20 resultados para 12930-044
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
使用倾斜角沉积(GLAD)的电子束蒸发技术,制备了倾斜角度在60°~85°之间的ZnS双折射雕塑薄膜(STF)。使用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)检测了ZnS薄膜的结晶状态和断面形貌,使用Lamda-900分光光度计测量了薄膜在不同的偏振光入射时的透过率。研究发现,室温下倾斜沉积ZnS薄膜断面为倾斜柱状结构,且薄膜的结晶程度不高。在相同的监控厚度时,随倾斜角度增大,沉积到基片上的薄膜厚度逐渐变小,但仍然大于余弦曲线显示的理论厚度。根据偏振光垂直入射时薄膜的透过光谱计算了不同角度沉积的薄膜的折射率
Resumo:
In this paper, a new type of resonant Brewster filters (RBF) with surface relief structure for the multiple channels is first presented by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis and the S-matrix method. By tuning the depth of homogeneous layer which is under the surface relief structure, the multiple channels phenomenon is obtained. Long range, extremely low sidebands and multiple channels are found when the RBF with surface relief structure is illuminated with Transverse Magnetic incident polarization light near the Brewster angle calculated with the effective media theory of sub wavelength grating. Moreover, the wavelengths of RBF with surface relief structure can be easily shifted by changing the depth of homogeneous layer while its optical properties such as low sideband reflection and narrow band are not spoiled when the depth is changed. Furthermore, the variation of the grating thickness does not effectively change the resonant wavelength of RBF, but have a remarkable effect on its line width, which is very useful for designing such filters with different line widths at desired wavelength.
Resumo:
稻属(OryzaL.)隶属禾本科(Poaceae)之稻族(OryzeaeDUmort.),广布于全球热带与亚热带地区。目前认为该属约含20个野生种和2个栽培种,中国产4个种。亚洲栽培稻(O. sativaL.)是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,而在中国则为第一粮食作物。在稻种基因库中,发掘野生稻中丰富的遗传多样性是解决当今人口与粮食矛盾的必由之路。因此,保护野生稻的遗传多样性举世瞩目。针对热带与亚热带地区的环境恶化而导致野生稻居群的大量绝灭与急剧萎缩的状况,制订有效的策略,最大限度地保护野生稻的遗传多样性已迫在眉睫。然而,目前对野生稻种内遗传多样性的知识十分贫乏,缺乏制订保护策略的科学基础。这一问题在中国尤为突出。本文基于1994-1995年对中国三种野生稻濒危状况的调查结果,利用等位酶分析对普通野生稻26个居群,药用野生稻8个居群和疣粒野生稻l7个居群进行了遗传多样性的研究,并重点对目前育种价值最大而濒危程度最高的普通野生稻从五个方面作了进一步的探讨。最后根据遗传多样性的研究结果讨论了它们的濒危原因,并提出了初步的保护策略。主要结果如下:
一.普通野生稻D.rufipogon Griff.
在中国的三种野生稻中,普通野生稻的遗传多样性水平最高(A=1.33,P= 0.227,Ho=0.033和He=_0.068),遗传分化水平较低(Fst=0,310)。广西与广东的居群较其它地区的居群具有较丰富的遗传变异。因此,华南可能是中国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心;云南现存的所有三个居群的遗传多样性水平偏低(A=1.10.p=0.148,Ho=0.007和He=0.079),与该地区栽培稻丰富的遗传多样性形成鲜明对照,普通野生稻居群间的遗传一致度与地理距离无明显相关。
1.通过14个中央居群与5个边缘居群的对比研究表明了边缘居群的遗传结构明显不同于中央居群:其遗传多样性水平与遗传分化均低予中央居群,杂合子比中央居群更为不足。而且,从中央居群到边缘居群,位点的多态性逐渐丧失,遗传多样性水平递减,一些多态位点的等位基因频率逐渐地发生变化。
2. 通过7个受栽培稻基因渗入的居群与5个隔离较好居群的对比研究表明,被渗入居群虽然在形态上表现出复杂的变异式样,但遗传多样性水平并无相应的增高。栽培稻基因流对野生居群遗传结构的影响可能主要是遗传同化,即阻止其居群内与居群间的遗传分化。
3. 通过对2个低纬度居群与2个北缘居群两个生活史阶段的遗传多样性研究表明繁育系统是影响普通野生稻居群遗传结构的因素之一。在低纬度居群中种子阶段的遗传变异高于植株阶段,在高纬度居群中则相反。
4.通过对北缘居群(江西东乡)1980年,1985年和1994年的居群遗传结构的研究,发现该居群的遗传结构逐渐在发生变化,表现为遗传多样性水平不断下降,居群越来越偏移哈迪一温伯格平衡和杂合子变得越来越缺乏。
5.通过对一个典型的普通野生稻居群(元江居群)的居群内遗传结构的研究,表明遗传变异在3个亚居群间分布不均衡,基因型里聚集分布,使得亚居群间有一定的遗传分化。导致其居群遗传结构的亚划分的主要原因可能是有限的基因流(Nm=0.964
Resumo:
碳、氮不仅是生物体必需的营养元素,也是重要的生态元素。大气中温室气体C02、N2O等浓度的增加使得碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其温室气体的减缓排放措施研究成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。 土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,是连接大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈的纽带;它是陆生生物赖以生存的物质基础,是陆地生态系统中物质与能量交换的重要场所,其在全球碳、氮循环中起着十分重要的作用。一方面,土壤有机碳和氮的含量与分布直接关系到生态系统的生产力和生态系统的规模,同时土壤有机碳和氮的转化与迁移又直接影响到温室气体的组成与含量。而土壤本身又是生态系统中生物与环境相互作用的产物。因此,研究土壤有机碳和氮的分布、转化及其对全球变化的响应对于正确理解碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其对全球变化的响应制定应对策略具有重要意义。 全球变化的陆地样带是从机理上理解陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应,预测全球变化对陆地生态系统的可能影响,实现预警、调节和减少全球变化不良影响,科学地规划和管理陆地生态系统的有效平台。目前,国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)基于不同地区全球变化驱动因素的不同以及全球变化的潜在反馈作用强度的不同,在全球4个关键地区共启动了15条IG8P陆地样带。以水分为主要驱动力的中国东北样带(NECT:Northeast China Transect)即为IGBP的陆地样带之一。 本文以中国东北样带为平台,基于2001年对中国东北样带科学考察所采土壤样品的实测结果和气候资料分析了土壤有机碳和氮的梯度分布及其与土壤、气候等因子之间的关系;借助C02浓度升高和不同土壤湿度的模拟试验探讨了土壤有机碳和氮对气候变化的响应;根据作物残体还田的长期定位试验和盆栽试验研究了作物残体还田对土壤有机碳和氮转化的影响,讨论了农田生态系统通过作物残体还田对减缓温室气体排放的效应。主要结果和结论如下: (1).样带表层土壤有机碳平均为22.3土4.93 g.kg-1,下层土壤有机碳平均为8.9±1.20 g.kg-1。样带表层土壤活性有机碳平均为3.52±0.881 g.kg-1,占表层土壤有机碳的13.1±0.78%;下层土壤活性有机碳平均为1.14±0.250g.kg-l,占下层土壤有机碳的10.9±0.79%。样带土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.993,P<0.001)。 (2).不同生态类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量不同。中国东北样带东部(经度126°~131°)为温带针阔混交林山地,植被种类极其丰富,地带性土壤为暗棕壤,并且多为自然土壤,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量较高。但由于采样区局部地理环境、植被结构及人类干扰程度的不同,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量变异较大,平均为61.9±13.84 g.kg-1和10. 88±2.236g. kg-1。样带中部(经度119°~126°)为松辽平原栎林草原、农田区和大兴安岭山地草甸草原区,属半湿润向半干旱过渡的气候。该区域主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土、盐化或碱化草甸土及风沙土,土壤沙化、碱化严重,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量明显降低,平均为10.5±1.97 g.kg-l和1. 35±0.327 g.kg-1。样带中西部(经度113°~119°)为内蒙古高原草甸草原和典型草原区域,具有典型的半干旱气候特征。该区地带性土壤为栗钙土,局部丘陵区分布黑钙土,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量为14.6±1.65 g.kg-1和2.07±0.342g.kg-1。样带西部(经度111°~113°)为内蒙古高原荒漠草原区域,地带性土壤为棕钙土,土壤较为贫瘠,其有机碳和活性有机碳含量最低,平均为7.99±1.51 g.kg-1和0.51±0.216 g.kg-1。从总的趋势看,样带表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的梯度分布趋势一致,都呈现出随经度降低而下降的趋势,局部因土壤退化而出现波动。 (3).样带土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与土壤全量氮、磷、硫、锌及有效氮、磷、钾、锰、锌等均呈显著或极显著相关关系,与土壤PH、容重、持水量及孔隙度也呈显著或极显著相关关系。土壤表层有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间具有正的相关关系,其相关系数为r=0.677(P<0.001)和r=0.712(P<0.001)。但下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间没有显著的相关关系。 (4).样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与经度之间仍具有显著的相关关系(r=0.454,P=0.026; r=0.473,P=0.020)。样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的变异小于表层。不同的生态系统,下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的比率不同。总的来看,土壤活性有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降的幅度大于土壤有机碳。 (5).短期培养条件下,CO2浓度升高及干旱胁迫下,土壤有机碳的变化不大,其变异系数为1.28%;相比较之下,土壤活性有机碳对气候变化比较敏感,其变异系数为29.67%。不同土壤湿度,土壤活性有机碳含量发生变异的幅度因CO2浓度升高而降低。 (6).样带土壤全氮和有效氮与经度呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别是r=0.695 (P<0.001)和0.636(P<0.001)。土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致:沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势,局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷。样带除东部山区外,其它各部分土壤有效氮都很低,成为其植被生长的限制因子之一。样带下层土壤全氮和有效氮的含量低于表层,但样带不同部位下层土壤全氮和有效氮下降的幅度不同。总的来看,土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似,而土壤有效氮则有所不同。 (7).土壤全氮和有效氮是土壤生化环境中两个重要的因子。样带土壤全氮和有效氮和土壤有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系。 (8).样带表层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别是0.682(P<0.001)和0.688(P<0.001)。而下层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间的没有显著的相关关系(r=0.241,P=0.256; r=0.366,P=0.079)。土壤有效氮占全氮的比例与年均温呈显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.390,p=0.044)。 (9).短期培养试验中,CO2浓度加倍和不同土壤湿度对土壤全氮和有效氮的影响没有达到显著水平。整个试验中土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小(变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%),但仍能反映一定的变化趋势。 (10).玉米残体还田能够增加土壤氮素含量,减轻因其作为燃烧材料而造成的氮素损失和对大气的污染;玉米残体施入土壤,增加了土壤微生物氮含量,提高土壤氮活性,有利于土壤氮素养分的协调供应;玉米残体还田能够促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒中转移,提高氮素养分的利用效率。同时,玉米残体还田可以降低土壤NO3--N的累 积,减少肥料氮的损失4.7~5.6%。 (ll).根据国内外文献和我们连续10年作物残体还田的肥料长期定位试验及盆栽试验结果,从减缓CO2排放、增加土壤碳固存、提高土壤生产力入手,分析了农业生态系统作物残体还田的必要性与可行性,讨论了农田作物残体还田,增加土壤碳固存对于减缓CO2排放、提高土壤生产力的作用与意义。提倡作物残体因地制宜地归还土壤,但作物残体还田后土壤固存与减缓温室气体排放的潜力还需要进一步进行研究。
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对鳅鮀亚科(Gobiobotinae)2个属8个种10个个体线粒体控制区d-loop全序列进行了测定.以(鱼丹)亚科斑马鱼为外类群,对鳅鮀及鲤科(Cyprinidae)一些亚科代表种鱼类进行了系统发育分析.结果显示,鳅鮀鱼类是一个单系类群,与鮈和细鲫有较近的亲缘关系.从系统发育的角度看,鳅鮀亚科应归属于鮈亚科(Gobioninae).研究结果支持鳅鮀亚科分为异鳔鳅鳅属(Xenophyso-gobio)和鳅鮀属(Gobiobtia).
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通过台湾大陆初级淡水鱼类区系的比较分析,将台湾与大陆间的淡水鱼类区系和组成归纳为3种生物地理分布格局:(1)台湾与大陆东南沿海诸水系的淡水鱼类有很高相似性;(2)台湾与东喜马拉雅具有一些相同的淡水鱼类分布;(3)包括台湾岛在内的太平洋西部岛链的淡水鱼类区系之间的相似度很低,这些岛屿与各自相邻大陆的淡水鱼类更相似.从历史生物地理学的角度看,这种分布格局的形成与台湾和大陆古地理、地质的变迁有关.简约分析(PAE)结果认为,以上格局可以用隔离分化的假说加以解释,进一步的研究将使用分子生物地理学方法和手段对海峡两
Resumo:
AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures with high mobility GaN channel layer were grown on 50 min diameter semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and large periphery HEMT devices were fabricated and characterized. High two-dimensional electron gas mobility of 2215 cm(2)/V s at room temperature with sheet electron concentration of 1.044 x 10(13)/cm(2) was achieved. The 50 mm diameter HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 251.0 Omega/square, with the resistance uniformity of 2.02%. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed a smooth AlGaN surface with a root-mean-square roughness of 0.27 nm for a scan area of 5 mu mi x 5 pm. The 1-mm gate width devices fabricated using the materials demonstrated a very high continuous wave output power of 9.39 W at 8 GHz, with a power added efficiency of 46.2% and power gain of 7.54 dB. A maximum drain current density of 1300 mA/mm, an extrinsic transconductance of 382 mS/mm, a current gain cutoff frequency of 31 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation 60 GHz were also achieved in the same devices. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Enhancement of the electrical properties in an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures was demonstrated by employing the combination of a high mobility GaN channel layer and an AlN interlayer. The structures were grown on 50 mm semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The room temperature (RT) two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility was as high as 2215 cm(2)/V s, with a 2DEG concentration of 1.044 x 10(13)cm(-2). The 50 mm HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 251.0 Omega/square, with a resistance uniformity of 2.02%. The 0.35 Pin gate length HEMT devices based on this material structure, exhibited a maximum drain current density of 1300 mA/mm, a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 314 mS/mm, a current gain cut-off frequency of 28 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 60 GHz. The maximum output power density of 4.10 W/mm was achieved at 8 GHz, with a power gain of 6.13 dB and a power added efficiency (PAE) of 33.6%. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The structural and optical properties of InAs layers grown on high-index InP surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated in order to understand the self-organization of quantum dots and quantum wires on novel index surfaces. Four different InP substrate orientations have been examined, namely, (1 1 1)B, (3 1 1)A, and (3 1 1)B and (1 0 0). A rich variety of InAs nanostructures is formed on the surfaces. Quantum wire-like morphology is observed on the (1 0 0) surface, and evident island formation is found on (1 1 1)A and (3 1 1)B by atomic force microscopy. The photoluminescence spectra of InP (1 1 1)A and (3 1 1)B samples show typical QD features with PL peaks in the wavelength range 1.3-1.55 mu m with comparable efficiency. These results suggest that the high-index substrates are promising candidates for production of high-quality self-organized QD materials for device applications. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
利用金属有机气相淀积方法生长了一种新型吸收体:高反射率半导体可饱和吸收镜.用这种吸收体兼作端镜,实现了1.044μm半导体端面泵浦Yb∶YAB激光器被动锁模,脉冲宽度为3.05ps,重复率为375MHz,输出功率为45mW.
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急流牙甲族Sperchopsini属于鞘翅目Coleoptera牙甲科Hydrophilidae的水牙甲亚科Hydrophilinae,共包括五属,即水龟虫属 Hydrocassis、革牙甲属 Ametor、Sperchopsis、Anticura、Cylomissus,世界共计有25种,我国分布有2属18个种。 本文回顾了水甲虫、牙甲科以及急流牙甲族的研究简史;综述了水甲虫在分类学、保护生物学、形态学、遗传学、分子生物学等方面研究进展,总结了水甲虫与生态因子的关系以及水甲虫作为生态系统健康指示物的可行性。还简要介绍了昆虫分子系统学,以及细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)和rDNA内部转录间隔区(ITS)在昆虫学研究中的应用。 通过对收集到的700余号急流牙甲族的标本观察和分类研究,发现了一新种(内蒙水龟甲Hydrocassis mongolica sp.nov.)。并且对已知全部种类重新作了描述,特别是长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus雄性外生殖器部分,首次对7个种类(长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus、粗革牙甲 Ametor scabrosus、帝水龟甲 Hydrocassis imperialis、伪舟水龟甲Hydrocassis pesudoscapha、条纹水龟甲Hydrocassis scapulata、舟水龟甲 Hydrocassi scapha、四川水龟甲Hydrocassis sichuana)的雌性个体进行了描述。编制了急流牙甲族的分属、分种检索表。 采用支序分类学的方法对中国急流牙甲族种类的系统发育关系进行探讨。结果显示革牙甲属内的A. latus、A. rudesculptus、A. rugosus 及A. scabrosus 构成单系(不包括A. elongates),支持皱革牙甲A. rugosus和A. latus属于革牙甲属。水龟虫属内H. anhuiensis、H. baoshanensis、H. lacustris、H. pseudoscapha、H. scaphoides、H. scapulata、H. sichuana、H. taiwana、H. uncinata、H. schillhammeri构成一个单系。水龟虫属包括两大类群,一类群包括H. anhuiensis、H. lacustris、H. scapulata、H. sichuana 、H. taiwana,另一类群包括H. baoshanensis、H. scaphoides、 H. schillhammeri 、H. uncinata。两类群的不同之处在于后一类群的阳基侧突上有一齿状凸起。 测序了H. scapulata、H. sichuana和H. mongolica雌雄各一个个体的COI和ITS2序列。全部的COI基因序列为828bp,编码275个氨基酸。H. scapulata的ITS2序列有446bp,H. sichuana的有456bp,H. mongolica的有455bp。用MEGA 3.1计算比对距离(pairwise distances)和构建邻近系统树。结果显示对于COI,种内的比对距离分别是0(H. scapulata)、0.008(H. mongolica)、0.004(H. sichuana),种间的比对距离在0.024-0.045之间。对于ITS2,种内的比对距离分别为0.005(H. scapulata)、0(H. mongolica)、0.007(H. sichuana),种间的比对距离在0.028-0.047之间。H. sichuana和新种间的比对距离在0.024-0.037(COI)和0.044(ITS2)。比对距离揭示出种内低于0.008,种间在0.024-1.078之间。因而,它们之间应该是种间关系而不是种内的关系。COI数据集和ITS2数据集所构建的系统树存在一定的差异,前者显示四川水龟甲和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种,后者显示新种和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种。总之,在内蒙古自治区发现的为一新的物种。
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The molar heat capacities of the two biphenyl liquid crystals, 3BmFF and 3BmFFXF3, with a purity of 99.7 mol% have been precisely measured by a fully automated precision adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range between T = 80 and 350 K. Nematic phase-liquid phase transitions were found between T = 297 K and 300 K with a peak temperature of T-peak = (298.071 +/- 0.089) K for 3BmFF, and between T = 316 and 319 K with a peak temperature of T-peak = (315.543 +/- 0.043) K for 3BmFFXF3. The molar enthalpy (Delta(trs)H(m)) and entropy (Delta(trs)S(m)) corresponding to these phase transitions have been determined by means of the analysis of the heat capacity curves, which are (15.261 +/- 0.023) U mol(-1) and (51.202 +/- 0.076) J K-1 mol(-1) for 3BmFF, (31.624 +/- 0.066) kJ mol(-1) and (100.249 +/- 0.212) J K-1 mol(-1) for 3BmFFXF3, respectively. The real melting points (TI) and the ideal melting points (TO) with no impurities of the two compounds have been obtained from the fractional melting method to be (298.056 +/- 0.018) K and (298.165 +/- 0.038) K for 3BmFF, (315.585 +/- 0.043) K and (315.661 +/- 0.044) K for 3BmFFXF3, respectively. In addition, the transitions of these two biphenyl liquid crystals from nematic phase to liquid phase have further been investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique; the repeatability and reliability for these phase transitions were verified. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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结合样地调查和他人对阔叶红松林生态系统相关指标的研究资料数据,利用健康距离(HD)评估法和上文建立的阔叶红松林生态系统健康评估指标体系框架,对不同人为干扰影响的长白山阔叶红松林生态系统进行系统健康的评估实践.结果按顺序依次为20%强度择伐林021<50%强度择伐林044<白桦中成林067<白桦中幼林072<红松人工林074<人工落叶松林077.
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High-solids, low-viscosity, stable polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous dispersions were prepared by dispersion polymerization of acrylamide in aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (AS) using Poly (sodium acrylic acid) (PAANa) as the stabilizer, ammonium persulfate (APS) or 2,2'-Azobis (N,N'-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (VA-044) as the initiator. The molecular weight of the formed PAM, ranged from 710, 000 g/mol to 4,330,000 g/mol, was controlled by the addition of sodium formate as a conventional chain-transfer agent. The progress of a typical AM dispersion polymerization was monitored with aqueous size exclusion chromatography. The influences, of the AS concentration, the poly(sodium acrylic acid) concentration, the initiator type and concentration, the chain-transfer agent concentration and temperature Oil the monomer conversion, the dispersion viscosity, the PAM molecular weight and distribution, the particle size and morphology were systematically investigated.
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Dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) with 2-methylacryloylxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) has been carried out in aqueous salts solution containing ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride with poly(acryloylxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDAC) as the stabilizer and 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-inidazolin-2-yl)propane]-dihydro chloride (VA-044) as the initiator. A new particle formation mechanism of the dispersion polymerization for the present system has been proposed. The effects of inorganic salts and stabilizer concentration on dispersion polymerization have been investigated. The results show that varying the salt concentration could affect the morphology and molecular weight of the resultant copolymer particles significantly. With increasing the stabilizer concentration, the particle size decreased at first and then increased, meanwhile the effect on the copolymer molecular weight was the contrary. These results had been rationalized based on the proposed mechanism.