49 resultados para Amostrador de Gibbs
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
Correlation analysis of the standard Gibbs energy for a series of tetraalkylammonium ions, protonated substituted ethylenediamine derivatives and protonated aromatic amine derivatives using three new topological indices Ax1, Ax2 and Ax has been studied. T
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A constitutive model, based on an (n + 1)-phase mixture of the Mori-Tanaka average theory, has been developed for stress-induced martensitic transformation and reorientation in single crystalline shape memory alloys. Volume fractions of different martensite lattice correspondence variants are chosen as internal variables to describe microstructural evolution. Macroscopic Gibbs free energy for the phase transformation is derived with thermodynamics principles and the ensemble average method of micro-mechanics. The critical condition and the evolution equation are proposed for both the phase transition and reorientation. This model can also simulate interior hysteresis loops during loading/unloading by switching the critical driving forces when an opposite transition takes place.
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We have prepared the polymer thin films of a 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (DChTP)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) guest-host system by spin coating. In order to investigate their temporal and temperature stability, we have measured their dielectric relaxation spectra including the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants. The investigated frequency ranged from 50 Hz to 10 MHz. The measured temperature range above the glass transition temperature T-g (95 degrees C) of the DCNP/PMMA system was from 95 degrees C to 1250C. By using the Adam-Gibbs model, the temperature dependence of the characteristic time tau above T-g was fitted, and the values of the characteristic times tau below T-g were estimated. The lifetimes of the polymer were evaluated by the Kohlrausch-Williams Watts (KWW) empirical decay model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
文本分割在信息提取、文摘自动生成、语言建模、首语消解等诸多领域都有极为重要的应用.基于LDA模型的文本分割以LDA为语料库及文本建模,利用MCMC中的Gibbs抽样进行推理,间接计算模型参数,获取词汇的概率分布,使隐藏于片段内的不同主题与文本表面的字词建立联系.实验以汉语的整句作为基本块,尝试多种相似性度量手段及边界估计策略,其最佳结果表明二者的恰当结合可以使片段边界的识别错误率远远低于其它同类算法.
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The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of increasing concern. The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are considered to be a complex problem of mechanism. The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication. Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. The results show that Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals (Hg, As, and Se) subjected to volatilization. The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800 degrees C and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals. These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements. Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements, cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.
Resumo:
高分子材料一般都具有某种特定的结构,这种结构将直接决定着材料的性能。当高聚物从一种结构变为另一种结构时,其材料的性能将发生改变。近来,M.Hikosaka根据聚乙烯结晶的特点,提出了“链滑移扩散理论”,认为对聚合物热处理时,其晶体片层增厚快慢与分子链的滑移扩散能力有关。反式1,4-聚丁二烯(TPBD)在常压下能以六方相稳定存在,是少有的几种具有六方相结构的聚合物。因为其六方相分子链具有较高的构象数,而各个构象之间由于能垒相差不大,构象之间很容易发生转变;因而分子链运动时相对容易,决定了六方相分子链之间的滑移扩散能力较强。为了验证M.Hikosaka的理论,特对样品在六方相温度范围进行热处理。另外由于TPBD在不同的温度下能以两种晶型稳定存在,这两种晶型之间是怎样转变的也是我们关心的问题,而且通过电镜第一次摄得了单斜相和六方相共存的电子衍射。针对上述问题我们进行了下列研究。(1)以三氯化钒体系,稀土催化剂体系合成了两种分子量的反式1,4-聚丁二烯,用IR,NMR分析高分子量样品的反式1,4结构含量为96.2%,低分子量样品反式l,4结构含量为91.2%。对两种分子量样品进行DSC研究,结果表明低分子量样品的转变温度。熔融温度均比高分子量样品低;用Thomoson-Gibbs方程计算了该样品的片层厚度,并与样品的SAXS实验结果对照,认为这种转变温度和熔点的差异除了与1,2-结构的含量有关外,也与不同分子量具有不同的片层厚度有很大关系。(2)对不同分子量的TPBD进行WAXD实验,研究了其在不同温度下的相行为及单斜相向六方相的相转变过程。以PLM为手段跟踪观察了低分子量样品的相态转变,发现许多晶粒在相转变时从视场中消失。用电镜观察到了单斜相电子衍射,六方相电子衍射及单斜相和六方相共存的电子衍射, 并发现两相结构的形貌没有大的差别。(3)用Cerius~2软件模拟了单斜相结构和六方相结构的分子链堆砌,认为单斜相向六方相发生转变时,六方相分子链构象与单斜相分子链构象相比,有序度较低,从而使其堆砌结构变得松散。同时也模拟了单斜相和六方相在晶带轴为[001]方向的电子衍射,实验观察只能得到计算机模拟所得的单斜相和六方相内层的几个电子衍射点。(4)对低分子量样品在64 ℃热处理1小时后进行的DSC,WAXD,SAXS研究表明,样品的片层厚度显著增大,结晶度也相应提高。(5)研究了高分子量样品在85 ℃和低分子量样品在53 ℃热处理不同时间后,所得的DSC曲线。结果表明随时间增加,TPBD的转变峰温度值明显增加;而且发现在前5分钟内处理样品时,结晶度都有明显增加,处理样品5分钟以后结晶度增长缓慢。对高分子量样品四次升降温时,发现降温曲线有肩峰出现,但升温曲线没有肩峰出现,把肩峰的出现归结于有小尺寸亚稳定晶体的形成。(6)对高分子量样品的六方相等温结晶数据及对由熔体快速冷却到一定温度生成单斜相的等温结晶数据进行处理,得到平衡熔点为476K,比文献值高。并利用Thomoson-Gibbs方程,得到了单斜相和六方相的温度对尺寸倒数的相图,确定了在一定尺寸下单斜相和六方相稳定存在的温度范围。(7)用电镜观察了在70 ℃热处理不同时间后所得形貌图,并讨论了样品在六方相中热处理时,样品聚集体的聚集方式。(8)研究了两种分子量样品溶液结晶时所得的球晶形貌,发现其结晶形貌与分子量有关,而且发现摄得的电子衍射是六方相电子衍射,而不是室温下稳定存在的单斜相电子衍射,认为是由于电子辐照使样品升温而发生了晶型转变。(9)用修饰后的Avrami方程,Ozawa,方程分别处理了TPBD非等温结晶数据,由Jeziorny修饰的Avrami方程分析显示TPBD的非等温结晶明显地分为一次结晶和二次结晶两个阶段,指数值n意味着一次结晶和二次结晶的成核种类,Ozawa方程分析不能很好地适用于TPBD的六方相非等温结晶数据,主要是由于Ozawa理论的不精确假定,如二次结晶,结晶温度对片层厚度相关性及整个结晶过程中恒定的冷却函数等。并由Kissinger方程得到六方相的结晶活化能为167.9kJ/mol。
Resumo:
随着化学工业的发展,稀溶液或难分离体系中有价物质的提取、富集成为化工分离学科中的重要研究课题之一。随着人们环保意识的增强,寻找新型、高效、清洁的工艺流程成为分离科学的热门话题。众所周知,在稀土矿中常含有许多过渡金属杂质,如锌、镉、铁、钻、镍等等,因此研究稀土与过渡金属离子的高效分离成为必然,这也是我研究工作的出发点。本论文主要包括以下几个方面的内容:1.研究了中空纤维膜器中HEH/EHP (P507)在盐酸介质中萃取分离衫、锌及锅的传质动力学,比较了聚偏氟乙烯膜和聚四氟乙烯和聚偏氟乙烯共聚物膜这两种膜材料的稳定性能,建立了界面反应动力学方程。考察了料液酸度、萃取剂浓度以及萃取剂不同氨化度对锌、福传质系数的影响。认为氨化p507不能提高锌、福的传质系数,却能提高稀土的传质系数,利用这一性质,就可能实现锌、镉与稀土离子的分离。这一研究为新型膜材料的应用提供了理论基石出。2.研究了中空纤维膜器中硫代有机磷酸萃取剂Cyanex302在硫酸介质中萃取分离锌、镉、铁、钻、镍和铺的传质动力学,探讨了各种因素对萃取速率的影响,获得了膜器中金属离子的传质模型及机理,同时采用膜器串联实现了锌、铺及锌、镉混合物的分离。3.研究了盐酸体系中伯胺1923与中性有机磷酸萃取剂Cyanex923和Cyanex925对ZnCl,和CdCl_2的协同萃取机理,用斜率法、等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物的组成并用皿谱加以证实。对于Zn的萃取,可能是由于空间位阻效应的影响,单一中性萃取剂对Zn2+的萃取有如下的关系:Cyanex923>Cyanex925,整个协萃反应的平衡常数是Cyanex923>Cyanex925。然而,根据协萃系数R=D 最大/D_(中合)来判定协萃效应的大小,则有如下的关系:Cyanex923<Cyanex925。这就说明了如果单一萃取剂的萃取越高,则协萃效应就越小。对于Cd的萃取,协同效应的大小为:Cyanex923>Cyanex925。另外还求得了协萃反应平衡常数和协萃配合物生成反应平衡常数以及热力学函数值。且随温度增加,分配比减小,说明协萃体系为放热反应。对于同一协萃体系,不同金属离子的协萃效应的大小为Zn>Cd。这一研究为提高稀土与过渡金属离子的分离效率具有实际意义。4.研究了萃取剂的界面性质,考察了萃取剂伯胺N1923, Cyanex923、Cyanex925及Cyanex302单独存在以及混合存在时与不同水相(含金属离子的和不含金属离子的)的界面张力的变化情况,根据Gibbs等温吸附方程,得到了界面超量,求出萃取剂分子在界面上的表观横截面积A_i以及使界面达到饱和所需体相最低的萃取剂浓度(C_(min))。结果表明伯胺盐的加入增加了Cyanex923呢Cyanex925的界面活性,提高了金属离子的分配效率。这对进一步研究其萃取动力学有指导意义。5.通过静态法研究了Cyanex302萃淋树脂在硫酸介质中吸萃Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Co(II)、Ni(II)的性能,考察了振荡时间、料液酸度、实验温度等条件对萃取性能的影响,结果发现CL-Cyanex302吸萃Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Co(u)、Ni(II)的能力有如下的顺序:Zn(II)>Fe(III)>>Co(II)>Ni(II)。Fe(III)、Co(II)、Ni(II)及Zn(II)的半萃pH值依次为1.6、3.8、5.9、1.3。这说明通过控制水相的酸度,就有可能实现这些金属离子间的分离,这对于分离具有实际的意义。
Resumo:
聚合物的结构决定了它的分子链的运动,分子链的运动又可表征聚合物的结构,而且聚合物的宏观性质又受到它的微观运动的影响。因此有目的地开发各种聚合物材料,充分利用其独特的性质,都离不开研究它的微观运动。这就是结构-性能-运动的关系。1,2-聚丁二烯作为一种弹性体,近十几年研究得较多,主要局限在它的链节结构(1,2-链节)与其物理机械性能的关系方面,其目的是为了弥补顺丁橡胶的不足。对于1,2-链节与其分子链的微观运动则研究得较少。然而这方面的研究对于1,2-聚丁二烯弹性体的开发和应用无疑是有益的。研究1,2-聚丁二烯的链节结构与其分子链的相互作用,首先需要选择适当的表征分子链的各种相互作用的参数。聚合物分子链的长程运动,可分为分子链内旋转运动和分子链间相互作用。其中分子链间相互作用通常用聚合物的内聚能密度表示,分子链内旋转运动决定分子链的柔顺性,而它们二者共同影响聚合物的玻璃化温度。因此实验中首先测定1,2-聚丁二烯的玻璃化温度和内聚能密度,从研究1,2-链节与1,2-聚丁二烯分子链的忌的相互作用和分子链间的相互作用着手。实验需要的1,2-聚丁二烯样品部分是用丁基锂制备的,也有别人提供的钼体系和铁体系的样品。样品的1,2-链节含量从8%至90%。主要用线膨胀法(还有DSC法及扭摆法)测定了1,2-聚丁二烯的玻璃化温度。不仅发现了1,2-聚丁二烯的玻璃化温度随1,2-链节增多而提高,而且得到了它们在玻璃化转变时的体积膨胀系数。这个系数对于后面研究分子链柔顺性是有用的。聚合物的内聚能密度是其溶解度参数的平方。实验选用特性粘数法测定1,2-聚丁二烯的溶解度参数,其中关键在于选择适当的溶剂。这方面失败的教训是由于所用的溶剂在化学结构和极性上与聚合物的相差甚大。由于这种限制,测定1,2-聚丁二烯的溶解度参数时,难以找到化学结构和极性合适且溶解度参数又相当的纯溶剂。因此按照溶解度参数理论,配制了不同溶解度参数的环已焓一甲苯混合溶剂,代替部分纯溶剂。测定结果表明,1,2-链节含量为16%的样品,其溶解度参数为8.6([卡/立方厘米]~(1/2)),其余含量较高的样品,都是8.5([卡/立方厘米]~(1/2))。用混合溶剂测定聚合物的溶解度参数还是第一资,其可靠性取决于混合溶剂的溶解度参数的准确性。根据溶解度参数理论,我们提出克分子体积相近,且无特殊的相互作用的二元混合溶剂的溶解度参数,等于它们各自的溶解度参数按体积分数的加合。环已烷和甲苯的克分子体积分别为108.7和106.8立方厘米,它们的溶解度参数的极性分量S_极 → 0,再假定混合时没有吸热效应,它们二者按体积分数加合的溶解度参数可以定量使用。用时还从三个方面进行了验证,(1)用克分子体积相差较大(分别为147.4和89.4立方厘米)的正庚焓-苯混合溶剂作为反证;(2)根据特性粘数理论,用Matsuo方程;(3)由三元(溶剂1-溶剂2-聚合物)体系的Flory-Huggins相互作用参数等,它们都证实了上面提出的混合溶剂测定1,2-聚丁二烯溶解度参数的条件。根据前面的实验结果发现,1,2-链节与1,2-聚丁二烯的玻璃化温度有关,与其内聚能密度基本无关。建么1,2-链节必定与其分子链柔顺性有关。为了更准确地说明1,2-链节对1,2-聚丁二烯分子链柔顺性的影响,需要选择表征分子链柔顺性的参数。聚合物的分子链中相互作用的直观表现是它的分子链柔顺性,而分子链的柔顺性起因于它的链状分子和分子链的内旋转运动。因此我们选用分子链内旋转的参数(内旋转势垒和内旋转异构化能)表征1,2-聚丁二烯分子链的柔顺性。目前文献报道的计算分子链内旋转异构化能的方法,大多数是根据Gibbs-DiMarzio的玻璃化转变理论。这些方法一般都比较复杂。我们提出从聚合物发生玻璃化转变时的温度和体积膨胀系数,计算分子链内旋转异构化能的简便方法。这个方法的基本出发点是认为聚合物发生玻璃化转变时的自由体积,对不同结构的聚合物并非常数,其原因在于玻璃化转变时的聚合物体积膨胀系数部分地来自于分子链构象变化的贡献。分子链内旋转引起构象变化时,分子链的内旋转异构化能也相应地变化。因此玻璃化转变时,分子链的构象变化既对聚合物的体积膨胀系数有影响,又与分子链内旋转异构化能有联系,那么此时的聚合物的体积膨胀系数,与单个分子链的内旋转异构化能必然有某种联系。若用Δα·Tg(Δα是随态和玻璃态的体积膨胀系数)表示玻璃化温度Tg下,单个分子链处于能量状态∈的几率,Ng表示相同温度下,分子链中处于相同能量状态中的柔顺链分数,按照统计力学原理得到∈=-K·TgLn((Δα·Tg)/(1-Δα·Tg))。(1)
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通过在不同温度下等温结晶,我们得到了sPP (ttgg)_2 螺旋构象的三种晶型(晶型I、晶型II和晶型III)。 晶型I和晶型II结构的晶体是亚稳态结构的晶体,在提高退火温度的条件下,能转变成稳定的晶型III结构的晶体。在室温下进行单轴拉伸时,无论是从玻璃态还是从螺旋构象的晶体,当拉伸比超过100%时,我们可以清楚地观察到(ttt)全反式构象晶体的生成。以上的实验结果在熔体取向薄膜的再拉伸中得到了证实。当由拉伸制得的(ttt)全反式构象晶体在不同温度下进行退火时,当退火温度超过46℃时,这种全反式构象的晶体能转变成(ttgg)_2螺旋构象的晶体。如果固定样品的长度进行退火时,这种转变直到退火温度超过100℃时才发生。提高退火温度有利于(ttgg)_2螺旋构象晶体的生成,而张力则有利于全反式构象的保持。根据已有的实验结果,我们提出了合理的转变机理。在不同温度下等温结晶,无论从玻璃态还是从熔体,我们都得到了不同形态结构的晶体,从球晶,孪晶到单层规则的长方形单晶,以及一种较少见球晶的生成过程,并分析了它的结晶机理。另外还研究了结晶温度对电子衍射中h10衍射条纹强度变化的影响。对比熔体结晶和玻璃态结晶,发现二者没有本质的差别,只是从玻璃态结晶所需的时间较长、结晶不够完善。这是由于处于玻璃态中的分子链活动能力较差的缘故。本文利用DSC等手段系统地研究了两种间同立构聚丙烯的结晶行为。利用Avrami方程作图求得 Avrami指数 n、结晶速率常数k;作图求得整体熔体结晶活化能ΔE;通过Hoffman-Weeks 和Thomson-Gibbs方程,作图求得平衡熔点T_m~o; 利用Hoffman和 Lauritzen的球晶生长速率方程作图求得成核常数K_g,发现 sPP1的结晶生长过程分成两个阶段,阶段III和阶段II,其K_g(III)/ K_g(II) = 1.9, 与理率基本吻合。同时也计算出折叠表面自由能σ_e和侧表面自由能σ以及链折叠功q。最后本文利用DSC分析了熔融双峰现象,研究了结晶速度,结晶温度和升温速率对熔融双峰的影响,提出了可能的解释。
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The history of Laplace's equations for spherical and cylindrical droplets and the concept of dividing surface in Gibbs' thermodynamic theory of capillary phenomena are briefly reviewed. The existing theories of surface tensions of cylindrical droplets are briefly reviewed too. For cylindrical droplets, a new method to calculate the radius and the surface tension of the surface of tension is given. This method is suitable to be used by molecular dynamics simulations.
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We study the relation between the thermodynamics and field equations of generalized gravity theories on the dynamical trapping horizon with sphere symmetry. We assume the entropy of a dynamical horizon as the Noether charge associated with the Kodama vector and point out that it satisfies the second law when a Gibbs equation holds. We generalize two kinds of Gibbs equations to Gauss-Bonnet gravity on any trapping horizon. Based on the quasilocal gravitational energy found recently for f(R) gravity and scalar-tensor gravity in some special cases, we also build up the Gibbs equations, where the nonequilibrium entropy production, which is usually invoked to balance the energy conservation, is just absorbed into the modified Wald entropy in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime with slowly varying horizon. Moreover, the equilibrium thermodynamic identity remains valid for f(R) gravity in a static spacetime. Our work provides an alternative treatment to reinterpret the nonequilibrium correction and supports the idea that the horizon thermodynamics is universal for generalized gravity theories.
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The particle transfer molecular dynamics is used to study the phase equilibria of linear and branched chain molecules. The scaling of the critical temperature versus chain length is obtained and the critical densities are found to decrease with increasing chain length, which are in agreement with the results of experiment and theory. The phase diagrams of the linear and the branched chain molecules nearly overlap with each other. Moreover, the radial distribution functions of linear and branched chain molecules in gas phase are very similar, but in the liquid phase, they are different for different kinds of chains.
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The influences of additive, diluents, temperature, acidity of the aqueous phase on the interfacial behavior of primary amine N1923 in sulfate media have been investigated using the Du Nouy ring method. In addition, the effect of concentration of thorium(IV) loaded in the organic phase on the interfacial tension has also been studied. The interfacial tension isotherms are processed by matching different adsorption equations such as the Gibbs and the Szyszkowski. The surface excess at the saturated interface (Gamma (max)) and the minimum bulk concentration of the extractant necessary to saturate the interface (C-min) under different conditions are calculated according to two adsorption equations to be presented in comprehensive tables and figures. It appears that primary amine N1923 has strong interfacial activity and behaves very differently in various diluents systems. The surface excess at saturated interface increase with the type of diluerits in the following order: chloroform < aromatic hydrocarbons < aliphatic hydrocarbons. The relationship between the interfacial activity and kinetics of thorium extraction by primary amine N1923 has been discussed by considering different factors. However, the interfacial activity of primary amine N1923 is only a qualitative parameter suggesting the interfacial mechanism for thorium extraction, it cannot give strong evidence quantitatively supporting this mechanism.
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The mass transfer behaviors of Cd(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), and Eu(III) in sulfuric acid solution using microporous hollow fiber membrane (HFM) containing bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid (commercial name Cyanex302) were investigated in this paper. The experimental results showed that the values of the mass transfer coefficients (K-w) decreased with an increase of H+ concentration and increased with an increase of extractant Cyanex302 concentration. The mass transfer resistance of Eu3+ was the largest because K-w value of Eu3+ was the smallest. The order of mass transfer rate of metal ions at low pH was Cd > Zn > Fe > Eu. Mixtures of Zn2+ and Eu3+ or of Zn2+ and Cd2+ were well separated in a counter-current circulation experiment using two modules connected in series at different initial acidity and concentration ratio. These results indicate that a hollow fiber membrane extractor is capable of separating the mixture compounds by controlling the acidity of the aqueous solution and by exploiting different mass transfer kinetics. The interfacial activity of Cyanex302 in sulfuric acid solution was measured and interfacial parameters were obtained according to Gibbs adsorption equation.