县农地承载力系统结构、关系的基础上,以1998年为起始年建立系统动力学模型,根据米脂县社会经济发展现状及未来规划,设定了3种不同的方案和3种营养标准,模拟了米脂县2008-2028年农地人口承载力趋势,通过各方案比较,得出了较优的方案,最后提出了提高该地区农地承载力的政策建议。

系统耦合对农地承载力的拓展分析

农地的特性决定了其系统具有耦合性,农地系统耦合的意义在于其对农地承载力产生重要影响.农地系统承载力是一个合力,其大小取决于各子系统承载力的"大小"和"方向",系统耦合正是通过调整分力的"大小"和"方向",实现农地承载力的拓展.系统耦合对农地承载力拓展的途径有:增强种间耦合,调整土地利用结构和农林牧渔复合经营等.

岷江上游地区景观格局与生态承载力变化及预测研究

岷江上游是我国十分典型的山地生态脆弱区。该地区的生态环境意义十分重大，既是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分，更是成都平原的重要生态屏障和水源生命线，其生态环境状况直接影响成都平原水资源的质量和数量，以至影响到整个岷江流域甚至整个长江上游的生态环境与社会经济发展。本论文通过3S技术手段，应用转移矩阵、景观指数和Kappa指数系列方法对岷江上游的景观变化从1974到2000年进行了综合分析，同时应用CLUE-S模型在有无“天然林保护工程”两个预案下对该区域2001到2020年的景观变化进行了预测。然后，应用基于能值理论进行改进的生态足迹方法和传统生态足迹方法对岷江上游地区的1982到2000的生态承载力进行了分析，以反映研究区的生态环境质量和可持续发展情况；应用多元统计方法和CLUE-S模型预测的结果预测了研究区2001到2020年的生态足迹和生态承载力。对岷江上游地区的景观格局和生态承载力的变化进行分析和预测得到如下主要结论： 1. 岷江上游地区景观在1974到2000年间格局变化并不十分显著，景观由少数几种景观类型所控制，各景观类型有不断趋于平均化的趋势，但速度缓慢，景观的破碎化程度越来越严重。研究区的景观变化以有林地的不断减少和其它景观类型的相应增加为特点，主要的景观变化发生在有林地、灌木林地、草地、耕地和经济林地之间。此时间段内的景观林地的面积不断减少，大部分转化为灌木林地和草地，使得其面积相应增加。耕地和经济林地面积不断增长，增长速度最为迅速。 2. 在有无“天然林保护工程”两种预案下，有林地向着不同的方向发展，有林地变化情况的不同导致其它景观类型的变化不同。在“无天保”预案下，林地面积不断减少，灌木林地、草地和耕地面积不断增长，景观的破碎化程度不断加剧，斑块形状更加不规划，景观的连通性不断下降。在“天保”预案下，林地面积有增长趋势，灌木林地和草地面积有所下降，耕地面积有下降趋势，景观的破碎化程度有减小的趋势，景观形状变得更加规则，景观的连通性也将得到改善。由此，“天然林保护工程”对景观格局未来变化有着决定性的作用。 3. 岷江上游地区的生态足迹从1982到2000年间呈缓慢的上升趋势，表明研究区内居民的生活水平不断提高，但速度缓慢。虽然研究区在研究时期内的生态承载力大于需求，但生态承载力呈明显的下降趋势，造成这种情况的主要原因是由于资源的不合理利用方式造成的，特别是对森林的过度采伐。连续的木材采伐给岷江上游地区脆弱的生态系统带来严重后果，导致了林地面积减小、森林质量下降、水土流失加剧和泥石流频繁发生。 4. 对于生态足迹和生态承载力在两个预案的预测表明到2020年为止岷江上游地区仍为可持续发展状态。在“无天保”预案下，生态承载力不断下降，生活足迹不断上升，研究区向不可持续的方向发展；在“天保”预案下，生态承载力在2003年后开始逐渐上升，同时，由于木材采伐被禁止，导致岷江上游地区的生态足迹大为下降，研究区将向更加可持续的方向发展。由两种预案的结果对比可以发现1998年开始实施的“天然林保护工程”能够扭转岷江上游地区未来的生态承载力变化方向。生态承载力可以反映生态系统的质量，说明该政策的实施可以有效改善岷江上游地区未来的生态系统。 5. 传统生态足迹方法应用的生物生产能力数据为常量，所以它能够有效地比较不同年份和不同区域间消费数据的变化情况。实际土地需求法应用的生物生产能力和均衡因子均根据研究区实际数据计算得到，其反映研究区的实际情况更为有效。应用能值对生态足迹方法进行改进，改变了传统生态足迹以生物圈为限制的不足。本文改进的方法－区域能值足迹法能够有效地反映研究区的实际情况，同时又能够将科技进步所带来的影响加以考虑。

Thermokinetic investigation of effect of temperature on optimum NaCl concentration for petroleum bacterial growth

The power-time curves of growth of three strains of petroleum bacteria at different NaCl concentrations at 40.0 and 50.0 degreesC have been determined by using a 2277 Thermometric Thermal Activity Analyser. An equation of a power-time curve, ln[alphaP(K)/P(t) - 1] = ln[(alphaK - N-0)/N-0] - alphakt, was established based on the generalized logistic equation, where P(t) is the thermal power at time t, K the carrying capacity, P-K = P0K, P-0 the thermal power of one cell, N-0 the bacterial population at time zero, alpha = (k - D)/k. The method of four observed points with the same time interval was used to calculate the value of P-K. The growth rate constant k and the death rate constant D were calculated. The NaCl concentration of optimum growth rate of petroleum bacteria at 40.0 and 50.0 degreesC, respectively, have been obtained according to the curves k - D versus NaCl concentration, which are 0.26, 0.54 and 0.57 mol l(-1) for B-1, B-2 and B-3, respectively, at 50.0 degreesC, 0.26, 0.55 and 0.56 mol l(-1) for B-1, B-2 and B-3, respectively, at 40.0 degreesC. The results indicated that the effect of temperature on NaCl concentration of optimum growth rate was small. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

陕北黄土高原农牧交错带土地生产潜力及人口承载力

根据陕北黄土高原农牧交错带生态环境特点以及作物生长发育过程对光、热、水、土资源的要求和利用效率,运用逐步订正法对该地区的土地生产潜力进行了定量估算,并对其土地的人口承载力进行了计算与分析,指出了提高该地区土地生产潜力及人口承载力的途径。结果表明,该地区光温生产潜力为光合生产潜力的65.21%,气候生产潜力为光温生产潜力的37.91%,土壤生产潜力为气候生产潜力的32.19%,现实生产能力仅为土壤生产潜力的42.47%;在现实生产能力水平下,人民生活仅能维持我国低消费水平,如果要实现世界中等消费水平,必须使土地的现实生产能力达到土壤生产潜力的89.40%,气候生产潜力的27.00%。提高该地区土地生产潜力及人口承载力的途径包括提高植被覆盖度,控制土地荒漠化;发展设施农业和灌溉农业,提高作物产量;改进施肥方法,培肥地力;因地制宜,开发滩区等。