Numerical and Experimental Investigation On The Prevention of Co Deflagration

The exhaust gases from industrial furnaces contain a huge amount of heat and chemical enthalpy. However, it is hard to recover this energy since exhaust gases invariably contain combustible components such as carbon monoxide (CC). If the CO is unexpectedly ignited during the heat recovery process, deflagration or even detonation could occur, with serious consequences such as complete destruction of the equipment. In order to safely utilize the heat energy contained in exhaust gas, danger of its explosion must be fully avoided. The mechanism of gas deflagration and its prevention must therefore be studied. In this paper, we describe a numerical and experimental investigation of the deflagration process in a semi-opened tube. The results show that, upon ignition, a low-pressure wave initially spreads within the tube and then deflagration begins. For the purpose of preventing deflagration, an appropriate amount of nitrogen was injected into the tube at a fixed position. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that the injection of inert gas can successfully interrupt the deflagration process. The peak value of the deflagration pressure can thereby be reduced by around 50%. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spatial variability in water quality and surface sediment diatom assemblages in a complex lake basin,lake of the woods,ontario,canada

Lake of the Woods (LOW) is an international waterbody spanning the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, and the U.S. state of Minnesota. In recent years, there has been a perception that water quality has deteriorated in northern regions of the lake, with all increase in the frequency and intensity of toxin-producing cyanobacterial blooms. However, given the lack of long-term data these trends are difficult to verify. As a first step, we examine spatial and seasonal patterns in water quality in this highly complex lake on the Canadian Shield. Further, we examine surface sediment diatom assemblages across multiple sites to determine if they track within-take differences in environmental conditions. Our results show that there are significant spatial patterns in water quality in LOW. Principal Component Analysis divides the lake into three geographic zones based primarily on algal nutrients (i.e., total phosphorus, TP), with the highest concentrations at sites proximal to Rainy River. This variation is closely tracked by sedimentary diatom assemblages, with [TP] explaining 43% of the variation in diatom assemblages across sites. The close correlation between water quality and the surface sediment diatom record indicate that paleoecological models could be used to provide data on the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic sources of nutrients to the lake.

Polyaniline for corrosion prevention of mild steel coupled with copper

Polyaniline emeraldine base/epoxy resin (EB/ER) coating was investigated for corrosion protection of mild steel coupled with copper in 3.5% NaCl solution. EB/ER coating with 5-10 wt% EB had long-term corrosion resistance on both uncoupled steel and copper due to the passivation effect of EB on the metal surfaces. During the 150 immersion days, the impedance at 0.1 Hz for the coating increased in the first 1-40 days and subsequently remained constant above 10(9) Omega cm(2), whereas that for pure ER coating fell below 10(6) Omega cm(2) after only 30 or 40 days. Immersion tests on coated steel-copper galvanic couple showed that EB/ER coating offered 100 times more protection than ER coating against steel dissolution and coating delamination on copper, which was mainly attributed to the passive metal oxide films formed by EB blocking both the anodic and cathodic reactions. Salt spray tests showed that 100 mu m EB/ER coating protected steel-copper couple for at least 2000 h.

Polyaniline as marine antifouling and corrosion-prevention agent

Conductive polyaniline was found to have special marine antifouling property. The coating from conducting polyaniline and epoxy resin(or polyurethane) can last 6-9 months in Southern China sea, i.e., less than 10% of the coating surface was fouled during this period. The conducting polyaniline has special synergetic antifouling effect on other antifouling agents like cuprous oxide or 4, 4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. The conductivity of the polyaniline was found to be extremely important for its antifouling effect. Moreover, employing aliphatic polyamine as solvent of emeraldine base and curing agent of epoxy resin, a new technique to process corrosion prevention coating containing emeraldine base was developed, therefrom the emeraldine base and epoxy resin was in molecular level blending. This technique was solvent free and extremely effective, i.e., only 1wt% of emeraldine base in the coating can have good corrosion prevention property.

Prevention of fish oil rancidity by phlorotannins from Sargassum kjellmanianum

Known only in the Phaeophyceae, phlorotannins (brown algal polyphenols) are a class of natural products with potential uses in pharmacology. This study reports that phlorotannins from Sargassum kjellmanianum can prevent fish oil from rancidification; the antioxidation activity was about 2.6 times higher than that of 0.02% BHT (tertbutyl-4-hydroxytoluene).