13 resultados para 38-0.45 µm carbonate fraction
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
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测量了自组织多层In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的变温光致发光谱,同时观察到来自浸润层和量子点的发光,首次直接观察了浸润层和量子点之间的载流子热转移。分析发光强度随温度的变化发现浸润发光的热淬灭包括两个过程
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在15K测量了不同尺寸分布的In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点的静压我致发光,静压范围为0--1.3GPa。常压下观察到三个发光峰,分别来源于不同尺寸的量子点(横向直径分别为26、52和62nm)的发光。它产的压力系数分别为82、94和98meV/GPa,都小于In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As体材料带边的压力系数,特别是尺寸为26nm的小量子点比In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As体材料带边小17%,并且压力系数随量子点尺寸的变小而减小。理论计算表明有效质量的增在和Γ-X混合是量子点压力系数变小的主要原因,并得到横向直径为26和52nm的小量子点的Γ-X混合势为15和10meV。根据实验还确定In_(0.55)Al_(0.45)As/Al_(0.5)Ga_(0.5)As量子点系统X能带具有Ⅱ类结构,并且估算出价带不连续量为0.15±0.02。
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Recently, more and more attention has been paid to stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems. Among them, δ~(13)C value is mainly determined by the surface vegetation, while vegetation is directly related to climate, therefore, carbon isotope ratio in soil organic matter and pedogenic carbonate has been employed as an important paleoecological indicator. In order to test the paleoecological information extracted from stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems, it is necessary to study the relationships between δ~(13)C value in standing terrestrial plants and today climate, as well as between δ~(13)C value in modern surface soil organic matter and standing vegetation. Thus, these relationships were studied in this paper by means of analysing δ~(13)C in standing plants and modem surface soil organic matter in North China. The main results and conclusions are presented as following: 1. According to their δ~(13)C values, 40 C-4 species represent about 16% of the 257 plant species sarnpled from the North China. C-4 photosynthesis mainly occurs in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Chenopidaceae families, and percentage representation of C-4 photosynthesis is up to 56% in Poaceae family. 2. The δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in North China vary from -21.7‰ to -32.0‰ with an average of -27.1‰, and 93% focus on the range of -24.0‰ ~ -30.0‰; δ~(13)C values of C-4 plant species in North China are between -10.0‰ ~ -15.5‰ with an average of -12.9‰, and 90% concentrate on the range of -11.0‰ ~ -15.0‰. 3. The δ~(13)C composition of C-3 plant species collected from Beijing, a semi-moist district, mainly vary between -27.0‰ ~ -30.0‰, and the average is -28.7‰; the δ ~(13)C values of plants in the semi-arid district, east and west to the Liu Pan Moutain, focus on the range of-26.0‰ ~ -29.0‰ and -25.0‰ ~ -28.0‰, respectively, with the mean value of -27.6‰ and -26.6‰, respectively; the δ~(13)C composition in the arid district dominantly vary from -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.2‰, and among them, the δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in deserts are often between - 22‰ ~ -24‰; the δ~(13)C values in the cold mountain district concentrate on the range of -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.3‰. 4. The main range of δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species, derived from Beijing, a semi-moist district, are -13.0‰ ~ -15.5‰; the semi-arid district, -11.0‰ ~ -14.0‰; the arid district, -11.0‰ ~ -14.0‰. The mean values of them are -14.0‰, -12.4‰,-12.7‰, respectively. 5. From east to west in North China, δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species increase with longitude. The correlation between δ~(13)C ratios of C-3 plant species and longitude is linear. Changing temperate and precipitation and changing atmosphere pressure are spossible explanations. 6. Almost all C-3 plant species have the trends that their δ~(13)C values gradually increase with decreasing precipitation, decreasing temperature and increasing altitude. Our results show the increases of the δ~(13)C value by 0.30 ~ 0.45‰, 0.19 ~ 0.27‰ and 1.1 ~ 1.2‰ per 100 mm, I℃ and 1000 m, respectively, for all C-3 plant species together. 7. The δ~(13)C values of all C-3 plant species together and a part of C-3 species show highly significant linear correlation with the mean annual temperature, the mean annual precipitation and the altitude, and the results suggest that they can be used as proxies of these environmental variables, while, those without highly significant correlation, may be not suitable as the proxies. 8. The extent, which of responses of δ~(13)C composition to environmental variables, is different for each C-3 plant specie. 9. The δ~(13)C variations along altitude and longitude may be non-linear for C-4 p1ant species in North China. The mean annual temperature may be not important influential factor, thus, it suggests that the δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species may be not suitable as the proxy of the mean annual temperature. The influences of summer temperature on δ~(13)C values are much bigger than that of annual temperature, among them, the influence of September temperature is biggest. The mean annual precipitation may be one of the dominant influential factors, and it shows a highly significant non-linear relationship with δ~(13)C values, and the result indicates that δ~(13) C composition of C-4 plant species can be employed as the proxy of the mean annual precipitation. 10. The variations of δ~(13)C ratios do not show systematic trends along longitude, latitude and altitude for modern surface soil organic in Northwest China. ll. The δ~(13)C ratios of modern surface soil organic do not exhibit systematic patterns with temperature and precipitation in Northwest China, it suggests that, unless soil organic is transferred from pure C-3 or C-4 vegetation, the δ~(13)C composition of soil organic may be not used as proxies of climatic variables. 12. The δ~(13)C values of modem surface soil organic are heavier than that of standing vegetation, and the difference ofrnean δ~(13)C between them is -2.18‰. 13. Without considering the δ~(13)C difference between vegetation and soil organic, as well as the δ~(13)C drift in various enviromnent, we may not obtain the valuable information of C-3, C-4 relative biomass in vegetation. 14. The C-4 biomass contribution in vegetation increase with decreasing latitude, increasing longitude and decreasing altitude in Northwest China. The C-4 biomass almost are zero in those regions north to 38 ° N, or west to 100°E, or above 2400 m. 15. The C-4 relative biomass in vegetation increase with growing temperature and precipitation. and, C-4 plants are rare at those regions where the mean annual temperature is less 4 ℃, or the mean annual precipitation is less 200 mm, and their biomass contribution in vegetation are almost zero. Both the mean annual temperature and the mean annual average precipitation may be the important influential factors of C-4 distribution, but the dominant factors.
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材料的疲劳过程是能量耗散的过程,在宏观上表现为热耗散,能量理论是研究材料疲劳行为微观机理和宏观现象的桥梁。文中利用红外热像仪对具有颈缩部分的45号钢试件疲劳过程中的温度变化进行了研究,探讨了影响温度变化的机制,并介绍了快速确定45号钢疲劳极限的方法。实验结果表明,该方法所测得的疲劳极限合理,且该方法具有非接触、便捷、低成本等优点。
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分析了倾斜入射条件下导致光学薄膜产生偏振的原因, 针对不同偏振态的等效导纳与等效相位进行了分析, 并计算了对称膜层在45°入射条件下不同偏振态的等效折射率与等效相位厚度, 采用等效层方法设计了光学性能良好的600~900 nm波段消偏振宽带减反膜。最后利用电子束蒸发技术制备了薄膜样品, 样品的光谱性能完全能够满足使用要求。其中在600~900 nm波段范围内, 平均反射率均小于1.38%, 反射率的偏振度均低于0.89%。另外, 通过对其理论及实验光学性能、角度敏感性、膜层厚度误差敏感性等方面的分析结果可
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碳循环是影响地球环境中能量循环和物质流动的重要过程,而由于人类活动带来的大气CO2浓度升高对生态环境带来一系列的影响,如温室效应、海水酸化及全球灾害性气候增加等。海洋是地球上巨大的碳库,近海海域是连接陆地和海洋两大生态系统的关键环节,它接受着河流输入的大量陆源物质,并通过物理、化学和生物过程与大洋进行各种物质和能量交换。经过对海洋碳循环的多年研究,人们对碳在大洋中的迁移转化获得了比较清晰的认识,但对生物地球化学过程极为复杂的近海的研究还存在较多的不确定性。 元素的存在形态对其迁移转化有着重要影响,为研究近海不同形态无机碳,本文采用连续浸取方法,根据无机碳在沉积物中的结合强度,将无机碳分为交换态、弱碱结合态、强碱结合态、弱酸结合态和残渣态,分析了渤海湾、四十里湾附近海域、大亚湾和南海北部海域等中国典型近海海域表层及柱状沉积物中不同形态的无机碳含量,并讨论了其与各地球化学参数之间的关系,得到如下结论: 在各个研究区,沉积物中总无机碳的平均含量分别为:渤海湾6.16 mg/g,四十里湾附近海域7.51 mg/g,大亚湾3.08 mg/g,南海北部海域11.66 mg/g。渤海湾潮间带沉积物的无机碳含量普遍高于潮下带沉积物,四十里湾附近海域柱状样沉积物中无机碳含量一般随埋藏深度的增加而增加,大亚湾沉积物低的无机碳含量可能与低的陆源物质输入有关,南海北部海域表层沉积物无机碳含量分布表现出明显的近岸低深海高的分布特征,高的无机碳含量明显受生物活动影响。 渤海湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.63 mg/g、氨水相0.74 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.28 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.13 mg/g、残渣相1.38 mg/g。四十里湾附近海域沉积物柱状样各形态无机碳含量为氯化钠相0.54 mg/g、氨水相0.36 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.13 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相6.46 mg/g、残渣相0.02 mg/g。大亚湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.45 mg/g、氨水相0.50 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.46 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相1.51 mg/g、残渣相0.16 mg/g。南海北部沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.52 mg/g、氨水相0.30 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.17 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.79 mg/g、残渣相6.88 mg/g。在所研究的大部分近海沉积物中,盐酸羟胺相是沉积物无机碳的主要形态,只有南海北部海域表层沉积物比较特殊。 渤海湾潮下带沉积物中,碱浸取相(氢氧化钠相和氨水相)无机碳与沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)之间存在较为紧密的联系;潮间带沉积物中,含水率、TOC、TN和粒度等地球化学参数与前3相及残渣相无机碳均有较紧密的联系。四十里湾附近海域柱状沉积物中,沉积物各参数对不同柱状样各形态无机碳的影响差异较大,位于芝罘岛附近的柱状样B主要受粒度影响,含水率、TOC和TN对离岸较近的柱状样D的前两相无机碳和崆峒岛北侧的柱状样E的氯化钠相无机碳有较大影响,沉积物各参数对崆峒岛南侧的柱状样C和离岸最远的柱状样S的影响相对较小。大亚湾沉积物各形态无机碳受环境影响的程度比其它海域弱。南海北部沉积物中,TOC对各形态无机碳影响较强,其中的氨水相无机碳与沉积物各参数间存在较为紧密的联系。 对比各海域的研究结果发现,不同无机碳形态之间,碱浸取相无机碳之间常存在正相关关系,氯化钠相作为比较活泼的无机碳形态,与其它各相之间的关系具有不确定性,弱酸浸取相无机碳与无机碳总量的关系较为紧密,残渣相与其它无机碳形态的关系一般较弱,说明此相无
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麻疹病毒是副粘病毒科麻疹病毒属成员之一,主要通过呼吸道传播,其传染性强,人群发病率很高,主要常发于婴幼儿及儿童[1].国外有报道人源麻疹病毒和狗的犬温热病毒可引起捕获猕猴麻疹病毒感染的暴发[2-4],并表现为与人相似的临床症状和病理表现[5-6].目前,国内还未有猕猴麻疹暴发的病例报道.本中心2008年1月至3月共有38例8月龄~15月龄的腹泻猕猴诊断为麻疹,经过及时确诊,有效治疗,临床效果很好的.分析如下.
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研究了黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗的形状、大小结构、分布、形成木特征及其更新状况.结果表明:在油松天然次生林中,林冠林窗(CG)和扩展林窗(EG)面积均呈以小林窗为主的偏态分布.CG平均面积为31.15 m2,以20~40 m2林窗的数量比和面积比最大,分别为38.24%和30.50%;EG平均面积为58.04 m2,以30~60 m2的数量比和面积比最大,分别为36.77%和27.79%,且CG的平均面积占EG平均面积的53.67%;林窗形状多呈椭圆形,高度多在14~16 m;林窗形成年龄以10~20年为主,占33.82%.林窗中基折和枯立木分别占形成木总数的47.66%和23.44%.林窗形成的主要因素是人为间伐或盗伐,树木衰老等引起的抗性下降、干旱、病虫害等也是导致树木死亡的原因之一;每个林窗中平均有1.89个形成木,其中以2株形成木的林窗最多.林窗形成木主要是油松,其次为山杨、白桦和辽东栎等.形成木的径级呈明显的偏态分布,以10~20 cm和21~30 cm径级最为普遍,分别占总数的25.0%和45.31%,与林窗面积偏态分布吻合;林窗内林木的更新状况好于林下,且油松幼苗不存在断层,而油松林下幼苗在年...
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Objective To investigate whether the irradiation with C-beam could enhance adenovirus-mediated transfer and expression of p53 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods HepG2 cells were exposed to C-beam or gamma-ray and then infected with replicationdeficient adenovirus recombinant vectors containing human wild-type p53 or green fluorescent protein, respectively. The transfer efficiency and expression level of the exogenous gene were detected by flow cytometric analysis. Cell survival fraction was detected by clonogenic assay. Results The transfer frequency in C-beam or gamma-irradiated groups increased by 50-83% and 5.7-38.0% compared with the control, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with C-beam alone, p53 alone, and gamma-ray with p53, the percentages of p53 positive cells for 1 Gy C-beam with p53 increased by 56.0-72.0%, 63.5-82.0%, and 31.3-72.5% on first and third day after the treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). The survival fractions for the 2Gy C-bearn and AdCMV-p53 infection groups decreased to similar to 2%. Conclusion C-beam irradiation could significantly promote AdCMV-green fluorescent protein transfer and expression of p53.
Dependence of superconducting temperature on chemical bond parameters in YBa2Cu3O6+delta (delta=0-1)
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The chemical bond parameters, that is ionicities and average energy gaps, for all types of chemical bonds in YBa2Cu3O6+delta have been investigated with variation of oxygen content delta (delta = 0.0, 0.35, 0.45, 0.58, 0.64, 0.73, 0.78, 0.81, 0.95, 1.00). The theory used is the complex crystal chemical bond theory, which is the development of P-V-L theory. The two plateaus near 90 K and 60 K in superconducting transition temperatures, and the disappearance of superconductivity with the change of oxygen content, were reasonably explained by chemical bond parameters. The results also showed that the Cu-O chains play a vital role in the transition from non-superconductors to superconductors, and the highest transition temperature occurred when the plane-chain reached a coupling state. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Filtration and cross-flow ultrafiltration techniques were used to separate culture media of Prorocentrum donghaiense at the exponential growth, stationary and decline stages into < 0.45 mu m filtrate, 100 kDa-0.45 mu m, 10-100 kDa and 1-10 kDa retentate and < 1 kDa ultrafiltrate fractions. The fluorescence. properties of different molecular weights of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured by excitation-emission matrix spectra. Protein-like and humic-like fluorophores were observed in the DOM produced by P. donghaiense. The central positions of protein-like fluorophores showed a red shift with prolonged growth duration, shifting from tyrosine-like properties at the exponential growth stage to tryptophan-like properties at the stationary and decline stages. The excitation wavelengths of protein-like fluorophores exhibited some change in the exponential growth and stationary stages with increased molecular size, but showed little change in the decline stage. However, the emission wavelengths in the decline stage exhibited a blue shift. Very distinct C type and A type peaks in humic-like fluorophores were observed. With a prolonged culture time, the intensities of both of the peaks became strong and the excitation wavelengths of peak A showed a red shift, while the A:C ratios fell. More than 94% of fluorescent DOM was in the lower than 1 kDa molecular weight fraction.
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低分子有机酸是对流层大气的重要组成成分,广泛分布于大气中的气相、液相、气溶胶中。本文以贵州省安顺作为研究区域,在 2007 年 6 月~2008年 6月期间,收集大气降水样品118个,对降水中主要成份尤其是低分子有机酸及其对自由酸度的贡献进行了为期一年的研究。并通过与贵州其它3个地区的对比,重点讨论了大气降水中低分子有机酸时间和空间的变化规律、成因机制、对降水自由酸度的贡献以及来源等关键问题。得出的主要结论如下: (1) 安顺降水总体呈酸性,pH雨量加权平均值为 4.89,范围在3.57~7.09,酸雨频率为 57.0%。降水的电导率平均值为46.52μs•cm-1,变化范围为6.01~298.00 μs•cm-1,该值远远高于降水背景站点,表明该地区受到了明显的人为活动影响。 (2) 安顺大气降水中离子浓度的顺序依次为SO42->Ca2+>NH4+>NO3-> Mg2+>K+>Na+>Cl->H+>HCOOHt>CH3COOHt >(COOH)2(t)2-。大气降水中最重要的离子为SO42-、NO3-(阴离子)和Ca2+、NH4+ 和Mg2+(阳离子),平均浓度依次为140.9、46.1、124.2、45.4和36.2µmol/L。相关性分析和聚类分析表明,安顺SO2和NOx具有同源特征,且进入降水的途径相同。大气中的铵主要以硫酸铵与硝酸铵的形式存在于大气中,成为大气中重要的酸性气溶胶。另外,CaSO4、NaCl、MgCl2、(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3、KNO3、H2SO4、HNO3是降水的主要化学组分。降水中Ca2+、NH4+、Mg2+和K+的中和因子分别为0.38、0.14、0.22、0.05,表明降水中最重要的中和物质是Ca2+,其次是Mg2+和NH4+。源分析表明,安顺大气降水中的K+和Ca2+主要来自以岩石和土壤为主的陆相输入,而SO42-和NO3-主要来自人为活动的贡献,其人为贡献量高达97.0%和94.3%。Mg2+主要来自陆源输入,仅有9.1%来自海水的贡献。Cl-属于海盐性离子,但在安顺降水中,仅有57.3%来自海相输入,小部分(1.3%)来自岩石和土壤风化的贡献,人类活动排放的Cl-也是该地区一个重要来源。 (3) 安顺大气降水中共检测出7种低分子有机酸,含量最高的有机酸组成依次是甲酸(HCOO-)、乙酸(CH3COO-)和草酸((COO)22-),雨量加权平均浓度分别为8.77、6.90和2.84µmol/L。降水中所测有机酸的平均总含量为19.00µmol/L,对阴离子总和的贡献为12.6%。对于 pH<5 的降水,甲酸、乙酸和草酸对自由酸度的平均贡献值(按最大贡献率法计算)分别为 19.2%、5.9和7.8%,总有机酸(三者之和)对自由酸度的平均贡献值为32.9%。这些事实表明,安顺大气降水中的有机酸是降水化学物质的重要组成部分,会对降水的物理和化学特征产生重要的影响。采样期间,安顺甲酸、乙酸和草酸的湿沉降通量分别为10.81、10.46和3.94 mmol/m2/year。根据气液平衡理论,估算出甲酸和乙酸的干沉降量,分别为4.78和1.63mmol/m2/year。 (4) 安顺降水有机酸浓度存在着明显的季节性变化,四季的有机酸浓度由高到低分别为:冬季>春季>夏季>秋季;非生长季节>生长季节。这种季节变化特征显然与植物生长的季节变化特征不一致。表明安顺大气中的有机酸浓度的影响因素非常复杂;植物生长、降雨量(降雨强度和持续时间)和人为活动等因素的季节变化都会影响大气有机酸的组成和分布特征。在连续降雨过程的监测中发现甲酸和乙酸的浓度是随降雨过程(时间)同步变化,这说明甲酸与乙酸很可能存在相同的来源或者相似的源强,它们在大气中的清除方式也可能相同。而草酸的浓度与日照强度和温度有关,与降雨发生的时间有很重要的关系,表明草酸多来源于光化学反应为主的间接来源。另外,还发现降雨初期降水酸性要强于降雨后期,这表明降雨对大气中污染物质有明显的清除和稀释作用。 (5) 相关性分析表明,甲酸和乙酸之间存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.80,这种强烈的正相关表明甲酸和乙酸具有相似的排放源或者排放源不同但有相似的排放强度;草酸与甲酸和乙酸也都具有显著相关关系,这可能是因为草酸与甲酸和乙酸具有相同的排放源或者是草酸的前体物如甲醛与甲酸、乙酸具有相似的排放源;甲酸与NH4+、NO3- 和NO2-的相关关系也很高,表明甲酸的主要来源是农业活动或者生物质燃烧和汽车尾气排放等。乙酸和草酸的情况与甲酸类似。论文建立了甲酸与乙酸分析浓度比值(F/A)T的判定方程曲线,结果表明安顺有机酸主要来源于直接来源,包括植物直接释放,生物质燃烧,汽车尾气排放等;间接来源如不饱和碳烃化合物(如烯烃和异戊二烯)和醛类物质(如甲醛)的光化学氧化不是该地区有机酸的主要来源。 (6) 对比贵州其它3个监测站点的降雨数据后,发现大气降水对降水酸度的贡献,偏远地区(尚重)要远大于工业城市。另外,安顺和尚重大气有机酸以直接来源为主。其中,尚重有机酸的主要来源是植物释放,而安顺有机酸的主要来源是生物质燃烧、汽车尾气等人类活动的释放。贵阳市有机酸的主要来源是间接来源,即有机酸前体物的光化学氧化。遵义有机酸的来源具有明显的季节周期性,在夏秋以直接释放为主,而春冬季节以间接释放为主。
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贵阳市位于贵州省中部云贵高原东斜坡地带,地处东经106°07′至107°17′,北纬262°11′,至272°22′之间,属东部平原向西部高原的过渡地带,地形地貌多样,海拔高,纬度低,具有亚热带湿润温和型气候的特点,资源丰富,能源充足,自然环境得天独厚。本论文详细研究了贵阳市8046平方公里面积内表层土壤中砷、福、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌8种重金属污染元素的环境地球化学特征,确定了土壤环境地球化学基线,并建立了判别自然的和人为的环境影响的地球化学指标,进而计算污染参数:重金属累计指数和污染程度,在此基础上进行了土壤重金属污染来源分析。取得认识如下:1、贵阳市表层土壤中重金属污染元素的均值、标准差、极值、主要含量区间分别是:砷18·ogmg/kg、11·57 mg/kg、79.30mg/kg、AS95.9%<40mg/kg;福0.302mg/kg、0.363mg/kg、2.620mg/lcg、Cd95.7%<1.000mg/kg;铬75.3mg/kg、37.3mg/kg、271.0mg/kg、Cr95.9%<150.0mg/1cg;铜43.lmg/kg、30.3mg/kg、213.0mg瓜g,Cu94.6o/<100mg/kg;铅43.2mg/kg、31.3mg/kg、318.9mg/kg,Pb95.5%<100.0mg/kg;汞0.222mg/kg、0.531mg/kg、7.030mg/kg,Hg98.2%<1.00Omg/kg;镍38.3mg/kg、14.9mg/kg、102.5mh/kg,Ni95.8%<70mg/kg;锌84.7mkg、49.8mg/kg、385.0mg/kg,Zn93.4%<150.0mg/kg。2、利用相对累计总量分析方法和相对累计频率分析方法确定贵阳市表层土壤中重金属元素的基线值和受人为影响的下限:砷为9.04mk和29.0mg/kg;福为0.068mg/kg和1 .OIOms/kg;铬为44.0mg/kg和100.2mg/kg;铜为18.8mg/kg和68.4mg/kg;铅为14.8mg/kg和70.lmg/kg;汞为0.045mg/kg和0.530mkg;镍为17.0mg/kg和57.0mg/kg;锌46.3mg/kg和112.0mg/kg。3、对贵阳市表层土壤重金属含量进行地质累计指数分析,结果显示贵阳市的表层土壤中:41%未受砷污染,43%的在无污染到中度污染之间,14%的中度污染,只有2%的介于中度污染到强污染之间;40%未受福污染,19%无污染到中度污染之间,14%的中度污染,19%的介于中度污染到强污染之间,7%的强污染,1%的表层土壤强污染到极强污染之间;46%未受铬污染,47%在无污染到中度污染之间,6.8%的中度污染,0.2%介于中度污染到强污染之间;38%未受铜污染,38%在无污染到中度污染之间,22%的中度污染,2%的介于中度污染到强污染之间;18%未受铅污染,47%在无污染到中度污染之间,28%的中度污染,3%介于中度污染到强污染之间;12%未受元素汞污染,37%在无污染到中度污染之间,36%的中度污染,11%介于中度污染到强污染之间,2%的强污染,1%的介于强污染与极强污染之间,1%的极强污染;19.2%未受镍污染,63.7%在无污染到中度污染之间,16.8%的中度污染,0.3%介于中度污染到强污染之间;41%未受锌污染,50%在无污染到中度污染之间,7%的中度污染,2%介于中度污染到强污染之间。4、贵阳市表层土壤中重金属元素含量的污染程度计算显示:砷的污染程度最大为4,27,50.2%的表层土壤未受污染,97%的表层土壤污染程度小于2,总污染程度略大于O,即受到轻微污染;蝠的污染程度最大为12.1,57.9%的表层土壤未受污染,%%的表层土壤污染程度小于4,总污染程度大于。,即受到污染;铬的污染程度最大为2.01,69%的表层土壤未受到重金属元素铬的污染,30.6%的表层土壤受到轻微污染,总污染程度小于O,即未受到污染;铜的污染程度最大为5.09,53.2%的表层土壤未受到重金属元素铜的污染,总污染程度略大于0,即受到轻微污染;铅的污染程度最大为8.11,49.9%的表层土壤未受到重金属元素铅的污染,总污染程度略大于0,即受到轻微污染;汞的污染程度最大为45.87,56.1%的表层土壤未受到重金属元 素汞的污染。总污染程度大于0,即受到污染;镍的污染程度最大为1.56,64%的表层土壤未受到重金属元素镍的污染,总污染程度小于O,即未受到污染;锌的污染程度最大为2.85,77.8%的表层土壤未受到重金属元素锌的污染,总污染程度小于0,即未受到污染。综合考虑8种重金属污染元素,贵阳市40.2%的表层土壤无重金属元素污染,巧%的表层土壤在无污染到轻微污染之间,36.1的表层土壤轻微污染,7.2%的中度污染,1.4%的表层土壤严重污染。5、福和镍只存在较少的污染区域,其余六种元素都存在局部的重金属含量受人为因素影响。砷的污染区域主要集中在筑东部的马场和西部清镇的暗流、王家院等地;铬的污染区域主要集中筑南部的花溪马林、西部的暗流一酒坪等地;铜的污染区域则主要集中在筑南部的燕楼马林处;汞的污染区域分布在筑北开阳双流、筑西北六广以及筑中扎佐三片;铅的污染区域分布在筑东北的宅吉、城关;筑西麦格等处;而锌的污染区则集中在筑东北面的开阳花梨和城关。总体来说,镍、铜的含量是处于最安全的位置,而汞、铅的警戒区域面积很大,几乎函盖了全部研究区域,福次之,砷、锌、铬适中。6、贵阳市表层土壤中重金属污染元素的含量主要与矿山、长期的农业措施和燃煤带来的污染有关。所有重金属含量超标区几乎都对应于矿区,其污染可能来自于母岩,也可能来自矿区生产而导致的“三废”污染。汞、铅、镉的“警戒”区域面积较大,主要是由长期的农业污染造成,特别是磷肥和含污染元素的农药、除草剂等的施用,汞、隔“警戒”区域面积较大的原因还与燃煤后重金属的大气沉降有关。另外砷的污染也和燃煤后大气沉降有关。贵阳市表层土壤没有受到重金属污染元镍的污染。7、在本研究区域内,重金属含量呈现不同含量等级的土类是由于长时间受人为影响的结果,而重金属含量处于单一等级区间的土类则受人为因素影响较小,其含量区间反映了背景值含量范围。在贵阳市的表层土壤中,黄壤、石灰土、水稻土受人为影响较多,石质土、粗骨土、紫色土、黄棕壤受人为影响适中,沼泽土和山地草甸土受人为影响较少。8、本文建议:(1)在乌当区金华镇三铺村、修文县久长镇新隆村、白云区牛场乡小山村、修文县扎佐镇丁官村、修文县大石乡天桥村、开阳县双流镇凉水井村、修文县六广镇滨江村这几个综合污染较为严重的区域采取政府宏观调控手段,指导当地农户进行绿化苗木、花卉等不进入食物链的植物,或者在合适的地方,进行退耕还林,种植生态林。同时建议有关部门在这些区域开展土壤重金属治理工作;(2)在清镇市的暗流一卫城、王家院、水塘以及开阳县马场一哨上等砷含量较高区域种植旱生禾谷类食用籽粒的作物,如小麦、玉米、高粱等,不能种植水生作物和叶菜类作物;在北部开阳双流片、西北部修文六广一大石片、筑中扎佐一牛场片汞含量较高区域推广竺麻的种植;在东北部开阳花梨一城关锌含量较高区域建议农户种植玉米;在开阳的宅吉一龙水、城关和清镇的麦格片区铅含量较高区域,大力发展烟草的种植;在修文久长、大石、开阳城关一马场、清镇麦格、乌当水田一新堡等搞含量较高地区推荐种植豆科食用籽粒作物。9、综合考虑国家《土壤环境质量标准(GB15618一1995)》中规定监测的8种重金属污染元素,污染程度(Cd)的判别指标可以定量化为:Cd≤O:无污染;O<Cd燕1无污染到轻微污染;1<Cd≤5:轻微污染:5<Cd≤10中度污染;Cd>10:严重污染。