抗盐、耐海水蔬菜的生物技术培育与海水无土栽培应用

本研究是以植物起源于海洋的系统进化理论和植物细胞的全能性理论为依据的。 对芹菜(Apium graveolensL．)、油菜(B. rapa, chinese group)、叶用甜菜(Beta vulgaris(L.)Koch, Cicla group)、甘蓝(B. oleraceae, acephala group)、豆瓣菜(A'asturtiumofficinale R．Br*.）、番杏（Tetragonla expansa Ait.)、菠菜(Spinacia oleracea　L．)等蔬菜种类进行大规模种质资源筛选和鉴定， 从芹菜、油菜、叶用甜菜等植物中筛选出20多种能够耐受l%NaCI或1/3海水盐度的蔬菜品系。在耐盐蔬菜品种资源筛选的基础上，为了证明用生物技术提高盐敏感蔬菜耐盐性的可行性，本研究以植物体外培养细胞体系为操作平台，对盐敏感的蔬菜一一豆瓣菜进行了生物技术改造。一方面，筛选豆瓣菜的耐盐细胞变异体并使得耐盐细胞再生植株，获得了耐1/3海水的豆瓣菜变异体;另一方面，通过将盐生植物山菠菜(Atriplex hortensisL)的耐盐相关基因，甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因转入豆瓣菜，使得BADH基因在豆瓣菜中过量表达和积累甜菜碱，提高了豆瓣菜的渗透调节能力，从而提高了豆瓣菜的耐盐性。同时，本研究还将所获得的多种抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料以海水无土栽培的方式进行生产和应用， 取得了很好的效果。 本文的结果证明了在陆地淡水栽培的蔬菜和野生蔬菜资源中，存在着部分耐盐性较强的蔬菜种质;通过生物技术改造能够提高盐敏感蔬菜的耐盐性，并获得抗盐、耐海水的蔬菜新品系。对这些抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料进行1/3海水无土栽培应用的成功结果表明，某些陆地蔬菜具有重新适应海洋生境的潜能。

两种螯合剂施用对污染土壤中叶用叶叶叶Cd富集的影响

为探讨螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸(CA)对土壤重金属Cd的的的态的及的用的的的(Beta vulgaris var.cicla L)富集Cd能力的影响。结果表明:EDTA的添加比柠檬酸更显著增加了土壤重金属镉的的的态含量,同时提高了的用的的的茎的的富集系数和转运能力;施用螯合剂促进了Cd从的用的的的茎的菜部菜茎的的菜菜,的用的的的茎的含Cd量显著增加,EDTA的作用是柠檬酸的2~3倍。

Formation of reversible shell cross-linked micelles from the biodegradable amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(L-cysteine)-block-poly(L-lactide)

A novel biodegradable diblock copolymer, poly(L-cysteine)-b-Poly(L-lactide) (PLC-b-PLLA), was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of beta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Cysteine (ZLC-NCA) with amino-terminated Poly(L-lactide) (NH2-PLLA) as a macroinitiator in a convenient way. The diblock copolymer and its precursor were characterized by H-1 NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The length of each block polymer could be tailored by molecular design and the ratios of feeding monomers.

海水培养对叶用甜菜形态和生理特性的影响

本文以含有不同浓度海水的50％Hoagland培养液进行叶用甜菜（Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.）的无土培养，并研究了海水培养条件下叶用甜菜多种形态和生理特性的变化情况。结果表明，在电导率相当于22％海水的培养液中生长时，叶用甜菜植株形态和显微结构均无明显变化。在电导率相当于41％海水的培养液中生长时，叶用甜菜仍能保持存活和生长，显微观察也未发现死亡细胞，但植株形态和生理特性发生某些变化：（1）植株形态变化：植株叶面积大大减少，叶片增厚，栅栏组织细胞膨大，根毛变短；（2）植株干重降低，细胞渗透压提高，含水量增加（3）游离脯氨酸的含量比对照增加137％；（4）可溶性糖的含量基本未发生变化；（5）细胞膜电解质渗漏率增大，细胞内离子含量增加；（6）多肽成分变化：24.4KD2和7.0KD多肽的量明显增加；29.1 KD和29.5 KD多肽的表达量则有所减少等。结果表明至少海水培养液电导率相当于22％海水时，叶用甜菜能够正常的生和长，当培养液中盐度过高时，叶用甜菜的形态和生理特性发生某些变经，但仍能生存和长生。同时这些变化也说明叶用甜菜的耐盐性涉及多种生理生化过程，是由体内多种结构和功能协同进行的。

Carbon dioxide dynamics and controls in a deep-water wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

To initially characterize the dynamics and environmental controls of CO2, ecosystem CO2 fluxes were measured for different vegetation zones in a deep-water wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the growing season of 2002. Four zones of vegetation along a gradient from shallow to deep water were dominated, respectively by the emergent species Carex allivescens V. Krez., Scirpus distigmaticus L., Hippuris vulgaris L., and the submerged species Potamogeton pectinatus L. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re), and net ecosystem production (NEP) were markedly different among the vegetation zones, with lower Re and GPP in deeper water. NEP was highest in the Scirpus-dominated zone with moderate water depth, but lowest in the Potamogeton-zone that occupied approximately 75% of the total wetland area. Diurnal variation in CO2 flux was highly correlated with variation in light intensity and soil temperature. The relationship between CO2 flux and these environmental variables varied among the vegetation zones. Seasonal CO2 fluxes, including GPP, Re, and NEP, were strongly correlated with aboveground biomass, which was in turn determined by water depth. In the early growing season, temperature sensitivity (Q(10)) for Re varied from 6.0 to 8.9 depending on vegetation zone. Q(10) decreased in the late growing season. Estimated NEP for the whole deep-water wetland over the growing season was 24 g C m(-2). Our results suggest that water depth is the major environmental control of seasonal variation in CO2 flux, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) controls diurnal dynamics.

Molecular cloning and characterization of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) CD8 beta and CD4-like genes

Partial cDNA sequences of both CD8 beta and CD4-like (CD4L) genes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were isolated from thymus cDNA library by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently the full length cDNAs of carp CD8 and CD4L were obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full length cDNA of carp CD8 is 1164 bp and encodes 207 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 24 amino acids, a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids from aa 167 to aa189 and an immunoglobulin V-set from aa 19 to aa 141. Similar to other species CD8 beta s,carp CD8 beta also lacks p56(lck) domain in the cytoplasmic region. The full length cDNA of carp CD4L is 2001 bp and encodes 458 amino acids including four immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains in the extracellular region, a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids at the C-terminal region from aa 402 to aa 424 and a cytoplasmic tail. Similar to mammalian, avian CD4s and fugu CD4L, carp CD4L also has the conserved p56(lck) tyrosine kinase motif (C-X-C) in the cytoplasmic region. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that carp CD8 beta and CD4L genes were both expressed predominantly in thymus. The results from this study can be used to understand the evolution of both the CD8 beta and CD4 molecules which can be used as markers for cytotoxic and helper T cells in carp. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Two-Dimensional Kinetics Of Beta(2)-Integrin And Icam-1 Bindings Between Neutrophils And Melanoma Cells In A Shear Flow

Cell adhesion, mediated by specific receptor-ligand interactions, plays an important role in biological processes such as tumor metastasis and inflammatory cascade. For example, interactions between beta(2)-integrin ( lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and/or Mac-1) on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and ICAM-1 on melanoma cells initiate the bindings of melanoma cells to PMNs within the tumor microenvironment in blood flow, which in turn activate PMN-melanoma cell aggregation in a near-wall region of the vascular endothelium, therefore enhancing subsequent extravasation of melanoma cells in the microcirculations. Kinetics of integrin-ligand bindings in a shear flow is the determinant of such a process, which has not been well understood. In the present study, interactions of PMNs with WM9 melanoma cells were investigated to quantify the kinetics of beta(2)-integrin and ICAM-1 bindings using a cone-plate viscometer that generates a linear shear flow combined with a two-color flow cytometry technique. Aggregation fractions exhibited a transition phase where it first increased before 60 s and then decreased with shear durations. Melanoma-PMN aggregation was also found to be inversely correlated with the shear rate. A previously developed probabilistic model was modified to predict the time dependence of aggregation fractions at different shear rates and medium viscosities. Kinetic parameters of beta(2)-integrin and ICAM-1 bindings were obtained by individual or global fittings, which were comparable to respectively published values. These findings provide new quantitative understanding of the biophysical basis of leukocyte-tumor cell interactions mediated by specific receptor-ligand interactions under shear flow conditions.

Angular distribution and conversion of multi-keV L-shell X-ray sources produced from nanosecond laser irradiated thick-foil targets

An experimental study on the angular distribution and conversion of multi-keV X-ray sources produced from 2 ns-duration 527nm laser irradiated thick-foil targets on Shenguang II laser facility (SG-II) is reported. The angular distributions measured in front of the targets can be fitted with the function of f(theta) = alpha+ (1- alpha)cos(beta) theta (theta is the viewing angle relative to the target normal), where alpha = 0.41 +/- 0.014, beta = 0.77 +/- 0.04 for Ti K-shell X-ray Sources (similar to 4.75 keV for Ti K-shell), and alpha = 0.085 +/- 0.06, beta = 0.59 +/- 0.07 for Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray Sources (2-2.8 keV for Mo L-shell, 2.8-3.5 keV for Pd L-shell, and 3-3.8 keV for Ag L-shell). The isotropy of the angular-distribution of L-shell emission is worse than that of the K-shell emission at larger viewing angle (>70 degrees), due to its larger optical depth (stronger self-absorption) in the cold plasma side lobe Surrounding the central emission region, and in the central hot plasma region (emission region). There is no observable difference in the angular distributions of the L-shell X-ray emission among Ag, Pd, and Mo. The conversion efficiency of Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray sources is higher than that of the Ti K-shell X-ray sources, but the gain relative to the K-shell emission is not as high as that by using short pulse lasers. The conversion efficiency of the L-shell X-ray sources decrease, with increasing atomic numbers (or X-ray photon energy), similar to the behavior of the K-shell X-ray Source.

Fabrication of beta-BaB2O4 layers on (001) Sr2+-doped alpha-BaB2O4 by vapor transport equilibration (VTE)

Crystalline beta-BBO layers have been successfully prepared on (0 0 1)-oriented Sr2+-doped alpha-BBO substrates using vapor transport equilibration technique. The layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray rocking curve and transmission spectra. The present results manifest that the VTE treatment time and powder ratio are important factors on the preparation of beta-BBO layers. beta-BBO layers with a highly (0 0 l) preferred orientation were obtained according to XRD profiles. The full width at half-maximum of the rocking curve for the layer is as low as about 1000 in., which shows the high crystallinity of the layer. These results reveal the possibility of fabricating beta-BBO (0 0 1) layers on (0 0 1)-oriented Sr2+-doped alpha-BBO substrates by VTE. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

水稻(Oryza sativa L. sspjaponica)成熟与萌发花粉的蛋白质组学研究

花粉是高度退化的两细胞或三细胞生物体。作为雄配子体，花粉储藏了父本的全部遗传信息，并通过与柱头识别、萌发和花粉管极性生长将精子送到雌性的胚囊中，完成双受精作用。由于花粉在植物有性生殖过程中的特殊作用和花粉管极性生长的独特细胞学过程，几十年来一直被作为研究这一系列精细细胞学过程的模式，但是其中关键事件的分子机制并不十分清楚。 我们利用蛋白质组学技术鉴定了水稻成熟花粉三个不同组分（花粉外被蛋白、花粉外被／细胞壁相关和可释放蛋白、花粉内在蛋白）中表达的共322种蛋白质。其中，参与信号转导(10%)、细胞壁重塑和代谢(11%)、蛋白质代谢(14%)以及糖类和能量代谢(25%)的蛋白质被高度代表。并且很多是首次被在成熟花粉中得到鉴定的具有重要功能的蛋白质，包括蛋白激酶、受体激酶相互作用蛋白、GDP解聚抑制因子、含有C2结构域蛋白质和亲环蛋白等参与信号转导的蛋白质，eIF4A、线粒体加工肽酶、UFD1和AAA+ATP酶等参与蛋白质合成、装配和降解的蛋白质，以及逆糖基化多肽、似纤维素合酶OsCsLF7等参与细胞壁重塑和代谢的蛋白质等。生物信息学分析表明，在我们鉴定的蛋白质中有11%的蛋白质功能未知并且不含有任何已知的功能结构域。另外，我们利用从头测序技术鉴定了5种新蛋白质。这些首次在花粉中被鉴定的蛋白质、未知功能蛋白质和新蛋白质在花粉萌发过程中的生物学功能值得进一步研究。 进而，我们利用比较蛋白质组学技术获得了水稻花粉体外萌发过程中差异表达的160个鉴定结果（代表120种蛋白质），生物信息学分析表明它们隶属于13个功能类群。其中，参与细胞壁代谢（占24%，如UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和第三类过氧化物酶）、蛋白质代谢（占11%，如eIF4A和20S蛋白酶体的亚基）、细胞骨架动力学（占8%，如肌动蛋白、微管蛋白和profilin）和胁迫反应（占7%，如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶）以及糖类和能量代谢（占24%）的蛋白质被高度代表。共有94个鉴定结果(73种蛋白质)在花粉萌发过程中表达丰度上调，包括几乎全部参与蛋白质代谢的蛋白质，多数参与细胞骨架动态变化和离子转运的蛋白质，以及部分参与糖类和能量代谢的蛋白质等。并且有53个鉴定结果（41种蛋白质）可能在萌发过程中被释放到培养基中（柱头上），可能参与了柱头细胞和花粉管通道细胞细胞壁的松弛和水解（如第三类过氧化物酶家族成员、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、1，4-beta-木聚糖酶和一些花粉过敏源蛋白），或者参与了花粉．柱头的信号识别过程（如钙网蛋白和含有C2结构域的蛋白）。有8种传统认为是参与糖类和能量代谢的酶可能在萌发过程中被释放到培养基中（柱头上），如烯醇酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶和磷酸甘油酸激酶。 同时，我们发现在鉴定的成熟花粉表达的蛋白质中，有23%的蛋白质以多个同工型的形式存在，并且有29种蛋白质的多个同工型的表达丰度在萌发过程中发生变化。它们主要参与了细胞壁代谢、糖类和能量代谢、细胞骨架、胁迫反应和离子运输等代谢过程。我们利用荧光染色技术，检测到其中14种蛋白质可能被磷酸化或者糖基化修饰。这意味着由于翻译后修饰形成的同工型蛋白质在花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程中具有重要作用。 总之，我们以水稻为模式研究其成熟花粉和萌发花粉的蛋白质表达特征，首次报道了单子叶植物成熟花粉不同组分中表达的蛋白质及其功能类群特征，并且首次报道了被子植物花粉萌发过程中表达丰度变化蛋白质的功能类群特征，为进一步揭示花粉萌发和花粉管生长的分子机制提供了重要的蛋白质水平信息。

Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores

The pantherine lineage of the cat family Felidae (order: Carnivora) includes five big cats of genus Panthera and a great many midsized cats known worldwide. Presumably because of their recent and rapid radiation, the evolutionary relationship among pantherines remains ambiguous. We provide an independent assessment of the evolutionary history of pantherine lineage using two complete mitochondrial (mt) genes (ND2 and ND4) and the nuclear beta-fibrmogen intron 7 gene, whose utility in carnivoran phylogeny was first explored. The available four mt (ND5, cytb, 12S, and 16SrRNA) and two nuclear (IRBP and TTR) sequence loci were also combined to reconstruct phylogeny of 14 closely related cat species. Our analyses of combined mt data (six genes; approximate to 3750 bp) and combined mt and nuclear data (nine genes; approximate to 6500 bp) obtained identical tree topologies, which were well-resolved and strongly supported for almost all nodes. Monophyly of Panthera genus in pantherine lineage was confirmed and interspecific affinities within this genus revealed a novel branching pattern, with P. tigris diverging first in Panthera genus, followed by P. onca, P. leo, and last two sister species P. pardus and P. uncia. In addition, close association of Neofelis nebulosa to Panthera, the phylogenetic redefinition of Otocolobus manil within the domestic cat group, and the relatedness of Acinonyx jubatus and Puma concolor were all important findings in the resulting phylogenies. The potential utilities of nine different genes for phylogenetic resolution of closely related pantherine species were also evaluated, with special interest in that of the novel nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

New Insights into the Evolution of Intronic Sequences of the beta-fibrinogen Gene and Their Application in Reconstructing Mustelid Phylogeny

Mustelidae is the largest and most diverse family in the order Carnivora. The phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies have especially long been a focus of study. Herein we are among the first to employ two new introns (4 and 7) of the nuclear P-f

Evidence of gene conversion in the evolutionary process of the codon 41/42 (-CTTT) mutation causing beta-thalassemia in southern China

The 4-bp deletion (-CTTT) at codon 41/42 (CD41/42) of the human beta-globin gene represents one of the most common beta-thalassemia mutations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, which is historically afflicted with endemic malaria, thus hypothetically evolvi

A beta-galactose-specific lectin isolated from the marine worm Chaetopterus variopedatus possesses anti-HIV-1 activity

A 30 kDa beta-galactose-specific lectin named CVL was isolated from the polychaete marine worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (Annelida) and its anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro was determined. Results showed that CVL inhibited cytopathic effect induced by HIV-1 a