326 resultados para 20-200

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现存不同植物群落的土壤水分和养分特征对有效干预和调控植被恢复有着非常重要的参考价值。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的吴旗,对不同恢复方式(封禁下的自然恢复、无管理下的自然恢复、人工造林、人工种草)下的植被样方进行调查与采样,采用典范变量分析,研究了不同植物群落的土壤水分和养分变化特征。结果表明,封禁自然恢复植物群落的土壤水分、有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和速效钾含量相对较高;近20年龄及以上的人工林地群落与人工草地群落下的土壤水分和速效磷含量很低;无管理下的自然恢复植物群落、4年龄的沙棘林地群落和农田的土壤水分含量和速效磷含量较高,而土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和速效钾含量较低。这些植被群落下的土壤水分含量变化在凋萎湿度和50%田间持水量之间,均处于严重亏缺状态,土壤养分也处于较低的水平。相比之下,人工植被消耗大量的深层土壤水分,特别是20年龄以上的人工林地及人工草地,其200~500cm土层的土壤含水量几乎接近凋萎湿度。综合分析表明,封禁自然恢复是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复的有效措施。

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本论文研究了胶洲湾、东海和渤海的蓝细菌(Synechococcus)、生物量、异养细菌生物量和生产力的生态学特点。并在汇泉湾、渤海和东海用分极增减法对海洋蓝细菌在微型食物环(the microbial loop)中的作用进行了初步研究。在以上海区调查研究的时间如下:胶州湾:1993年2月、5月、9月11月,1996年5月、1999年3月、5月和12月。汇泉湾:1996年4月至1998年4月。东海:1997年2-3月,1998年7月。渤海1998年9-10月,1999年4-5月。研究结果如下:胶州湾:蓝细菌生物量的变化范围是11.4-0.03 mgC/m~3,季节变化是夏季>秋季和春季>冬季。其水平分布是除夏季蓝细菌生物量是沿岸浅水区向湾外递减外,其它三季(春、秋和冬季)是由湾外向湾内至沿岸浅水区递减。蓝细菌生物量与海水温度周年变化正相关,与季节海水温度的关系是秋、冬季分布变化一致,春、夏季分布变化相反。海水温度是影响胶州湾蓝细菌生物量分布变化的主要原因。异养细菌生物量和生产力的变化范围分别是29.8-1.62 mgC/m~3; 129.12-1.92 mgC/m~3.d。季节变化都是夏季>秋季、春季>冬季。夏季的异养细菌生物量和生产力水平分布趋势与蓝细菌生物量的分布变化相同。海水温度对异养细菌生产力的影响较对异养细菌生物量的影响大。异养细菌生产力相比(BP:PP)的变化在0.58-0.02之间,季节分布变化是夏季>秋季、春季>冬季。夏季表层的BP:PP由沿岸浅水区向湾心、湾口和湾外递减。东海:蓝细菌生物量的变化范围是46.72-0.011 mgC/m~3,夏季高平均是23.59 mgC/m~3,冬季低平均是3.61 mgC/m~3。冬季蓝细菌生物量的水平分布明显受黑潮的影响,在表面和20米层是由东南向西北方向递减。其垂直分布是冬季表层和20米层>底层,夏季是20米层>表层>底层;在连续站冬111站和410站变化都是中层>底层>表层。异养细菌生物量和生产力的变化范围分别是17.2-4.4 mgC/m~3(1997.2);376.8-7.2 mgC/m~3.d。异养细菌生产力夏季高平均是35.1 mgC/m~3.d。异养细菌生物量的水平分布是由沿岸向外海递增(1997.2),异养细菌生产力的水平分布是冬季异养细菌生产力在32度断面有由沿岸向外递减趋势,PN断面的变化与冬季相似。垂直分布,冬季和夏季的异养细菌生产力的垂直变化在2断面是底层大于表面,PN断面则是表层大于底层,32度断面大多断站是底层大于表层。在连续站冬季111站异养细菌生产力的变化是底层>中层>表层,409站的变化是中层>底层>表层,夏季111站和410站都是中>底层>表层。异养细菌生物量(1997.2)表层分布变化与海水温度分布变化相似,底层变化相反。异养细菌生产力与初级生产力相比(BP:PP),冬季在0.04-0.30之间,平均为0.17;夏季在0.20-0.43之间平均0.32。冬季在长江口附近BP:PP有一个高值区是0.30,夏季在111站附近有一个高值区是0.43。从连续站111站和409’站观测发现底层的BP:PP明显高于表层。渤海:蓝细菌生物量秋季(16.6-0.37 mgC/m~3)比春季(0.44-0.015 mgC/m~3)高。其秋季的水平分布与海水盐度水平分布相同,与海水温度水平分布相反。异养细菌生产力秋季(189-62.2 mgC/m~3.d)与春季(193.2-49.8 mgC/m~3.d)相当。但秋季捕层BP普遍小于底层,而春季是表层普遍大于底层。根据颗粒分级培养实验结果,海洋蓝图细菌在微型食物环中的作用如下:在汇泉湾的春季和秋季蓝细菌可能主要被小型浮游动物(microzooplankton 20-200 μm)捕食。在渤海的春季和秋季也是同样结果。但在东海夏季的111站和410站附近(东海大陆架中部)微型浮游动物(nanozooplankton 2-20 μm)对蓝细菌的捕食压力明显。

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本论文研究了渤海,胶州湾和东海20-200 μm微型浮游动物(桡足类幼虫、纤毛虫)的数量和生物量(1% Lugol's 试剂固定1000ml,Utermohl法150倍显微镜检查),在渤海和东海用稀释法(Landry and Hassett, 1982; Burkill et al., 1990)估计了微型浮游动物(<200 μm)对浮游植物的摄食压力。对上述海区调查的时间如下:渤海:1997年6,1998年6月(莱州湾),1998年10月;胶州湾1997年8、11月,1998年2、4、8、11月,1999年2月;东海:1998年7月。结果如下:渤海:1997年6月,只发现一种砂壳纤毛虫,数量为0-980个/L。1998年6月(莱州湾),微型浮游动物数量为30-2390个/L,生物量为1.5-25 μg C/L,水体中生物量为0.1-53.2 mgC m~(-2)。共有13种砂壳纤毛虫和一种无壳纤毛虫。纤毛虫的数量为0-2380个/L,生物量为0-24.52 μg C/L。纤毛虫优势种有无壳纤毛虫、Tintinnopsis pallida、T. amoyensis和T. chinglanensis。微型浮游动物的各个类群呈斑块分布。1998年10月,微型浮游动物的数量为0-770个/L,生物量为0-12.3 μg C/L,水体中生物量为0-136 mgC m~(-2)。在两次大面调查间隔的6天内,发生大风。两次大面站调查海区的温盐分布格局没有很大变化,但微型浮游动物的变化却十分显著,这也反映了恶劣天气对海洋生物的影响。在几个连续站对微型浮游动物的连续监测表明,微型浮游动物的分布与水团有很大关系。胶州湾:桡足类幼虫在8月数量最大(850个/L)。共记录两种无壳纤毛虫和7种砂壳纤毛虫。微型浮游动物数量弯化很大,从10-22600个/L。微型浮游动物的分布格局可能是湾内和湾外海水混合的结果:1997年11月,无壳纤毛虫No.12从湾外涌入,其他航次无壳纤毛虫No.11在湾内发生,向湾外扩散。东海:微型浮游动物数量较少,最大数量为1970个/L,绝大多数站位低于300个/L,生物量为0.08-45 μg C/L,水体50m积分生物量为5-283mgC m~(-2)。微型浮游动物有明显的斑块分布,连续监测没有发现明显的变化。根据稀释培养的结果,微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食压力如下所述:渤海三个航次的微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食率为0.13-1.01d~(-1),每天摄食浮游植物生物量(现存量)的12-49%,初级生产力的34-267%。东海稀释培养的结果为微型浮游动物地浮游植物的摄食率为0.2-1.2d~(-1),每天摄食浮游动物生物量的20-71%,摄食初级生产力的54-98%。由于稀释培养实验的设计和操作有许多争议之外,本文只将结果列出,对方法不作讨论。

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在胶州湾内、东海与南海通过现场实验(营养盐添加实验与稀释实验)的方法,对N(N0_3~--N、NH_4~+-N)、P、Fe、Si营养盐以及小型浮游动物对浮游植物生长的调控机制进行了初步研究。同时还在胶州湾内开展了上、下行效应的比较研究,主要结果如下:1 在胶州湾内共进行了25次富营养现场实验与12次稀释实验,网采浮游植物(20-200μm)与微型浮游植物(2-20μm)是叶绿素a生物量的主要组成部分,比较而言,在周年的水平上,微型浮游植物比网采浮游植物更多的支配着浮游植物群落的叶绿素a生物量。在营养盐添加实验中,培养后期浮游植物群落也都是网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物占叶绿素a生物量的优势地位。胶州湾是营养盐含量较高,且营养盐变化不规律的海区,但胶州湾各季节的DIN/P基本都大于16:1的Redfield比值。营养盐添加实验的结果显示,在湾内,似乎在秋季无营养盐限制浮游植物生长的情况发生;而在冬、春季发生Si限制的可能性很大;除Fe外,在夏季似乎N(NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N)、P、Si营养盐限制都有可能发生,但无明显的规律性。在周年的水平上,Si似乎是最主要的限制性营养盐,而P与N都可能产生次级营养盐限制。营养盐添加实验中分级叶绿素的结果显示,网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物在冬、春季一般会经历较显著的Si限制作用,在夏季N似乎对网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物的生长有更重要的调控作用。超微型浮游植物的生长似乎主要受到P的调控。在胶州湾内,网采浮游植物的生长似主要受到上行效应的调控,而下行效应似是控制超微型浮游植物生长的主要机制。从整个浮游植物群落(<200μm)的周年变化情况来看,在控制浮游植物的生物量上,似乎下行效应比上行效应更有效。 2在东海,除402站(122°33'E、30°45'N)位于长江口,受到显著的陆源输入影响外(特别是该站有相当高的SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量),418站(127°30'E、27°55'N)、Y136站(128°、30°27')与E064(125°14'E、25°48'N)站都位于开放海区,营养盐含量都很低。1999年的航次,表层的硝酸盐与铵盐含量都比1998年的航次高,但另外三种常量营养盐含量都低。402站有较高比例的网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量,相应的超微型浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的比例则显著低于其它三站。位于陆架区的Y136站,其微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量则显著低于沿岸海区,但超微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量则显著增加,占总叶绿素a的50%以上。处于开放海区的418站与E064站,网采浮游植物叶绿素a生物量所占的比例已经很低,而无一例外的是超微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量贡献了总叶绿素a生物量的大部分。但在培养后期,各组处理中网采浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的比例都高于初始值。营养盐添加实验的结果显示,沿岸海水中,从比例上看,浮游植物的生长似乎更需要N而不是P,但是太高的N/P添加对浮游植物生长的促进作用反不如适中的N/P的添加;在418站,各种营养盐的添加对浮游植物的生长都有促进作用(Fe除外),但P的作用更显著一些,在添加的两种N源中,NH_4~+-N的作用比NO_3~--N的作用更显著;在E064站,培养中各实验组的总叶绿素a生物量都有不同程度的增加,但NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N的作用更显著;Y136站的实验结果与E064站相似,也是NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N的作用更显著,而且该站Si的作用还比较显著(强于P)。在开放海区,1998年夏季,似乎是P限制着浮游植物群落的生长,但在1999年春季则可能是N限制着浮游植物的生物量。稀释实验的结果显示,在长江口附近的402站与开放海区的E064站浮游植物的生长率都显著高于大陆架的Y136站。小型浮游动物的摄食率则无明显的空间变化趋势,除开放海区的E064站显著高外,其它三站摄食率接近。这一结果与浮游物的群落组成,浮游植物的群落组成以及光照、温度等条件有关。营养盐添加实验与稀释实验的结果都证实,更可能是营养盐通过上行效应,而不是小型浮游动物实施下行效应控制着网采浮游植物的的生长;在东海的实验区域似乎是上行效应控制着微型浮游植物的种群数量变动,从营养盐添加实验的结果看,由于时间的不同,似乎有春季N限制与夏季P限制的季节交替;超微型浮游植物的生长也主要受到营养盐的控制,似乎也有春季N限制与夏季P限制的季节交替;摄食对微型浮游植物的生长有一定的调控作用,但这一调控机制并不是十分有效。3 在南海的航次中,表层硝酸盐的平均浓度较低,经常检测不出,但表层磷酸盐、铵盐与硅酸盐的浓度要比东热带太平洋等贫营养海区高。4 断面沿经度横跨大洋,其表层各种营养盐的平均浓度均低于2断面与5断面,(硝酸盐一般都在检测限之下,铵盐与磷酸盐的平均值分别为0.20与0.12 μM),属于营养盐较低的海区;2断面表层各种营养盐的平均浓度最高(硝酸盐、铵盐与磷酸盐分别为0.29、1.17与O.19μM);5断面表层平均的营养盐含量介于2断面与4断面之间,但硝酸盐含量经常在检测限之下。K206与K508站在培养实验的初始时刻都是超微型浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的大部分,但K409站网采浮游植物、微型浮游植物与超微型浮游植物的叶绿素a生物量分别占总叶绿素a生物量的30%左右。培养中,各组处理中网采浮游植物叶绿素a生物量占总叶绿素a生物量的比例都增加。K409站位于南海中央,该站浮游植物对各种营养盐的添加都有显著的响应效果;K206站位于2断面中部巴士海峡处,本站除P的添加效果较明显外,另外几种营养盐的富营养效果都不显著;K508站磷酸盐与硝酸盐的添加效果较明显。总的来说,各种营养盐的添加对浮游植物的生长都有促进作用,但磷酸盐的作用似乎更显著一些。实验结果可能更反应了N、P、Fe这几种营养盐的共同限制作用。Si限制不如其它几种营养盐显著。南海Fe的限制情况也不严重。各站浮游植物摄食率(g)与生长率(u)的空间变化都不显著。各站的g/u都在0.4左右,说明在南海小型浮游动物的摄食压力比较一致。K409站与K508站浮游植物的生长率显著高于K206站。小型浮游动物的摄食率与浮游植物生长率的变化趋势一致,都是中部的K409站与南边的K508站高于北边的K206站。这可能是各采样站点浮游动物种类组成不同的结果。网采浮游植物似乎主要受到各种营养盐的限制,其中P的作用最显著,N也较显著,随地域不同,间或有Fe的限制作用发生。在南海的中部,可能存在N、P、Fe营养盐对微型浮游植物的共同限制作用,但在北部,可能有微弱的P限制作用,而在大洋的南部,几乎无营养盐限制微型浮游植物的生长,摄食在控制微型浮游植物的生物量上并不是十分有效。超微型浮游植物的生长似乎同时受到营养盐与小型浮游动物摄食的控制,营养盐添加实验的结果显示可能P对超微型浮游植物的生长促进作用最大,同时进行的稀释实验证实,小型浮游动物的摄食活动在调节超微型浮游植物的生长上也相当有效。

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Seasonal investigations of size-fractionated biomass and production were carried out from February 1992 to May 1993 in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Microplankton assemblages were separated into three fractions: pico-(0.7-2 mu m), nano- (2-20 mu m) and netplankton (20-200 mu m). The biomass was measured as chlorophyll a (Chl a), particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON). The production was determined by C-14 and N-15 tracer techniques. The seasonal patterns in biomass, though variable, were characterized by higher values in spring and lower values in autumn and summer (for Chl a only). The seasonal patterns in production, on the other hand, were more clear with higher values occurring in summer and spring, and lower values occurring in autumn and winter. Averaged over the whole study period, the respective proportions of total biomass accounted for by net-, nano- and picoplankton were 26, 45 and 29% for Chl a, 32, 33 and 35% for POC, and 26, 32 and 42% for PON. The contributions to total primary production by net-, nano- and picoplankton were 31, 35 and 34%, respectively. The respective proportions of total NH4+-N uptake accounted for by net-, nano- and picoplankton were 28, 33 and 39% in the daytime, and 10, 29 and 61% at night. The respective contributions to total NO3--N uptake by net-, nano- and picoplankton were 37, 40 and 23% in the daytime, and 13, 23 and 64% at night. Some comprehensive ratios, including C/N biomass ratio, Chl a/C ratio, C uptake/Chl a ratio, C:N uptake ratio and the f-ratio, were also calculated size separately, and their biological and ecological meanings are discussed.

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The results of the femtosecond optical heterodyne detection of optical Kerr effect at 805 nm with the 80 fs ultrafast pulses in amorphous Ge10As40S30Se20 film is reported in this paper. The film shows an optical non-linear response of: 200 fs under ultrafast 80 fs-pulse excitation and the values of real and imaginary parts of non-linear susceptibility chi((3)) were 9.0 X 10(-12) and -4.0 X 10(-12) esu, respectively. The large third-order non-linearity and ultrafast response are attributed to the ultrafast distortion of the electron orbits surrounding the average positions of the nucleus of Ge, As, S and Se atoms. This Ge10As40S30Se20 chalcogenide glass would be expected as a promising material for optical switching technique. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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神农架位于湖北省西部,长江以北、汉水以南的广阔地带,属北亚热带向暖温带的过渡区域。本文依据该地区所处地理位置的植被分布规律等资料,绘制了1:20万的植被复原图。并在此基础上,运用ERDAS imagine 8.4和Maplnfoprofessional 6.0软件,分别对神农架地区的TM影像(5、4、3波段)进行监督分类及目视解译,同时结合野外的样方调查,绘制了神农架地区1:20万的植被类型图,并建立了相应的属性数据库。最后,根据野外的GPS定位点对制图精度进行了Kappa检验。 制图结果表明,制图区总面积3476.67 km2,共计504个斑块。据统计,林地面积2607.45 km2,森林覆盖率75%;山地灌丛及亚高山灌丛总面积358.62 km2,占总面积的10.3%:草甸面积156.84 km2,占4.51%。自然植被划分为10个植被型,46个群系,以及农田(包括居民点)和茶园两种农业土地利用类型。其中针叶、落叶阔叶混交林面积最大(6个群系),约908 km2,占总面积的26.12%;其它依次为落叶阔叶林(1 1个群系),针叶林(4个群系),常绿阔叶林(3个群系),山地灌丛(5个群系),常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林(3个群系),亚高山灌丛(6个群系),草甸(4个群系)以及亚高山针叶林(3个群系)等。另外,两种农业土地利用类型面积共计430 kn12,占总面积的12.37%。 植被类型图与复原图叠加分析表明:①常绿阔叶林的理论分布区域,由常绿阔叶林,常绿、落叶阔叶混交林等7种植被型以及农田(含居民点)等土地利用类型共同组成。因处低海拔区域,人口集中,所以农田(含居民点)分布最广,所占面积最大,占到该区域面积的35.28%;加上长期的人为干扰,常绿阔叶林面积缩小至48.76 krr12,占到该区域面积的13.93%;②常绿、落叶阔叶混交林的理论分布区域内,因干扰后落叶阔叶林恢复较快,逐渐占据优势。另外,该区域海拔较低,人类活动也较频繁,农田(含居民点)面积仍有相当的比例;③针阔混交林理论分布区海拔位置高,人为活动影响少,原地带性植被保存较好,分布面积最大;其余部分为落阔林等7种植被型共同组成。④针叶林理论分布区域应是以巴山冷杉林为单优种的亚高山针叶林带,但因历史上的皆伐及火烧等原因,现面积仅有17 kfr12,占该区域的19.8%,其余则为亚高山灌丛及亚高山草甸所替代。

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The contribution of B meson decays to nonphotonic electrons, which are mainly produced by the semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor mesons, in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV has been measured using azimuthal correlations between nonphotonic electrons and hadrons. The extracted B decay contribution is approximately 50% at a transverse momentum of p(T) >= 5 GeV/c. These measurements constrain the nuclear modification factor for electrons from B and D meson decays. The result indicates that B meson production in heavy ion collisions is also suppressed at high p(T).

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A novel heteropoly tungstophosphates, H-8[P4W14O58Na4(H2O)(20)] . 16H(2)O, was synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by using TG-DTA. The crystal is triclinic system with space group P (1) over bar, a = 1. 137 9(2) nm, b=1. 363 2(3) nm, c=1. 627 1(3) nm; alpha=78. 20(3)degrees, beta=71, 20(3)degrees, gamma= 71. 62(3)degrees; V = 2. 252 5(8) nm(3), Z=1, M-r= 4 374. 38, D-c = 3. 225 mg/cm(3), mu = 18. 007 mm(-1), F(000)=1 972, R=0. 074 2, R-w=0. 200 4. The result of structure analysis shows that the anion of the compound consists of two PW7O29Na2(H2O)(10) subunits and two linked phosphorous atoms. A kind of microporous with size of 0. 661 4 nm X 0. 318 9 nm was formed in the crystal structure.

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The structural evolution and property changes in Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) upon crystallization are investigated by the ultrasonic method, x-ray diffraction, density measurement, and differential scanning calorimetry. The elastic constants and Debye temperature of the BMG are obtained as a function of annealing temperature. Anomalous changes in ultrasonic velocities, elastic constants, and density are observed between 600–750 K, corresponding to the formation of metastable phases as an intermediate product in the crystallization process. The changes in acoustic velocities, elastic constants, density, and Debye temperature of the BMG relative to its fully crystallized state are much smaller, compared with those of other known BMGs, the differences being attributed to the microstructural feature of the BMG.

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利用材料测试系统(MTS)、X-Ray 衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段研究了Nd 基大块金属玻璃的变形行为和断裂特征。Nd 基大块金属玻璃样品在室温下是脆性断裂,大约在500 K 时变形模式从非均匀变形转变为均匀变形,在523 K 以上表现出显著的塑性变形。在5×10-4 m/s 的应变速率下,这种Nd 基大块金属玻璃材料在523 K~600 K 之间出现明显的屈服应力下降现象,随后进入1 种稳定的粘性流动状态,而且这种屈服下降现象与温度和应变速率有关。这种在过冷液相区的变形行为与其他大块金属玻璃变形特征相似。合金的这种塑性变形行为表明了其存在稳定的过冷液相区,同时对其变形行为的研究有助于进一步了解Nd 基大块金属玻璃的反常热稳定性。

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Efforts have been made in growing bulk single crystals of GaN front supercritical fluids using the ammonothermal method, which utilizes ammonia as fluid rather than water as in the hydrothermal process. Different mineralizers such as amide or azide and temperatures in the range of 200-600degreesC have been used to increase the solubility. The pressure is from 1 to 4 kbar. Modeling of the ammonothermal growth process has been used to identify factors which may affect the temperature distribution, fluid flow and nutrient transport. The GaN charge is considered as a porous media bed and the flow in the charge is simulated using the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The resulting governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. The effects of baffle design and opening on flow pattern and temperature distribution in an autoclave are analyzed. Two cases are considered with baffle openings of 15% and 20% in cross-sectional area, respectively.

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The experimental and theoretical studies are reported in this paper for the head-on collisions of a liquid droplet with another of the same fluid resting on a solid substrate. The droplet on the hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate remains in a shape of an approximately spherical segment and is isometric to an incoming droplet. The colliding process of the binary droplets was recorded with high-speed photography. Head-on collisions saw four different types of response in our experiments: complete rebound, coalescence, partial rebound With conglutination, and coalescence accompanied by conglutination. For a complete rebound, both droplets exhibited remarkable elasticity and the contact time of the two colliding droplets was found to be in the range of 10-20 ms. With both droplets approximately considered as elastic bodies, Hertz contact theory was introduced to estimate the contact time for the complete rebound case. The estimated result Was found to be on the same order of magnitude as the experimental data, which indicates that the present model is reasonable. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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How fibroin molecules fold themselves and further self-assemble into aggregations with specific structures when the solution concentration increases is the key to understanding the natural silk-forming process of the silkworm. A regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin solution was prepared, and serially diluted solutions were coated on aminated coverslips. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations of the topography of fibroin molecules revealed a transformation from rodlike aggregations 100-200 nm long to small globules 50 mn in diameter with decreasing concentrations. When the incubation duration increased, the aggregations of fibroin molecules showed a self-assembling process, which was measured with AFM. In particular, after the molecules were incubated for more than 20 min, rodlike micelles formed and were distributed evenly on the surface of the aminated slides. Flow chamber technology was used to study the effect of the shear loading on the topography of the fibroin molecular aggregations. After a shear loading was applied, larger rodlike particles formed at a higher incubation concentration in comparison with those at a lower concentration and were obviously oriented along the direction of fluid flow.