1876-1878 severe drought in North China: Facts, impacts and climatic background

Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX2-YW-315-2]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40701021, 40625002]; National Key Technology R&D Program of China [2007BAC03A01]

Hydroacoustic study of spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) in Qinghai Lake, China

Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler 1876) is an endangered and state-protected rare fish species in Qinghai Lake, China. To further understand the life history and distribution of this fish, five surveys were carried out in Qinghai Lake between 2002-2006. Results of these surveys indicate that fishes were predominantly distributed about 2 m under the surface. In July, significant differences in fish density were found between surface and bottom layers (P = 0.001), and/or between middle and bottom layers (P = 0.025). Fish density was the greatest in the surface layer. In August and October, no significant differences were found between the different layers, but the bottom layer had a greater fish density. Furthermore, there were very large differences among different zones in fish distribution density. Differences in horizontal distribution were not significantly correlated to factors such as water depth and inshore distance, possibly because of very low and uniform fish density. Feeding, changes in water temperature, over-wintering and spawning appeared to influence fish distribution. Hydroacoustic estimates of G. przewalskii biomass in Qinghai Lake increased significantly between 2002 and 2006. We attribute this increase to the management measures put in place to protect this species.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify the genetic structure of the Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) population from the Qinghai Basin, China

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to analyse the genetic structure of 45 individuals of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876), an endangered and state-protected rare fish species, from three areas [the Heima (HM), Buha (BH) and Shaliu rivers (SL), all draining into Qinghai Lake]. A total of 563 polymorphic loci were detected. The HM, BH and SL populations have 435, 433 and 391 loci, respectively (Zhu and Wu, 1975), which account for 77.26%, 76.91% and 69.45% of the total number of polymorphic loci of each population, respectively. The Nei indices of genetic diversities (H) of the three populations were calculated to be 0.2869 (HM), 0.2884 (BH) and 0.2663 (SL), respectively. Their Shannon informative indices are 0.4244, 0.4251 and 0.3915, respectively. Research results show that the mean genetic distance between HM and BH is the smallest (0.0511), between BH and SL is the second shortest (0.0608), and between HM and SL is the largest (0.0713), with the mean genetic distance among the three populations being over 0.05. Data mentioned above indicate that the three populations have a certain genetic differentiation. The total genetic diversity (H-t = 0.3045) and the mean value of genetic diversity within the population (H-s = 0.2786) indicate that the variations have mainly come from within the population.

Generation of long, laminar plasma jets at atmospheric pressure and effects of flow turbulence

Long, laminar plasma jets at atmospheric pressure of pure argon and a mixture of argon and nitrogen with jet length up to 45 fi,Hes its diameter could be generated with a DC are torch by! restricting the movement of arc root in the torch channel. Effects of torch structure, gas feeding, and characteristics of power supply on the length of plasma jets were experimentally examined. Plasma jets of considerable length and excellent stability could be obtained by regulating the generating parameters, including are channel geometry gas flow I ate, and feeding methods, etc. Influence of flow turbulence at the torch,nozzle exit on the temperature distribution of plasma jets was numerically simulated. The analysis indicated that laminar flow plasma with very low initial turbulent kinetic energy will produce a long jet, with low axial temperature gradient. This kind of long laminar plasma jet could greatly improve the controllability for materials processing, compared with a short turbulent are let.

基于比拟理论的翼型扰流声场数值模拟

从二维模型方程的全离散形式出发，重点分析了差分格式的色散特性和各向异性效应，证实迎风紧致格式比对称格式有更好的色散和各向同性特性，故有利于声场的数值模拟。并采用三阶迎风紧致格式(UCD3)和四阶对称紧致格式(SCD4)计算了绕NACA0012翼型的可压缩非定常流场，并将此流场作为近场声源，运用声学比拟理论对气动声进行模拟。

估算区域蒸发的能量法研究

本文介绍了有关估算区域尺度蒸发的模型研究.通过对我国分别为1878(?),318161,866559km~2的三个区域蒸发的估算,验证了Budyko能量模型的适用性.用该模型分别计算的三个区域蒸发结果与相应区域实测结果比较表明,Budyko的能量模型可以应用于我国不同气候条件和较大尺度区域蒸发的估算.本文对数据处理和区域选择也进行了研究.

Fabrication of two-dimensional periodic nanostructures by two-beam interference of femtosecond pulses

Two-dimensional periodic nanostructures on ZnO crystal surface were fabricated by two-beam interference of 790 nm femtosecond laser. The long period is, as usually reported, determined by the interference pattern of two laser beams. Surprisingly, there is another short periodic nanostructures with periods of 220-270 nm embedding in the long periodic structures. We studied the periods, orientation, and the evolution of the short periodic nanostructures, and found them analogous to the self-organized nanostructures induced by single fs laser beam. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

改进型基于径向双折射晶体的超分辨滤波器(英文)

改进了现有的基于径向双折射晶体的横向超分辨滤波器．通过调整偏振器的偏振方向和晶体光轴之间的夹角，改进的滤波器可以实现更广的超分辨可调范围，并且在相同的条件下，相对于现有的连续振幅型超分辨光瞳滤波器，超分辨性能和焦深都有较大提高．改进的超分辨滤波器，为实际应用提供了更多方便．

低损耗有机无机混合溶胶凝胶波导的实验研究

利用有机无机混合的溶胶凝胶方法在硅基底上制备波导薄膜．采用正硅酸四乙酯和苯基三乙氧基硅烷作为反应先驱物，利用旋涂的方法成膜，对其折射率，传输损耗以及条形波导的光刻、刻蚀特性进行了研究．测量了波导薄膜折射率随成分变化的关系．实验表明，该方法工艺简单，可以获得具有较低损耗的波导薄膜．测试得到632．8nm波段的损耗系数为0．23dB／cm．采用ICP刻蚀工艺获得了较为平整的条形波导．

电控径向双折射滤波器的横向超分辨与轴向扩展焦深

提出利用电控径向双折射光瞳滤波器实现横向超分辨性能参量的调制与轴向扩展焦深。该光瞳滤波器由两个平行偏光镜，一个电光晶体与一个径向对称双折射晶体组成。分析了电光晶体与径向双折射元件对光偏振态的空间调制作用，通过控制电光晶体的相位延迟实现径向中心处初始偏振态的控制，与径向双折射元件横向偏振态调制结合，实现了庞加莱球上偏振态演变路径与阶段的控制，从而对焦点附近偏振态进行空间调制以实现光强的重新分布。研究结果表明，外加电场调制可以实现横向上超分辨性能的调控以及轴向上焦深的扩展，并可得到相应的电光相位延迟范围。

LiNbO3：Cr：Cu晶体吸收特性及非挥发全息存储研究

研究了LiNbO3：Cr：Cu晶体的吸收特性，发现LiNbO3：Cr：Cu（含0．14wt．％Cr2O3和0．011wt．％CuO）晶体存在两个明显的吸收峰，中心波长分别位于480nm和660nm；随着Cr的含量逐渐减小，Cu的含量逐渐增大，短波段不存在明显吸收峰，掺Cr的含量越大，中心波长在660nm处的吸收越大；633nm红光虽然位于中心波长为660nm的吸收峰内，但它无助于光折变过程．分别采用390nm紫外光和488nm蓝光作为敏化光，514nm绿光作为记录光的记录方案，实现了非挥发全息记录，掺入适

辽西中生代银杏目和茨康目植物生殖器官研究

本文研究了采自辽宁西部下白垩统义县组和上三叠统羊草沟组的三种植物的生殖器官，它们分别属于银杏目 (Ginkgoales) 和茨康目 (Czekanowskiales)。辽宁银杏 (G. liaoningensis Liu, Crane, Li et Wang sp. nov.) 和纤细堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus gracilis Harris 1935 emend. Liu, Hueber, Li et Wang) 是银杏目植物的雄球花，通过将这两种雄球花与现存银杏 (Ginkgo biloba L.) 雄球花的对比研究，讨论了自晚三叠世至今银杏目雄性生殖器官可能的演化途径。蟹形薄果穗 (Leptostrobus cancer Harris 1951 emend. Liu, Li et Wang) 是茨康目植物的雌性生殖器官，我们根据辽西标本对该种的特征集要做了修订，并对薄果穗属 (Leptostrobus Heer 1876) 的种进行了讨论，将三个种归并到蟹形薄果穗薄。主要内容包括： 1. 银杏属植物雄球花——辽宁银杏 采自中国辽宁下白垩统义县组的辽宁银杏，为葇荑花序状，主轴基部有鳞片。小孢子叶螺旋排列在主轴上，小孢子叶上着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 卵形到椭圆形的小孢子囊。小孢子囊下垂，纵状开裂。成熟花粉粒单沟，长椭圆形;而未成熟的花粉粒处在四分体阶段。辽宁银杏的特征和现存银杏十分相似。主要差别在于辽宁银杏的小孢子叶着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 小孢子囊，而现存银杏的小孢子叶绝大多数着生2个小孢子囊。辽宁银杏在大小及小孢子囊数目上区别于其它的银杏属雄球花化石种，如：英国约克郡侏罗纪的胡顿银杏 (Ginkgo huttoni (Sternberg) Heer) 雄球花，加拿大阿尔贝塔晚白垩世一个未定名的银杏属雄球花。辽宁银杏 (化石) 和银杏 (现存) 的比较支持了根据银杏属胚珠器官而提出的缩减假说，因为自早白垩世至今，银杏属雄球花小孢子叶着生的小孢子囊的数目经历了从3—4个到2个的减少。 2. 银杏目植物雄球花——纤细堆囊穗 本文研究的纤细堆囊穗采自中国东北上三叠统羊草沟组。这种雄球花小孢子 叶末端的裂片在形态上差异很大，这是在以前对这种植物的研究中没有发现的重要特征。这些保存精美的化石对于纤细堆囊穗特征的阐明和修订以及种的复原很有帮助。将中国的标本与西伯利亚堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus sibiricus Prynada 1962)、小堆囊穗 (S. minor Harris 1935)、乌马尔堆囊穗 (S. umaltensis Krassilov 1972) 和被定为长叶拜拉 (Baiera longifolia (Pom.) Heer 1876) 的雄球花进行了比较，发现它们与纤细堆囊穗在特征上一致，故将它们处理为纤细堆囊穗的异名。同时，也讨论了堆囊穗属可能的演化意义。它可能是银杏属的远祖，经过小孢子囊数目的减少和小孢子叶长度的缩短而演化到现在的银杏，而辽西早白垩世的辽宁银杏可能代表了堆囊穗和现代银杏在演化上的一个中间阶段。 3. 茨康目雌性生殖器官——蟹形薄果穗 本文研究的蟹形薄果穗采自辽西上三叠统羊草沟组和下白垩统义县组。羊草沟组的材料是蟹形薄果穗属最早的纪录，从而该种的分布在时间上有了新的资料：从晚三叠世到早白垩世。据标本穗轴顶端的完整性，我们修订了蟹形薄果穗的特征集要和提供了它的复原图，并将三种薄果穗归并到蟹形薄果穗。我们也回顾了薄果穗属自1876年建立以来100多年的研究历史，并列出了该属所有材料，还讨论了该属各种的主要特征和建种依据。