Acute behavioural stress facilitates long-term depression in temporoammonic-CAI pathway

Behavioural stress facilitates long-term depression in Schaffer collaterals-CAI pathway, but it is unknown whether it influences long-term depression in temporoammonic fibres-CAI. Here, we report that low-frequency stimulation induced long-term depression

Time-Dependent Oxidative Stress Responses of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) to Intraperitoneal Injection of Extracted Microcystins

This study was conducted to investigate time-dependent changes in oxidative enzymes in liver of crucian carp after intraperitoneally injection with extracted microcystins 600 and 150 mu g kg(-1) body weight. The results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase generally exhibited a rapid increase in early phase (1-3 h post injection), but gradually decreased afterwards (12-48 h) compared with the control, with an evident time-dependent effect. These zigzag changes over time contributed a better understanding on oxidative stress caused by microcystins in fish.

Ice induced low temperature fatigue crack propagation in offshore structural steel A131

To investigate the low temperature fatigue crack propagation behavior of offshore structural steel A131 under random ice loading, three ice failure modes that are commonly present in the Bohai Gulf are simulated according to the vibration stress responses induced by real ice loading. The test data are processed by a universal software FCPUSL developed on the basis of the theory of fatigue crack propagation and statistics. The fundamental parameter controlling the fatigue crack propagation induced by random ice loading is determined to be the amplitude root mean square stress intensity factor K-arm. The test results are presented on the crack propagation diagram where the crack growth rate da/dN is described as the function of K-arm. It is evident that the ice failure modes have great influence on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of the steel in ice-induced vibration. However, some of the experimental phenomena and test results are hard to be physically explained at present. The work in this paper is an initial attempt to investigate the cause of collapse of offshore structures due to ice loading.

Molecular cloning and stress-induced expression of paralichthys olivaceus heme-regulated initiation factor 2 alpha kinase

The heme-regulated initiation factor 2 alpha kinase (HRI) is acknowledged to play an important role in translational shutoff in reticulocytes in response to various cellular stresses. In this study, we report its homologous cDNA cloning and characterization from cultured flounder embryonic cells (FEC) after treatment with UV-inactivated grass carp haemorrhagic virus (GCHV). The full-length cDNA of Paralichthys olivaceus HRI homologue (PoHRI) has 2391 bp and encodes a protein of 651 amino acids. The putative PoHRI protein exhibits high identity with all members of eIF2 alpha kinase family. It contains 12 catalytic subdomains located within the C-terminus of all Ser/Thr protein kinases, a unique kinase insertion of 136 amino acids between subdomains IV and V, and a relatively conserved N-terminal domain (NTD). Upon heat shock, virus infection or Poly PC treatment, PoHRI mRNA and protein are significantly upregulated in FEC cells but show different expression patterns in response to different stresses. In healthy flounders, PoHRI displays a wide tissue distribution at both the mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that PoHRI is a ubiquitous eIF2a kinase and might play an important role in translational control over nonheme producing FEC cells under different stresses. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

一种小G蛋白TaRAN1在植物细胞周期和发育过程中的功能研究

　　小G蛋白作为信号转导中重要的分子开关， 进化相当保守，与许多不同的调控因子和效应器分子相互作用，产生细胞功能的多样性。近年来，人们不断发现植物中小G蛋白家族的新成员，也不断揭示小G蛋白的新功能，许多植物特有的信号途径和功能需要小G蛋白这个重要的分子开关来完成，使它越来越成为人们研究的热点问题。但是，有关植物中Ran GTPase及其编码基因的研究工作报道很少，对与之相互作用的调控蛋白研究进展也刚刚开始。 　　TaRAN1 (AF488730) 是小麦来源的Ran同源蛋白编码基因，全长1055 bp, 编码221个氨基酸，它在植物发育过程中的功能还没有任何报道。本论文在验证了它是小G蛋白Ran家族的成员后，从分子水平上还发现它在植物细胞周期调控、对生长素以及胁迫应答信号转导过程中都起着重要作用，这也说明了它可能作为信号转导过程中重要的转换因子，参与了很多细胞的基本生理过程。 　　利用原核表达系统及亲和色谱的方法纯化了TaRAN1融合蛋白，并用放射性标记的GTP和竞争实验证实了它具有特异的GTP结合活性。TaRAN1的转录产物在小麦幼茎和花芽等分生组织活动旺盛的器官表达较多，而在老叶中表达较少。利用洋葱表皮瞬时表达系统分析表现，TaRAN1蛋白主要定位于细胞核，但其没有典型的核定位信号。 　　细胞周期一直是生物学领域中的热门问题，人们虽然在动物细胞中取得了很大进展，但在植物细胞中的研究远落后于动物。裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）是研究细胞形态和细胞周期的良好系统，利用此系统发现超表达TaRAN1的酵母细胞表现出许多新的细胞学表型，例如G2细胞周期延滞、染色体对紫外线敏感、细胞超长或多隔细胞的出现等;反义表达TaRAN1的酵母细胞呈近圆型、具有高度凝集的核并且生长速度缓慢、核质混合和无核细胞的数目明显增加。流式细胞仪检测实验也证实其细胞周期的异常。这些结果推测TaRAN1蛋白可能参与细胞周期的有丝分裂过程和发育的调控机制，并且在维持染色体结构稳定和完整性方面起着重要的作用。通过免疫荧光实验观察表明，超表达转基因酵母的微管多呈异常的狭小扇形结构，反义表达TaRAN1的酵母微管不能形成丝状结构，推测TaRAN1还可能参与微管（包括纺锤体）的结构形成过程。最后，我们用超表达TaRAN1的转基因拟南芥和水稻也证实了它的功能，其生长点表现出分生组织增多的原基、根生长点的有丝分裂指数有所改变、出现异常的细胞分裂时相等有关细胞周期异常的现象，更进一步说明了TaRAN1确实参与着细胞周期的调控过程，推测其与细胞周期从G2期进入M期的过程有关。 　　TaRAN1基因受IAA的诱导表达，且随着浓度的增加表达量增强。超表达的TaRAN1植株（包括拟南芥和水稻）的根表现出对外源生长素异常敏感，侧根显著变少，地上部分表现出生长素过量的表现型，顶端优势减弱，分蘖增多，生长周期延长等。HPLC测定转基因植物的IAA含量，明显高于对照。所以，TaRAN1可能还参与了复杂的生长素信号转导过程。TaRAN1基因还受各种胁迫处理的诱导表达，并且超表达植株对胁迫的忍受能力有明显提高，这说明TaRAN1还参与了胁迫信号应答的相应机制。Ran蛋白这些新功能目前还未见到其它报道。

夏玉米不同生育期对干旱胁迫的响应与适应机制

干旱化问题将在全球环境变化下进一步加剧，并可能严重影响玉米。玉米是我国主要粮食和最重要的饲料作物，其重要性日益突出。水分是制约玉米产量的关键因子。为此，本研究利用大型活动遮雨棚对玉米进行了出苗后全程水分控制试验，研究大田条件下玉米不同生育期对不同土壤水分（包括水分充足well-watered, WW;适度干旱moderately stressed,MS;和严重干旱severely stressed,SS）的响应及适应机制。研究结果表明： 在吐丝和籽粒形成期，Ms对叶片相对含水量和相对电导率的影响没有达到显著或极显著水平，而SS则极其显著地降低叶片相对含水量和增加质膜透性。并且干旱胁迫下，夏玉米生育进程中保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性基本呈现一致下降的态势，膜脂过氧化作用增强。短期干旱胁迫对SOD）和POD（在第十三叶期）保护酶有一定的激发效应，但此效应维持不长，其后骤降。 干旱会引起叶绿素a，b含量及总叶绿素含量的减少。MS下营养阶段的叶绿素含量没有明显变化，但随着MS的延续，叶绿素含量在生殖阶段显著降低。而SS的叶绿素含量最初就呈现降低并逐渐扩大。另外，在干旱胁迫下叶净光合速率(PN)和蒸腾速率(E)的降低因干旱强度和时间以及发育阶段而异，而且Ss所引起的不利影响更为凸现。SS显著降低营养和生殖阶段的水分利用效率( WUE)，然而MS基本导致前中期WUE增加，后期则减少。 土壤干旱胁迫下，绿色LAI明显降低，特别是生殖时期最高穗位叶面积显著降低：地上部生物量积累在各生育期均为减少。而且，干旱显著减少各生育期的根干重，但MS对第十八叶期(V18)的根干重有短期的促进作用。干旱胁迫下，根冠比在不同生育时期有增有减。MS对第十七叶期(V17)的叶面积、抽雄吐丝出现、叶片展开、最终叶片数以及收获指数影响不大，但其却显著减少各阶段株高、叶面积（第十七叶期除外）、茎粗和生物量积累。随着MS的延续，产量性状诸如穗粒数、百粒重均为降低，而SS对各生育阶段所有生长特性、产量性状及收获指数的影响都较MS更为不利。 生育前期遭遇干旱，可使叶片展开明显迟缓，并且最终叶片数减少。尤其SS减少最终叶片数1～2片，并且延迟抽雄4—5 d，吐丝4—5 d，从而可能导致成熟期推迟。 植物器官的营养吸收动态在短期干旱作用和长期作用之间有所不同。而且P和K元素的积累方式也有别。基本上，干旱胁迫显著降低植物器官在不同生育期的全P和K元素的吸收，尽管后期一些器官诸如叶、鞘和茎等的吸收有所增加，特别是干旱严重影响了根的吸收能力，而且SS较MS对全P.K吸收影响更甚。总之，干旱所导致的生物量减少与植物器官的全P、K吸收的减少是相伴而生的。 与WW相比较，MS和SS的产量两年内分别降低了20,4%—26,1%和59.2%～84.5%，穗粒数分别降低了12.1%～19.7%和39,8%～88.1%，以及百粒重分别降低了2.1%~2.7%和17.7%—46,9%。研究进一步表明，干旱胁迫对多数玉米籽粒的营养品质有利。与WW相较而言，N含量、可溶性总糖、可溶性还原糖、Zn. Ca. Cu. Mg和Mn元素在MS下分别提高了5.9%，39-0%，97.5%，12.1%，4.4%，7.5%，6.1%和2.9%，而在SS下则分别提高了8.6%，99.3%，300.0%，27.8%，24.0%，1 5.3%，9.8%和7.9%。但是，一些玉米籽粒的营养品质诸如淀粉、P和K含量却受到干旱胁迫的不利影响，与WW相比较，MS使籽粒淀粉、P和K含量分别降低了8.3%．12.6%和3.7%，而SS则分别降低了33.3%, 14.6%和18.6%。粗脂肪含量则表现有所不同，与WW比较而言，MS对之有利，2年平均增加9.2%，而SS对之不利，2年平均减少11.3%。 总之，玉米生理生态特征、地上部各部分干物质生产、根系生长、营养吸收、产量性状、营养品质对干旱胁迫的响应和适应不仅依赖于干旱的严重程度（包括强度和时间），而且也依赖于玉米发育阶段。本研究认为，在半湿润地区水分缺乏的条件下，有限灌溉（最低土壤相对含水量55%士5%）在营养阶段抽雄前实施可行。

中国冬小麦品种对臭氧、二氧化碳和干旱的响应

臭氧属于二次污染物，它是由机动车、工厂等人为源以及天然源排放的氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)等一次污染物在大气中经过光化学反应形成的。O3 是光化学烟雾的主要成分，可对植物生长产生抑制。近几十年来，全球O3 污染的格局正在发生着巨大改变。由于北美及西欧等经济发达地区采取了有效控制臭氧形成前体物的措施，其空气中的O3 浓度在减少，而亚洲等经济发展中地区的O3 形成前体物的排放却在急剧攀升，导致大气中O3 浓度显著增加。中国经济的快速发展以及汽车保有量的迅猛增加导致O3 前体物的大量排放，许多经济较发达的地区空气中的O3 浓度超过了75ppb。由于O3 污染将导致农作物产量显著降低，因此，亚洲尤其是中国O3 污染对本地区农业生产的影响引起了国内外科学家的广泛关注。然而，在中国开展的关于O3 对植物生长及生产影响的研究相对较少，但已有的几篇研究报道确实指出目前中国部分地区的O3 浓度可导致冬小麦产量大幅下降，并预测到2020 年由O3 污染将引起小麦产量进一步降低。 植物对臭氧的反应或敏感性取决于诸如叶片导度、叶片结构及生化解毒等很多方面。首先，由于高叶片导度将吸收较多的臭氧量，因此，叶片导度通常被认为是决定抗性最为重要的因子。处于湿润条件下的植物，通常具有较高叶片导度，受到臭氧危害的程度一般也较大。其次，植物抗氧化胁迫能力的大小也决定着其对臭氧的敏感性。同一植株的老叶首先表现出伤害症状，这是由于老叶的抗氧化能力差于新叶，体现在抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量及抗坏血酸氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性低于新叶。另外，叶片对臭氧的敏感程度与其叶片结构关系密切，拥有较大的细胞间隙对抗污染特性至关重要，由于叶片上表面的栅栏组织较海绵组织致密，因此通常较早表现出伤害症状。 影响植物对臭氧反应的环境因子很多，诸如光照、水气压亏、温度等。由于臭氧主要通过气孔进入植物体内，因此目前的研究主要集中在能显著调节气孔导度的环境因子，如土壤水分状况和在未来可能会与大气中臭氧浓度同步增加的CO2 浓度。CO2 浓度升高可降低植物的气孔导度，因此，CO2 浓度升高可减少叶片对O3 的吸收量。同时，大气CO2 浓度升高可提高净同化速率，可导致气孔的部分关闭而减少蒸腾，从而显著提高植株的水分利用效率，最终促进作物生长并提高产量。然而，二者对作物产量的交互影响尚不明确。水分胁迫被认为是影响O3 对植株伤害的一个重要环境因子。与正常供水相比，水分胁迫常常伴随着气孔导度的降低，导致进入到植株体内的O3 量相对较少而减轻植株受到的伤害程度。然而水分供应不足本身将导致小麦生长降低及产量下降。因此，水分亏缺可能会保护植株免受O3 伤害，同时也可能会加剧对植株的胁迫。 高浓度臭氧环境下，植物表现出较低的气孔导度。但研究表明，对臭氧敏感性不同的植物其气孔导度对臭氧的反应程度不同。臭氧对气孔的作用将影响植物生产力，同时也将影响植物对其它环境胁迫如干旱等的反应。短时间臭氧熏蒸小麦导致叶片细胞膜系统受损、光合产物输出受阻;而长期受臭氧污染后，小麦叶片的光合速率、光化学效率、叶绿素含量和蔗糖含量均显著降低，并与臭氧剂量的大小和峰值出现的早晚有关。O3 浓度升高将抑制光合作用，减少气孔导度，加强呼吸作用，改变C 同化物分配，加快叶片的衰老。众多研究表明，O3 导致的光合能力下降主要是由Rubisco 最大羧化效率降低导致;而O3 对光合器官捕获光的能力及光合电子传递速率的影响是光合作用下降的另一个原因。 尽管已有不少关于不同物种间对O3 敏感性的种间差异研究，然而育种方法或育种地点对中国不同冬小麦品种的O3 敏感性的影响尚不清楚。因此，我们假设育种年代、育种方法及地点将交互影响冬小麦品种对O3 的生长及生理响应。为进一步明确基因对冬小麦O3 敏感性的控制，研究了普通六倍体冬小麦的近缘体对O3 敏感性的差异。CO2 浓度升高及干旱胁迫对小麦臭氧敏感性的影响也进行了研究。论文主要从生理生化、生长及产量水平上来阐释O3 浓度升高、CO3加倍、干旱对冬小麦生长及生产影响的机理。 本研究主要是在温室中的上部开口的生长箱（open-top chamber, OTC）中进行。先后开展了四个盆栽实验研究，主要目的是确定中国不同基因型冬小麦种或品种对臭氧的敏感性及其反应机理;确定CO2 浓度升高及干旱在减轻O3 伤害方面的作用及其机理。实验材料为中国不同年代选育出的小麦品种，即1745年至2004 年间选育出的20 个品种和7 个小麦材料。主要评价指标包括相对生长速率、异速生长系数、叶绿素荧光、抗氧化活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、膜酯过氧化、气体交换、光合能力、叶绿素含量、暗呼吸、生物量及籽粒产量。实验研究得到的主要结果如下： 1) O3 升高显著降低整株及地上和地下部分的相对生长速率，显著降低异速生长系数、可变荧光、最大光化学效率、量子产额、光化学淬灭系数以及电子传递速率，但提高了非光化学淬灭系数。冬小麦不同品种对O3 的敏感性随育种年代的增加而增大，并与对照植株相对生长速率呈正相关。尽管近年来环境中的O3 浓度比过去显著增加，但新近育出的品种对臭氧的抗性却没有表现出协同进化效应。通过杂交选育的品种对臭氧的敏感性大于通过引进的和重选的品种。从生长和光合生理上来看，不同小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与育种地点没有相关性，表明冬小麦品种对臭氧的适应能力与其生长环境下的臭氧浓度无关。因此，对臭氧相对敏感的冬小麦品种主要是由培育中较高相对生长速率或较高光合能力的杂交育种方式决定的，而与选育地点环境中的臭氧浓度无关。 2) 臭氧显著降低叶片中抗坏血酸（AsA）和可溶性蛋白的含量，但提高了过氧化物酶（POD）的活性和膜酯过氧化物（MDA）的含量。臭氧浓度升高抑制饱和光强下的净光合速率（Asat），降低气孔导度（gs）和总叶绿素含量，而显著提高暗呼吸速率（Rd）和胞间CO2 浓度（Ci）。臭氧导致总生物量降低，但地下部生物量受到的影响大于地上部。不同基因型小麦对臭氧的潜在敏感性与实际观察到的抗臭氧能力存在很大差异。冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与臭氧环境下植株气孔导度和暗呼吸速率相关。臭氧导致Ci 浓度升高以及膜酯过氧化，由此得出臭氧导致的净光合速率主要是由于臭氧降低了叶肉细胞活性及细胞膜的完整性。新品种对臭氧相对敏感，主要是由于其具有较高的气孔导度抗氧化能力下降幅度较大以及较低的暗呼吸速率，从而对蛋白和细胞膜完整性造成较高的氧化伤害。 3) 臭氧对冬小麦光合和生长的影响存在着显著的种间差异。原初栽培种表现出最大的抗性，当代品种次之，而野生种对臭氧最为敏感。在普通冬小麦不同基因组供体中，钩刺山羊草（Aegilops tauschii，DD）对臭氧最敏感，其次为栽培一粒小麦（T. monococcum，AA），而圆锥小麦（Triticum turgidum ssp.Durum，AABB）对臭氧的抗性最大。因此，当代冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性可能是与其D 染色体供体-钩刺山羊草对臭氧敏感有关，而与其A、B 染色体供体-圆锥小麦的关系相对较小。 4) CO2 浓度升高提高了老品种和新品种的Asat，最大羧化速率（Vcmax），最大电子传递速率（Jmax）、光和CO2 饱和光合速率（Amax）。与之相反，臭氧显著降低了这些生理参数。虽然两品种对CO2 的响应没有显著性差异，但CO2浓度升高均有效保护了臭氧对它们的伤害。这种效应与CO2 浓度升高引起的气孔导度降低无关，而与代谢活性的提高有关。 5) 水分胁迫和臭氧分别都显著降低了 Asat 和gs。干旱显著降低Vcmax 和羧化效率（CE），而对Jmax 和暗呼吸（R）的影响不显著。臭氧显著降低冬小麦不同基因型的Vcmax，Jmax，R 和CE。二者均降低了生物量的积累及最终籽粒产量。与六倍体小麦相比，四倍体小麦对干旱相对敏感，但对臭氧却表现出较高抗性。干旱降低了气孔导度从而显著减少了植株对臭氧的吸收量，但两基因型的反应截然不同。干旱使臭氧对六倍体小麦产量和收获指数的伤害分别减少了约16%和50%，而干旱对该四倍体小麦的保护效应不大。

Multi-mode Vortex-induced Vibration of Slender Cable Experiencing Shear Flow

The dynamic characteristics of slender cable often present serried modes with low frequencies due to large structure flexibility resulted from high aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter of cable), while the flow velocity distributes non-uniformly along the cable span actually in practical engineering. Therefore, the prediction of the vertex-induce vibration of slender cable suffered from multi-mode and high-mode motions becomes a challenging problem. In this paper a prediction approach based on modal energy is developed to deal with multi-mode lock-in. Then it is applied to the modified wake-oscillator model to predict the VIV displacement and stress responses of cable in non-uniform flow field. At last, illustrative examples are given of which the VIV response of flexible cable in nonlinear shear flow field is analyzed. The effects of flow velocity on VIV are explored. Our results show that both displacement and stress responses become larger as the flow velocity increasing; especially higher stress response companied with higher frequency vibration should be paid enough attention in practical design of SFT because of its remarkable influence on structure fatigue life.

青杨(Populus cathayana Rehd.)对逆境胁迫的反应及lea基因的表达分析

杨树具有分布广、适应性强，在生态环境治理和解决木材短缺方面均占有重要位置。青杨(Populus cathayana Rehd.)是青杨派树种的重要成员之一，也是我国的特有种。本研究通过对不同水分梯度的干旱胁迫下青杨形态和生理生化的反应，不同pH值盐碱胁迫下不同海拔和不同气候地区的四个青杨种群在生理生态上的反应差异，以及在干旱和低温胁迫下青杨lea2, lea3组基因表达差异的研究，从形态、生理、生化和分子生物学水平系统地研究了青杨在不同逆境胁迫下的反应和青杨不同种群在盐碱胁迫下的反应差异。主要研究结果如下： 1. 青杨在干旱胁迫下的反应机制：中度和重度干旱胁迫下植株的生长受到明显抑制。表现在光合系统上青杨的净光合同化速率(A)下降，主要原因是气孔导度(gs)，胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)下降。另外最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭效率(qP)降低反应了干旱胁迫下光合系统II(PSII)受到严重损伤, 而且非光化学猝灭效率(qN)上升，导致可利用化学能产量下降，叶绿体产生淀粉的量减少。qP降低qN上升导致产生的过量电子对光合系统的伤害造成活性氧以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量增加。超微解剖结构显示，干旱胁迫增强时，叶绿体内淀粉粒的数目减少，而且叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器中嗜锇颗粒的数目增加。为清除细胞内的活性氧，植物一般的反应是抗氧化系统酶活性增加，对青杨来讲超氧化物歧化酶(SOD), 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APx)活性的增加远大于过氧化物酶(POD)，这显示了在青杨中SOD、APx酶在清除活性氧的作用上大于POD。另外同工酶研究结果显示这些酶活性的升高主要是由于各条同工酶带表达量的增加，而不是诱导新酶带的产生。另外，75% FC水分处理下有些指标非但没有下降，像A和有效光量子产量(Y)的值都略有增加，而且gs同时增加。另外，100% FC比75% FC细胞内淀粉粒的数目少一些，但有少量的嗜锇颗粒。这证明100% FC土壤水分也许并非最适合青杨生长。 2. 盐碱胁迫对不同海拔地区青杨种群的反应差异：青杨高海拔和低海拔种群的各种生理特性随着pH值上升都受到了很大的影响。两种群叶和根中Na+、K+ 含量, Na+/K+比率随着pH值的上升影响显著。在pH值高于10.4时高海拔种群叶和根中Na+/K+比率急剧下降但是低海拔种群中却一直维持在较高水平。两种群中MDA、脯氨酸(Proline)的含量，抗氧化系统酶的活性都受到了严重的影响，证明两个种群都属于盐碱胁迫敏感类型但是高海拔的种群对盐碱胁迫的耐性要高于低海拔。这主要是由于高海拔种群一般具有耐干旱、低温胁迫的能力，而植物的抗逆机制一般都有共通之处。 3. 盐碱胁迫对不同气候地区青杨种群的反应差异：盐碱胁迫下两种群的光合作用受到明显的抑制，具体表现在叶绿素的含量和A 显著下降。净光合速率的下降主要是由于叶片gs，Ci 值降低引起的。与湿润地区的种群相比盐碱胁迫增强时，干旱地区的种群叶绿素含量和光合能力的升高与K+离子含量增加有关。植物维持细胞质高K+/Na+值对植物的抗盐性有很重要的作用。为清除盐碱胁迫产生的活性氧，抗氧化系统酶活性增加。盐碱胁迫下干旱地区的种群在SOD、CAT 和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等酶的活性均显著上升，而湿润地区种群只有谷胱甘肽氧化酶(GST)的活性明显增加，说明干旱种群的抗氧化酶系统在较高盐碱胁迫下的保护作用要强于湿润种群。这主要是由于植物抗盐碱胁迫与抗干旱胁迫在一些方面的机制是一致的，抗旱种群一般也能抵抗一定程度的盐碱胁迫。 4. 青杨lea2、lea3 基因在干旱和低温胁迫下的表达差异：通过荧光定量PCR 分析，lea2、lea3 组基因在干旱和低温胁迫下在mRNA 水平的瞬时表达量明显升高，说明了两基因在青杨耐干旱和低温胁迫上都起显著的作用。而且两基因在干旱胁迫下，表达量的升高和降低的时间近乎同步，表明两基因在干旱胁迫下对植物应急保护机制的启动都发挥着重要的作用。低温胁迫下lea3 基因在mRNA 水平上表达量显著上升的时间要早于lea2，而且lea3 基因的持续作用时间明显长于lea2 组基因，说明了低温胁迫开始时lea3基因在植物应对逆境的作用上要大于lea2 基因。 Poplars play an important role in lumber supply, and are important components of ecosystems due to their wide distribution and well adaptation. Populus cathayana Rehd., which belongs to Populus Sect. Tacamahaca Spach, is one of the most important resources of poplars and is specialist to china. In this study, different altitudes and climates populations of P. cathayana were used as experiment materials to investigate the adaptability to drought and salt-alkali stresses. And the cultures of P. cathayana were used to analyze the lea2 and 3 group genes expression when exposed to drought and low temperature stresses. The results are as follows: 1. A large set of parallel responses to drought stress: Drought stress caused pronounced growth inhibition. A decreased significantly and was mainly the result of gs and Ci down. Besides, Fv/Fm, qP decreased and that reflected the harmful effects to PSII of drought stress. In accordance with qN increasing, decreased useful energy production caused the starch numbers reduction in chloroplast. The qP up and qN down improved the levels of ROS and MDA. Starch numbers in chloroplast reduced and plastoglobuli numbers increased when soil water content decreased. To reduce ROS, the activities of SOD, APX, CAT and PPO were activated. The isozymes results show that the rising activities of the antioxidant enzymes resulted from certain isoform content increased, and not from the new band produced. Interestingly, morphological results show 100%FC maybe wasn’t the favorite water content for P. cathayana growth. 2. Effect of salt-alkali stress on morphological and physiological changes in two different altitudes populations of P. cathayana: We compared the physiological responses of two populations of Populus cathayana Rehder, originating from altitudes 2,840 m and 1,450 m. Our results demonstated that Na+ and K+ contents, and Na+/K+ ratios in leaves and roots are greatly affected by pH values. At pH 10.4, the Na+/K+ ratios in both leaves and roots sharply dropped in the higher altitude population but were always maintained at higher levels in the lower altitude population. The pH values causing maximum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, free proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly different in two populations. These results indicated that the higher altitude population exhibits greater tolerance to alkalinity stress than does the lower altitude population. 3. Morphological and physiological changes in two different climates populations of P. cathayana when exposed to salt-alkali stress. Salt-alkali stress caused pronounced inhibition of the growth and especially in photosystem. Pigments content and A decreased significantly and at the same time gs and Ci decreased too. Compared with wet climate population, the Chlorophyll content and A increased in drought climate population as pH value rising was related to the K+ content increasing. It is important to resist salt-alkali stress that the K+/Na+ ratio matained at high level in cytoplasm. To reduce ROS content, the SOD, CAT and GR activities rised significantly in drought population but only GST increased in wet population. The drought population showed higher salt-alkali tolerance than the wet population mainly resulted from the fact that drought tolerance was in accordance with salt-alkali tolerance to some extent. 4. The different expressional model of lea2 and lea3 gene when P. cathayana was exposed to drought and cold stress. RT-PCR results show both lea2 and lea3 suddenly expressed significantly in mRNA level under drought and cold stress. The expression level of two genes reached optimal level at the same time. But under cold stress, the earlier significantly rising expressional time and the longer maintained higher level time in lea3 than lea2 elucidated that lea3 may be more important than lea2 in resisting cold stress in short time in P. cathayana.

Breeding behavior under temporal risk of predation in male root voles (Microtus oeconomus)

We examined breeding behavior responses of male root votes (Microtus oeconomus) to temporal risk of predation by using acute and chronic exposure to predator odor. The 2 series of exposure experiments provided 2 types of temporal patterns of risk: continuous safety with a brief period of risk and Sustained risk with a brief period of safety. Male root votes that were acutely exposed to predator odor for I h suppressed their breeding behavior, but bred immediately after exposure to control odor for I h. Those chronically exposed to predator odor for 20 days maintained behavioral suppression during the 1-h period of exposure to control odor. Acutely exposed males did not change their physiological patterns of breeding, but those chronically exposed to predator odor had reduced testosterone concentration and epididymis index. Our results indicate that breeding behavior in a given situation depends on the overall patterns of risk experienced by male root votes, and the acute and chronic stress responses that affect reproduction are responsible for different behavioral responses to the 2 types of temporal patterns of risk. We also discuss the reasons for conflicting results about breeding suppression of votes between previous studies in the laboratory and the field.

我国部分地区中学生的学校回避倾向研究

The aim of this research is to explore the relationships between school avoidance tendency and school stressors, stress response, social support, coping style of secondary school students. Three studies were carried out. School avoidance tendency scale, mental health scale, coping style scale of secondary school students from Japan were revised in the first research. In the second research, the difference in gender, cities, grades of five variables were discussed. In the third research, the relationships of five variables were discussed. A total of 883 students from grade one of middle school to grade 3 of high school in Beijing, Taiyuan and Wulanchabu, completed three scales. Analysis showed that: 1. The main effects of city, gender, and grade were present significantly on School avoidance tendency, and the inter-effects were not significant. The differences were significant between three grades of middle schools, and not significant between three grades of high schools. The high school students were significant than middle school students on school avoidance tendency. 2. The main effect of city was not significant, but gender, and grade were present significantly on stressor, and the inter-effects were not significant. The most stressor was study one, than the relationship stressor from teachers. The relationship stressor from friends was at least. 3. The main effects of city and grade were present significantly on stress responses, but the main effect of gender was not significant, and the inter-effect was not significant. The most stress response was the physical response. 4. The main effects of city and gender, the inter-effect were not present significantly on social supports. The main effect of grade was present significantly. The most social support was from mother, than from friends, father, and the teachers. 5. The differences between cites on coping styles were not significant. Positive coping style was used mostly, than the style of help requirement, cognitive coping style. 6. Stressor and stress responses had significant positive predictive role on school avoidance tendency. Social supports had negative predictive role. Social supports had not moderator role between stressor, stress responses and schools avoidance tendency. Stress responses had a part of mediator between stressor and school avoidance tendency. 7. In the coping styles, positive coping style and help requirement style had negative predictive role, but cognitive coping style had positive predictive role on school avoidance tendency. Coping styles had negative predictive role. Coping styles had not moderator role between stressor, stress responses and school avoidance tendency.

细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶-cAMP反应元件结合蛋白信号通路在应激所致抑郁行为障碍中的作用

Stress is the most important factor in the vulnerability to depression and other behavioral disorders, but the mechanisms that stress signals are transferred into depression are far from understanding. To date, the neurotransmitters, neurotrophins and signal pathway have been concerned in the topic focusing on the pathophysiology of depression, but there are still many puzzles. Increasing evidence has indicated that the alteration in neuronal plasticity is the “trace” of stress-induced damages. The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase(ERK)-cyclic-AMP-responsive element（CRE）-binding protein(CREB)signal pathway is a powerful intracellular signal transduction pathway participating in neuronal plasticity which is involved in higher brain cognitive functions such as learning and memory. However, so far, little is known about the role of the ERK-CREB signal pathway in response to stress and emotional modulations. Thus the aim of the study was to systematically investigate the role of the ERK-CEB signal pathway in depressive-like behaviors induced by stress. Depression animal models, antidepressant agent treatment and disruption of signal pathway in specific brain regions were applied. In the present study, three experiment sessions were designed to make sure whether the ERK-CREB signal pathway was indeed one of pathophysiological mechanisms of depressive-like behaviors induced by stress. In experiment one, two different stress animal models were applied, chronic forced swim stress and chronic empty water bottle stress. After stress, all animals were tested behaviorally using open-field, elevated-plus maze and saccharine preference test, and brain samples were processed for determination of ERK, P-ERK, CREB and P-CREB using western blot. The relationships between the proteins of ERK, P-ERK, CREB and P-CREB in the brain and the behavioral variables were also analyzed. In experiment two, rats were treated with antidepressant agent fluoxetine once a day for 21 consecutive days, then the brain levels of ERK, P-ERK, CREB and P-CREB was determined, the depressive-like behaviors were also examined. In experiment three, mitogen activated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 was administrated to inhabit the activation of ERK in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex respectively, then behavioral measurements and protein detection were conducted. The main results of the study were as the following: (1) Chronic forced swim stress induced animals to suffer depression and disrupted the ERK-CREB signal pathway in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. There were significant correlations between P-ERK2, P-CREB and multiple variables of depressive-like behaviors. (2) Chronic empty water bottle stress did not induce depressive-like behaviors. Such stress decreased the brain level of P-ERK2 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but the level of P-CREB in the hippocampus was increased. (3) The antidepressant agent fluoxetine relieved depressive-like behaviors and increased the activities of the ERK-CREB signal pathway in stressed animals. (4) Animals treated with U0126 injection into hippocampus showed decreased activities of the ERK-CREB signal pathway in the hippocampus, and suffered depression comorbid with anxiety. (5) Animals treated with U0126 injection into prefrontal cortex showed decreased activities of the ERK-CREB signal pathway in the prefrontal cortex, and exhibited depressive-like behaviors. In conclusion, The ERK-CREB signal pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was involved in stress responses and significantly correlated with depressive-like behaviors; The ERK-CREB signal pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex participated in the mechanism that fluoxetine reversed stress-induced behavioral disorders, and might be the target pathway of the therapeutic action of antidepressants; The disruption of the ERK-CREB signal pathway in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex led to depressive-like behaviors in animals, suggesting that disruption of ERK-CREB pathway in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex was involved in the pathophysiology of depression, and might be at least one of the mechanisms of depression induced by stress.

Work and energy equations and the principle of generalized effective stress for unsaturated soils

The effective stress principle has been efficiently applied to saturated soils in the soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering practice; however, its applicability to unsaturated soils is still under debate. The appropriate selection of stress state variables is essential for the construction of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. Owing to the complexity of unsaturated soils, it is difficult to determine the deformation and strength behaviors of unsaturated soils uniquely with the previous single-effective-stress variable theory and two-effective-stress-variable theory in all the situations. In this paper, based on the porous media theory, the specific expression of work is proposed, and the effective stress of unsaturated soils conjugated with the displacement of the soil skeleton is further derived. In the derived work and energy balance equations, the energy dissipation in unsaturated soils is taken into account. According to the derived work and energy balance equations, all of the three generalized stresses and the conjugated strains have effects on the deformation of unsaturated soils. For considering these effects, a principle of generalized effective stress to describe the behaviors of unsaturated soils is proposed. The proposed principle of generalized effective stress may reduce to the previous effective stress theory of single-stress variable or the two-stress variables under certain conditions. This principle provides a helpful reference for the development of constitutive models for unsaturated soils.