8 resultados para Amblyraja radiata

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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被子植物的rRNA基因已经得到深入研究。二倍体被子植物一般拥有1-4对18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点和1-2对5S rDNA位点。作为特殊的多基因家族成员,rDNA会受均一化力 (homogenizing forces) 的作用,通过基因转换、不等交换等机制,形成基因的致同进化 (concerted evolution)。长期以来,我们一直认为动植物rDNA致同进化水平很高,各种拷贝的序列几乎完全一致,因此可以直接应用PCR测序的方法进行分子系统学研究。但是在裸子植物中由于研究资料的匮乏,使我们对裸子植物rDNA的变异模式了解甚少。松属植物作为裸子植物的最大类群,它的rDNA变异和进化有何特点、与被子植物是否相同,是这个重要类群的进化研究中目前尚未解决的问题。本文的研究内容从三个方面进行: (1)rDNA的染色体定位 目前,松属的18S-5.8S-26S rDNA的染色体定位研究只包括5种植物,其中的3种同时涉及到5S rDNA定位。这些研究结果表明,不同种存在相异的rDNA位点数目,甚至不同的个体的rDNA位点均有变化。其共同点是,18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点数平均较被子植物多,5S rDNA除Pinus radiata外,在其它种里则与被子植物相似。这种现象是松属或裸子植物的共同特征,亦或是特例呢?有限的研究限制了对裸子植物rDNA的了解。本研究的目的之一就是研究松属植物rDNA的染色体空间分布特征,希望借此了解松属植物间的关系,比较裸子植物和被子植物rDNA在染色体组水平的差异。 (2)5S rDNA的分子进化 5S rDNA的序列水平的进化研究在松属中尚属空白。5S rDNA在染色体数目上没有显示裸子植物与被子植物的差异,是否意味着松属乃至裸子植物的5S rDNA也同被子植物一样——致同进化完全,序列高度一致呢?利用克隆测序方法对松属植物5S rDNA的研究无疑是有开创性的工作,可以探讨裸子植物的5S rDNA的进化机制和种间关系。 (3)杂种基因组研究 杂交物种的起源演化是当前生物学研究的热点,通过杂种基因组的研究,可以了解杂种的的基因组构成,组织方式和进化历史,探讨杂交事件对成种过程的影响及意义。这项研究涉及到高山松、云南松和油松。之所以采用这三种植物,因为等位酶、cpDNA和mtDNA证据证明高山松为油松和云南松的自然杂交种。但这些证据不足以反映杂种核基因组的重组特征和构成及其进化规律。我们利用rDNA-FISH、5S rDNA和基因组原位杂交分析三种松树间的基因组关系,为揭示高山松的进化机制和历史提供新的依据。 本项研究得到以下结果: 一. rDNA荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 通过对华山松和白皮松两种单维管束亚属植物及油松、云南松、高山松、马尾松和南亚松等五种双维管束亚属植物的18S rDNA与5S rDNA的荧光原位杂交,结果表明: ⑴ 裸子植物的18S rDNA位点数目明显多于二倍体被子植物。其中主要位点数目,油松有7对,高山松5对,云南松8对,马尾松10对,南亚松6对,白皮松3对,华山松10对,平均在7对;另外,部分松树还存在弱位点。无论强弱位点都有部分存在于染色体的着丝粒区,除了赤松 (Pinus densiflora),在其它松科植物中并没有发现这种现象。究竟是基因转移的结果或该位点是18S rDNA的原始起源位置还有待确证。 ⑵ 5S rDNA位点相对变异较小,与被子植物相当。除了华山松5S rDNA有4对位点,马尾松只有1对位点外,其它松树的5S rDNA位点数目均为2对,并且在双维管束亚属植物中有一对属于弱位点。 ⑶ 两种rDNA存在不同连锁模式。双维管束亚属植物中,5S与18S rDNA连锁在同一染色体的同一臂或两条臂上。在同一染色体臂时,18S rDNA在臂的远端。单维管束亚属植物的5S与18S rDNA或连锁于同一染色体的同一臂上,或分别处于不同染色体。前一情况,5S rDNA位于臂的远端。据此可以说明两个亚属的rDNA结构在染色体组水平的很大分化。 ⑷ 松属植物的关系及高山松核型特征。由于5S与18S rDNA连锁关系的不同,可以将单维管束亚属和双维管束亚属分开。各亚属的不同物种可以依据杂交位点的多少、位置、信号强弱构成的核型图加以区分,并且构成一定的系统关系。杂交起源的高山松在染色体组上,表现出对油松和云南松两亲本不同染色体特征的分别继承与重组,并产生独有的特征。其II同源染色体之一18S rDNA位点的缺失,可能是染色体重组的痕迹。 二. 5S rDNA的序列变异与分子进化 利用分子克隆和DNA测序分析了油松、云南松、马尾松、白皮松和不同遗传背景的高山松居群的5S rRNA基因序列变异及基因进化规律,得到以下主要结果: ⑴ 5S rDNA的结构特征。双维管束亚属植物长度在658-728 bp,白皮松则为499-521 bp。长度差异体现在基因间隔区,而基因区极端保守,基本为120 bp。基因转录区内部存在着转录控制区,决定了5S rRNA的转录起始与转录效率。5S rRNA基因能够折叠成正常的二级结构,其中,相对于干区来说,环区要保守,但环E却表现出异乎寻常的变异,转换/颠换比值高达7.1,这种突变可能是假基因的产物。基因间隔区存在一定的保守单元,其中一些与转录的起始和终止调控相关,有些是裸子植物未知功能的特异保守区。 ⑵ 松属植物5S rDNA存在着基因组内与种间的异质性。基因组内的各个克隆中有超过80%的特异的,彼此不相同。整个5S rDNA分化距离为0.042 - 0.051,其中,间隔区的分化比基因区高,其速度约是基因区的3-7倍。比较种间5S rDNA序列发现:在122个克隆中,基因区只有50个特异的序列。基因组间的序列变异度与基因组内 (个体内) 没有明显差别。白皮松的间隔区与双维管束亚属松树的5S rDNA间隔区差异极大,几乎不能排序,而四种双维管束亚属植物的5S rDNA间隔区种间种内差异不大。 ⑶ 松属植物5S rDNA进化。PAUP分析建立的5S rRNA基因树显示,5S rRNA基因在基因组内是多系的 (polyphyletic),表明成种事件以前,祖先种就已经存在序列的分化。观测到的5S rRNA基因序列变异状况,并非完全是致同进化或独立进化的单一因素造成的,而是二者的相互作用的结果。致同进化确实存在,只是速度较慢而已。 ⑷ 高山松5S rDNA 组成。高山松拥有最高的基因组内的序列多样性,高山松的5S rDNA拷贝既有亲本类型,又有重组类型,并且不同地理及遗传来源的高山松显示一定的分化趋势,有更多的拷贝来自母系亲本。 三. 基因组原位杂交 以油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,相互进行基因组原位杂交,结果显示云南松和油松的染色体组可以完全被对方探针标记,在现有基因组原位杂交的分辨率下不能将两个基因组区分开。说明云南松和油松基因组之间存在高比例的同源序列,两种松树的基因组组成十分相似。利用油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,对高山松的染色体组进行双探针基因组原位杂交。结果表明,高山松全部基因组都能与两亲本探针完全杂交,说明三者间有着异乎寻常的亲缘关系。但在PH失调影响下,高山松只有部分基因组被杂交,并且两种探针的杂交信号有轻微差异。这可能是高度重复序列优先杂交的结果。这些情况表明,高山松虽然在基因组构成上与两个亲本基本一致,但基因在染色体组的空间排布上是存在差异的,这一点可以从rDNA-FISH中证明。

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报道了锦蛇属团花锦蛇( E. davidi) 、绿锦蛇( E. prasina) 和三索锦蛇( E. radiata) 3 个种的核型和Ag - NORs ,团花锦蛇的核型2 n = 36 (8V + 6sV + 2I + 20M) ;绿锦蛇的核型2 n = 36 (7V + 7sV + 2I + 20m) ,三索锦蛇的 核型2 n = 40 (6V + 3sV + 2sI + 5I + 24m) ; ①团花锦蛇和绿锦蛇的染色体数目和结构与此属大多数种的相似, ; ② 此属种类的性染色体为ZW型,绿锦蛇的性染色体为第4 对大染色体,三索锦蛇的为第5 对大染色体,团花锦蛇 由于为雄性,未见染色体异型. ③Ag - NORs 在数目及在染色体上的位置均不相同,团花锦蛇的NORs 在第9 对 染色体上,数目为2 个;绿锦蛇的NORs 在第5 对染色体上,数目为4 个;三索锦蛇的NORs 在第4 对大染色体上, 数目为4 个; ④我们发现三索锦蛇较为特殊,其染色体数目、形态、性染色体的位置和形态及Ag - NORs 均与其 它种类不同. 可能的原因是此物种在核型演化过程中发生过染色体断裂和重排事件,提示三索锦蛇可能是一个 特化的类群. ⑤锦蛇属的种类可分为包括三索锦蛇为特殊的一组的4 个组. 图版1 表2 参18

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为了研究猕猴属的颅骨差异性, 从而探 讨种间在形态、功能和系统分化方面的相互联系, 测定了11 个猕猴种类的77 个颅骨变量, 用于主成 分分析和判别分析。应用巢式分析方法, 分析过程 包括3 个步骤。所有变量根据功能和部位的不同首 先分为7 个单位: 下颌、下颌齿、上颌齿、上面 颅、下面颅、面颅后部和颅腔。第2 步根据它们所 揭示的相似性(具有相同的种间及种内差异性类 型) 合并为3 个解剖区域: 咀嚼器官(下颌、下颌 齿、上颌齿) , 面颅(上面颅和下面颅) 和整个面 颅后(面颅后和颅腔) 。第3 步从3 个解剖区域筛 选出27 个变量代表整个颅骨的形态结构。除了寻 找不同的功能单位, 解剖区域及总的颅骨具有不同 的种间和种内差异类型外, 此过程对筛出研究意义 不大的变量起很重要的作用。上述分析过程分别用 于对雌、雄性和两性的研究。所研究的11 个猕猴 种类间形成了3 聚类。第1 类包括食蟹猴(Macaca f ascicularis) 、戴帽猴( M1 sinica) 和头巾猴( M1 radiata) ; 第2 类包括猕猴( M1 mulatta ) 、熊猴 (M1 assensis ) 、平顶猴( M1 nemestrina ) 和黑猿 (M1 nigra) ; 第3 类包括蛮猴( M1 sylvanus ) 、日 本猴( M1 f uscata) 、短尾猴( M1 arctoides ) 和藏 酋猴(M1 thibetana) 。分别从两性差异、食物、生态、分类和系统分化方面进行了差异性讨论, 结果 认为猕猴种间颅骨的差异性主要是由于系统分化不 同而引起个体差异所致, 即种间和种内存在的个体 差异。在主成分分析中, 这些差异在不同的区域表 现在不同的成分上。在咀嚼器官上种间的差异在第 1 主成分上, 种内的差异则在第2 主成分上。面颅 的情况则刚好相反。这两种差异在面颅后及颅腔上 则被第1 和第2 主成分所平分。这样, 种间的差异 在咀嚼器官上大于种内的差异。种内的差异在面颅 上则大于种间的差异。这两种差异在面颅后和颅腔 上则几乎大小相等。这一研究结果表明, 与传统的 概念不同, 第2 主成分不仅仅表现形态、形状的差 异, 而如同第1 主成分一样, 也表现形态的大小成 分。此研究所揭示的猕猴种间关系部分与Foden (1976 , 1980) 和Delson (1980) 相同。如平顶猴 与黑猿、短尾猴、藏酋猴和熊猴的关系。食蟹猴、 头巾猴和戴帽猴的关系则不同, 并已得到有关分子 生物学的支持, 此3 种可能来自同一祖先并经历相 同的扩散过程。此研究所设计的巢式分析过程提供 了一种很好的差异性研究手段。最终结果暗示在形 态学研究中仅仅考虑某一区域的形态结构是很不够 的, 因为不同的部分具有不同的种间及种内差异类 型。这在化石研究中尤其要注意。

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Follicle consists of an oocyte and a lot of surrounding follicular cells, and significant interactions exist between the oocyte and the somatic cells. In this study, a novel cDNA has been screened from a subtractive cDNA library between tail bud embryos and blastula embryos in the protogynous hermaphrodite orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Its full-length cDNA is 821 bp, and has an ORF of 414 by for encoding a peptide of 137 aa, which shows 38%, 37%, 33%, and 33% homology with 4 putative proteins screened from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Conserved domain search in NCBI reveals a single C2 domain existing in the C2 domain superfamily proteins, and has only 7 beta strands in comparison with 8 beta strands of C2 domains in other C2 domain superfamily proteins. Artificial sex reversal, RT-PCR analysis and Western blot detection demonstrated ovary-specific expression of the C2 domain factor, and therefore the novel gene was designated as E. coioides ovary-specific C2 domain factor, EcOC2 factor. Moreover, predominant expression of EcOC2 factor was further revealed in grouper mature ovary, and its strong immunofluorescence signals were located between granulosa cells and oocyte zona radiata in grouper mature follicles. The data indicate that the novel EcOC2 factor might be a main component that associates between granulosa cells and the oocyte during oocyte maturation, and might play significant roles in regulating oocyte maturation and ovulation. Further studies on its developmental behaviour and physiological functions will elucidate the interactions between oocyte and the surrounding somatic cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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土壤可溶性有机物质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤有机质的活性组分,在陆地生态系统物质循环中扮演非常重要的角色。土壤DOM的主要成分可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)参与C、N循环过程。为深入揭示全球C、N循环过程机制,在未开展DOC和DON的地区进行相关研究是有必要的。森林土壤(包括枯枝落叶层)DOC、DON动态及调控机理的研究是目前国际上森林生态系统C、N循环研究热点之一。本研究立足于暖温带岷江上游茂县地区人工林植被,对土壤DOC和DON的库容量,季节动态及其与其它养分之间的关系进行了系统研究,旨在了解DOC和DON在该区生态系统中的重要作用,并探讨作为DOM主要来源的叶凋落物对DOC和DON的动态影响,研究有助于更加详细地了解该区生态系统C和N循环过程。本论文主要研究结论如下: 1研究了岷江上游地区两大主要土壤类型(棕壤和褐土)不同植物群落下土壤的DOC和DON含量及特征,结果表明:DOC和DON在两种土壤类型中均有库容量存在,DOC在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别111.96~159.95 mg kg-1和69.02~100.84 mg kg-1。DON在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别11.88~23.08 mg kg-1和4.70~10.77 mg kg-1。游离氨基酸在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别0.84~1.66 mg kg-1和0.39~0.73 mg kg-1。DOC、DON与土壤中的一些养分因子表现出了显著的相关关系,共同反映了土壤的状况和质量,在该区开展DOC和DON的系统研究是有必要的。 2 对油松与连香树林地土壤DOC、DON以及其它化学指标的季节动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松与连香树林地土壤DOC和DON的季节动态变化表现了类似的规律,DOC和DON的含量均以秋季最高。DOC和DON的季节动态变化主要受凋落物生物因素的影响,但其微生物活力的生物因素以及降雨、温度等非生物因素也是控制土壤DOC和DON含量的重要因素。土壤DON在土壤中的行为不同于矿质氮,其季节动态不同于NO3--N和NH4+-N的季节动态,在研究N循环过程中,应考虑DON的变化情况。 3 对油松与连香树林地分解层和表层土壤(0-10cm)氨基酸周转动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松林地和连香树林地均以分解层的氨基酸含量高于矿质表层土壤的含量。每个取样时期,油松林地内各层次的氨基酸含量高于连香树林地内相应层次的含量。两林地各层次无机氮含量均超过了氨基酸的含量,并且室内培养30天后无机N的含量仍然高于氨基酸的含量,所以可以认为该区立地条件下无论是在有机分解层还是矿质土层植物吸收利用的氮素仍是以无机N为主。 4 松林下松针凋落物易于累积,这与松针凋落物分解缓慢有关,从而导致松林内养分周转缓慢。通过用不同性质凋落物和灌丛地土壤构建微生态系统,比较油松、辐射松、连香树、灌丛虎榛子凋落物分解对C、N循环过程的影响,结果显示油松和辐射松针叶凋落物比连香树、虎榛子凋落物分解更慢,减缓了养分循环过程。然而将针叶凋落物与阔叶凋落物混合后,油松和辐射松针叶凋落物的分解加快,C、N元素的循环过程也加速。此结果表明在松林内维持具有高质量凋落物的灌丛植被或在松林内栽植一些阔叶树种如连香树对维持和增进松树人工林的土壤肥力有重大的作用。室内培养的结果还显示添加凋落物后土壤DOC和DON的含量显著增加,表明凋落物是土壤DOM的直接来源。然而不同物种凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量有所不同,并随时间发生改变。混合凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量均高于松针凋落物单独处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量。DON是一个主要的水溶性N库,随时间的变化趋势与无机N的变化趋势不同,在土壤N循环过程中起到了中间N库的作用。 As a labile fraction of soil organic matter, dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a very important role in material cycling of terrestrial ecosystem. The turnover of DOM is now being considered as main components in nutrient cycling. DOM mainly includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), -nitrogen (DON), -phosphorous (DOP) and –sulfur (DOS). Among these constituents, DOC and DON directly participate in C and N cycling. It is essential to study DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors in the areas where no related study has ever been carried out. Study about them can provide data supports on understanding the mechanism of the global C and N cycling. DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors have been focused on in the research of C and N cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on forest plantations of Maoxian, Minjiang River in warm temperate zone, soil DOC and DON pool size, their seasonal dynamics, and the correlation between DOC, DON and other nutrients were studied in order to understand the importance of DOC and DON in the study area. Soil DOC and DON dynamics induced by leaf litter decomposition were also studied. The study contributed to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and providing baseline data for including DOC and DON into the indices system of evaluating nutrient conditions. The results were as follows: 1 Several different plant communities under brown soil and Cinnamon soil were chosen as sampling plots. The contents and features of soil DOC and DON were evaluated. The results showed that DOC and DON were present under the two soil types. DOC contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 111.96 mg kg-1to 159.95 mg kg-1, and 69.02 mg kg-1 to 100.84 mg kg-1. DON contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 11.88 mg kg-1to 23.08 mg kg-1, and 4.70 mg kg-1 to 10.77 mg kg-1. Free amino acid contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 0.84 mg kg-1to 1.66 mg kg-1, and 0.39 mg kg-1 to 0.73 mg kg-1. Significant correlations were found between DOC, DON and some nutrient indices, which together reflected soil condition and quality. It was hence essential to study DOC and DON in the study area. 2 Seasonal dynamics of DOC, DON, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N were studied under Pinus tabulaeformis and Cercidiphyllum japonicum plantation. The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON under the two plantations performed similar change pattern, with the highest values in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON were mainly influenced by the litterfall. However, biotic factors such as soil microbial activities and abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature also controlled the dynamics of soil DOC and DON. The seasonal dynamic of DON was different from that of NO3--N and NH4+-N, which showed that the behavioral differences between DON and inorganic nitrogen. And hence, it was proposed to include DON into soil N cycling in the study area. 3 Amino acid dynamics in Oa and topsoil (0-10 cm) under P. tabulaeformis and C. japonicum plantation were studied. The results showed that amino acid content in Oa was significantly higher than that in mineral soil. At each sampling time, significantly higher amino acid contents were found in P. tabulaeformis plantation than in C. japonicum plantation. The content of inorganic nitrogen was much higher than the content of amino acid in each sampling layer at each sampling time. After a 30-days laboratory incubation the content of amino acid was still lower than the content of inorganic nitrogen. The results implicated that the form of N absorbed by plants in these study sites were mainly inorganic nitrogen. 4 Usually needle litter is more resistant to decomposition, which leads to needle litter accumulation in pure coniferous stands and slows down the rate of nutrient circulation. By constructing microcosms with local shrubland soil and containing the four single-species (P. tabulaeformis, P. radiata, C. japonicum, Ostryopsis davidiana) litters, the decomposition rates and related C and N dynamics of needle litters and broadleaved litters during the early stage were compared. The results showed that the decomposition rates of pine needles were lower than those of broadleaved litters, which descended C and N cycling processes. However, the presence of C. japonicum or O. davidiana litter into pine needles increased the decomposition rates of pine needles and also dramatically promoted C and N cycling processes. It should be appropriate for plantation managers to consider C. japonicum as an ameliorative species or remain O. davidiana in pine plantations to improve soil conditions and help maintain soil fertility. The laboratory incubation still showed that DOC and DON contents in all litter-amended treatments were significantly higher than no litter-amended treatment, which proved that litter could be a direct source of DOM in soils. Different species litters induced different soil DOC and DON contents, which correspondingly changed over time. DOC and DON contents in mixed litter treatments were higher than those in pine needle litter treatments. As a major soluble N pool, DON developed a different changing pattern over time compared with inorganic N and played a role of interim N pool in soil N cycling.

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The result of an analysis of mollusca remains collected from the Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea and Bering Sea in the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition, from July to September, 1999 is presented. Seventeen species of mollusca have been identified, which belong to two classes: Bivalvia and Gastropoda. The compositions of the mollusca are very simple. According to the distribution pattern two groups may be distinguished among molluscan species. The Pan-Arctic and circumboreal group comprises Nuculana pernula, N.radiata, Nucula bellotii, Astarte montagui, Seripes groenlandicus, Macoma calcarea, M. moesta alaskana, Liocyrna fluctuosa, Mya pseudoarenaria and Turritella polaris. Three species, Cyclocardia crebricostata, Trichotrois coronata and Argobuccinum oregonense are components of the Pan-Arctic and Pacific boreal group. With regard to feeding habits, detritus feeders dominate. There are 7 species of detritus feeders, i.e., Nuculana pernula, N. radiata, Nucula bellotii, Macoma calcarea, M. moesta alaskana, Macoma sp. and Trichotropis coronata. Detritus feeders are dominant with regard to the numbers of species as well as to the frequency of occurrence. Macoma calcarea is the most abundant species.