Mitochondrial d-loop sequence variation and phylogeny of gobiobotine fishes

The mitochondrial DNA control region is amplified and sequenced from 8 genera and 10 species of gobiobotine fishes. The phylogenetic tree of Gobiobotinae and some representative species of other Cyprinid subfamilies obtained by the method of neighborhood joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony with Danio rerio as an outgroup indicates that Gobiobotinae fishes are a monophyletic group which is close to Gobioninae subfamily. Gobiobotinae should be included into subfamily Gobioninae in terms of phylogenetic analysis. The research result supports that Gobiobotinae can be divided into genus Xenophysogobio and Gobiobotia. Xenophysogabio is the most primitive genera in the subfamily.

Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region-1 sequence variation and phylogeny of the concolor gibbons, Nomascus

The still little known concolor gibbons are represented by 14 taxa (five species, nine subspecies) distributed parapatrically in China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. To set the stage for a phylogeographic study of the genus we examined DNA sequence

Sequence of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II in Cryptopygus nanjiensis and phylogeny of apterygota

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (Co II) from four different apterygotens Cryptopygus nanjiensis (Collembola), Neanura latior (Collembola), Gracilentulus maijiawensis (Protura) and Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura) were sequenced. Their A+T content, number of nucleotide substitutions, TV/TV ratio; and Tamura-Nei's distance were calculated. A series of phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony and distance methods using a crustacean Artemia franciscana as outgroup, Finally the evolutionary trend A+T content of CO II genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of apterygotan groups were discussed.

CRANIODENTAL VARIATION OF MACAQUES ( Macaca ): SIZE,FUNCTION AND PHYLOGENY

为了研究猕猴属的颅骨差异性, 从而探 讨种间在形态、功能和系统分化方面的相互联系, 测定了11 个猕猴种类的77 个颅骨变量, 用于主成 分分析和判别分析。应用巢式分析方法, 分析过程 包括3 个步骤。所有变量根据功能和部位的不同首 先分为7 个单位: 下颌、下颌齿、上颌齿、上面 颅、下面颅、面颅后部和颅腔。第2 步根据它们所 揭示的相似性(具有相同的种间及种内差异性类 型) 合并为3 个解剖区域: 咀嚼器官(下颌、下颌 齿、上颌齿) , 面颅(上面颅和下面颅) 和整个面 颅后(面颅后和颅腔) 。第3 步从3 个解剖区域筛 选出27 个变量代表整个颅骨的形态结构。除了寻 找不同的功能单位, 解剖区域及总的颅骨具有不同 的种间和种内差异类型外, 此过程对筛出研究意义 不大的变量起很重要的作用。上述分析过程分别用 于对雌、雄性和两性的研究。所研究的11 个猕猴 种类间形成了3 聚类。第1 类包括食蟹猴(Macaca f ascicularis) 、戴帽猴( M1 sinica) 和头巾猴( M1 radiata) ; 第2 类包括猕猴( M1 mulatta ) 、熊猴 (M1 assensis ) 、平顶猴( M1 nemestrina ) 和黑猿 (M1 nigra) ; 第3 类包括蛮猴( M1 sylvanus ) 、日 本猴( M1 f uscata) 、短尾猴( M1 arctoides ) 和藏 酋猴(M1 thibetana) 。分别从两性差异、食物、生态、分类和系统分化方面进行了差异性讨论, 结果 认为猕猴种间颅骨的差异性主要是由于系统分化不 同而引起个体差异所致, 即种间和种内存在的个体 差异。在主成分分析中, 这些差异在不同的区域表 现在不同的成分上。在咀嚼器官上种间的差异在第 1 主成分上, 种内的差异则在第2 主成分上。面颅 的情况则刚好相反。这两种差异在面颅后及颅腔上 则被第1 和第2 主成分所平分。这样, 种间的差异 在咀嚼器官上大于种内的差异。种内的差异在面颅 上则大于种间的差异。这两种差异在面颅后和颅腔 上则几乎大小相等。这一研究结果表明, 与传统的 概念不同, 第2 主成分不仅仅表现形态、形状的差 异, 而如同第1 主成分一样, 也表现形态的大小成 分。此研究所揭示的猕猴种间关系部分与Foden (1976 , 1980) 和Delson (1980) 相同。如平顶猴 与黑猿、短尾猴、藏酋猴和熊猴的关系。食蟹猴、 头巾猴和戴帽猴的关系则不同, 并已得到有关分子 生物学的支持, 此3 种可能来自同一祖先并经历相 同的扩散过程。此研究所设计的巢式分析过程提供 了一种很好的差异性研究手段。最终结果暗示在形 态学研究中仅仅考虑某一区域的形态结构是很不够 的, 因为不同的部分具有不同的种间及种内差异类 型。这在化石研究中尤其要注意。

Variation in mitochondrial DNA and phylogeny of six species of pikas (Ochotona)

Phylogenetic relationships of six species of Ochotona were investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction-site analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP was based on 62 phylogenetically informative sites with O. erythrotis designated as an outgroup. Two clades were evident. One contained O. curzoniae, O. huangensis, and O. thibetana. in the second, O. daurica was a sister taxon of O. cansus. The five species appear to come from different maternal lineages. The branching structure of the tree and sequence divergence confirm that huangensis and cansus are distinct species, and that mol-osa is a synonym of O. cansus rather than O. thibetana. Divergence time, estimated from genetic distances, indicates that the ancestors of the two maternal lineages diverged ca. 6.5 x 10(6) years ago. O. curzoniae diverged from O. huangensis, and O. daurica diverged from O. cansus, at about the same time (ca. 3.4 x 10(6) years ago). These data suggest a period of rapid radiation of the genus Ochotona in China, perhaps during the late Pliocene. These calculations correspond roughly to tectonic events and environmental changes in China throughout this period, and appear to be substantiated by the fossil record.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME b DNA SEQUENCES AND PHYLOGENY OF FORMALIN FIXED SISORID FISHES(Teleostei: Siluriformes)

从９种科鱼类的福尔马林标本中获得了３３３ｂｐ的细胞色素ｂ基因片段的序列。这９个种分别代表科鱼类的８个属。３３３ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ序列经ＭＵＳＴ软件排序后，有１０１个变异位点，其中有３９个信息位点。序列在成对物种间的距离为８～４８。平均遗传距离为２４％～１４４％。简约分析产生了最大简约系统树，其步长是１６２（ＣＩ＝０７３５，ＲＩ＝０４９４）。在该系统树上，Ｂａｇａｒｉｕｓ是最原始的属，并与所有其他的物种形成姊妹群。其余８个属形成一个单系类群并分为二个姊妹群。尽管在形态上具有１３个离征，但在分子系统树上

Mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence variations and phylogeny of the Chinese sisorid catfishes

Partial sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were obtained by PCR amplification for comparisons among nine species of glyptosternoid fishes and six species of non-glyptosternoids representing 10 sisorid genera. There are compositional biases in the A-rich impaired regions and G-rich paired regions. A-G transitions are primarily responsible for the Ts/Tv bias in impaired regions. The overall substitution rate in impaired regions is almost two times higher than that in the paired regions. Saturation plots at comparable levels of sequence divergence demonstrate no saturation effects. Phylogenetic analyses using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods support the monophyly of Sisoridae. Chinese sisorid catfishes are composed of two major lineages, one represented by (Gagata (Bagarius, Glyptothorax)) and the other by "glyptosternoids + Pseudecheneis". The glyptosternoids may not be a monophyletic group. A previous hypothesis referring to Pseudecheneis as the sister group of monophyletic glyptosternoids, based on morphological evidence, is not supported by the molecular data. Pseudecheneis is shown to be a sister taxon of Glaridoglanis. Pareuchiloglanis might be paraphyletic with Pseudexostoma and Euchiloglanis. Our results also support the hypothesis that Pareuchiloglanis anteanalis might be considered as the synonyms of Pareuchiloglanis sinensis, and genus Euchiloglanis might have only one valid species, Euchiloglanis davidi.

Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variations and phylogeny of the East Asian bagrid catfishes

The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene was sequenced from 8 bagrid catfishes in China. Aligned with cytochrome b sequences from 9 bagrid catfishes in Japan, Korea and Russia retrieved from GenBank, and selected Silurus meridionalis, Liobagrus anguillicauda, Liobagrus reini and Phenacogrammus interruptus as outgroups, we constructed a matrix of 21 DNA sequences. The Kimura's two-parameter distances were calculated and molecule phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results show that (i) there exist 3-bp deletions of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene compared with cypriniforms and characiforms; (ii) the molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that bagrid catfishes form a monophyletic group, and the genus Mystus is the earliest divergent in the East Asian bagrid catfishes, as well as the genus Pseudobagrus is a monophyletic group but the genus Pelteobagrus and Leiocassis are complicated; and 60 the evolution rate of the East Asian bagrids mitochondrial cytochrome b gene is about 0.18%-0.30% sequence divergence per million years.

Role of animal pole protuberance and microtubules during meiosis in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus oocytes

Fully grown oocytes of Apostichopus japonicus have a cytoplasmic protuberance where the oocyte attaches to the follicle. The protuberance and the oolamina located on the opposite side of the oocyte indicate the animal-vegetal axis. Two pre-meiotic centrosomes are anchored to the protuberance by microtubules between centrosomes and protuberance. After meiosis reinitiation induced by DTT solution, the germinal vesicle (GV) migrates towards the protuberance. The GV breaks down after it migrates to the oocyte membrane on the protuberance side. The protuberance then contracts back into the oocyte and the first polar body extrudes from the site of the former protuberance. The second polar body forms beneath the first. Thus the oocyte protuberance indicates the presumptive animal pole well before maturation of the oocyte.

Variation in mitochondrial DNA and phylogeny of six species of pikas (Ochotona)

Phylogenetic relationships of six species of Ochotona were investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction-site analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP was based on 62 phylogenetically informative sites with O. erythrotis designated as an outgroup. Two clades were evident. One contained O. curzoniae, O. huangensis, and O. thibetana. in the second, O. daurica was a sister taxon of O. cansus. The five species appear to come from different maternal lineages. The branching structure of the tree and sequence divergence confirm that huangensis and cansus are distinct species, and that mol-osa is a synonym of O. cansus rather than O. thibetana. Divergence time, estimated from genetic distances, indicates that the ancestors of the two maternal lineages diverged ca. 6.5 x 10(6) years ago. O. curzoniae diverged from O. huangensis, and O. daurica diverged from O. cansus, at about the same time (ca. 3.4 x 10(6) years ago). These data suggest a period of rapid radiation of the genus Ochotona in China, perhaps during the late Pliocene. These calculations correspond roughly to tectonic events and environmental changes in China throughout this period, and appear to be substantiated by the fossil record.

茸卷象属（Coleoptera：Attelabidae）分类与系统发育研究及寄主识别机制初探

本文选取卷叶象甲科昆虫为研究对象，以形态分类学为基础，辅之以分子生 物学手段，对中国特有的茸卷象属（Euscelophilus）进行了系统发育学的研究。 并在此基础上，对该属昆虫进行了亚显微结构的研究，该研究不仅对其分类学观 点进行了验证，对属内分种的有效形态学性状进行了补充，而且从感受器亚显微 形态的角度讨论了卷象与寄主植物的化学识别机制，明晰了其结构基础。最后， 本文首次从力学角度对卷象与其寄主植物的物理识别机制进行了探讨。 在分类学研究中，本文首先整理了中国卷叶象甲鉴定科、亚科、族、属的检 索表，同时对其中的18 个常见属的分种检索表进行了整理，并对其中中国特有 属Euscelophilus 进行了深入的分类学研究。将Euscelophilidius、Cureuscelophilus 两属和Euscelophiloides 亚属定义为Euscelophilus 的新异名，并提供了该属物种 检索表，同时为该属新增三个物种，分别是Euselophilus longispinus Xie & Liang, sp. n.，Euselophilus gaoligongensis Xie & Liang, sp. n.和Euselophilus caperratus Xie & Liang, sp. n.，并对两物种E. denticulatus 和 E. gibbicollis 的雄性外生殖器 进行了描绘。 分子生物学研究以该属内9 种和4 个外群种共23 个个体为材料，对其COII 基因进行了扩增，并对所得的核苷酸序列使用PAUP 和贝叶斯两种方法构建分子 系统发育树。结果表明，中国茸卷象属是一个单系群，其内部可分为三支，分别 以E. niger，E. gibbicollis 和E. rugolosus 为代表，建议将该属分为三个亚属，对 于该属有争议的物种T. (E.) qinni，依照本研究获得的数据，建议将其移回 Euscelophilus 属。亚显微结构研究选取本属内8 个物种作为研究对象，分别对其头部、胸部、 腹部及前足的形态性状，使用扫描电子显微镜进行了观察拍照。同时，选取了复 眼、触角、下唇须、外颚叶、腹部、跗节等部位分布的各种感受器进行了亚显微 结构的研究。结果表明，形态相似的近缘物种在亚显微结构上可显示出更大的形 状差异，同时，首次证明额的形态特征可作为该属内分种的有效依据。感受器结 构研究表明卷象识别寄主植物的主要感受器为毛状、锥状、乳突状化学感受器， 其次为刺状、毛状的听觉（物理）感受器以及六棱形小眼组成的视觉感受器（复 眼）。 力学研究部分选取Apoderus 属一种卷象及其寄主植物马桑（Coriaria nepalensis Wall.）为研究对象，首先以人工模拟卷叶的形式对卷象卷叶所需的力 进行了分析，其次以纳米压痕手段对卷象上颚和马桑叶片的硬度和弹性模量分别 进行了研究。结果表明，先切叶后卷叶是更省力更进化的卷叶模式，同时卷象选 择寄主植物的机制中，两者的物理性能呈一定的相关性。

中国鸟类的DNA分类及系统发育研究概述

鸟类分类是鸟类学其他研究领域的基础,近年来分子技术的发展,以及计算机技术的应用为鸟类分类学和鸟类系统演化研究提供了新的研究手段,给传统的系统分类研究带来了新的机遇.Tautz等于2002年首先提出运用DNA序列作为生物分类系统的主要平台,即DNA分类学(DNA Taxonomy).而Hebert等于2003年则首次提出了DNA条形码(DNA Barcoding)的概念,并对其物种分类和鉴定意义予以肯定,建议利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ(COI)的特定区段来做DNA条形编码的基础.在鸟类DNA分类方面,国内学者应用线粒体基因Cut b,COI,c-mos,c-myc,12s rRNA,16s rRNA,ND2,ND3,CR,RAG-1以及核基因myoglobin introⅡ等不同片段对很多类群进行了分类探讨和系统发育研究.但是主要集中在鸡形目及雀形目鸟类.中国是鸟类多样性极其丰富的国家,近年来很多亚种、种及以上分类阶元依然存在问题,因此,中国鸟类物种的分类地位、系统发育与演化关系等依然有很多问题等待深入研究.目前国内基于COI的鸟类分类及系统发育研究有了一些报道,但是真正的DNA条形码工作尚需继续、深入地开展.