Crystal structure and mechanism of (Z)-1-[2-(phenyl-bromide-chloride)vinyl]-1-cyclohexanol

The crystal structure and mechanism of the title molecule are described. This crystal is orthorhombic, belonging to space group PC21/B with a=1,002 1(2) nm, b=1.483 0(3) nm, c=2.173 6(4) nm, V=3.230 39(2) nm(3), Z=2, D-c=1.80 g/cm(3), R=0.069 3. The structure was solved by direct method. The tin atom of the title compound exists in two distorted-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, defined by two carbon, one bromide, one chloride and one oxygen atoms leading to a five-membered chelate ring. In the structure, the five-membered ring containing the intermolecular O-->Sn has a half chair conformation.

毛细管电泳电化学发光的研究

毛细管电泳以其强大的分离能力日益受到重视，特别是成功完成人类基因组计划的测定工作，随着微全分析系统的深入研究，毛细管电泳的理论和技术在各方面都需要突破，其中毛细管电泳检测器是制约发展毛细管电泳更广泛地用于实际工作的因素之一。本论文以发展新型的毛细管电泳电化学发光检测技术为出发点，在以下几个方面作了研究。1．三联吡啶钌在玻碳电极上的阴极电化学发光我们首次发现了一种新型的基于溶液中氧的还原引发的三联毗淀钉（TBR）阴极电化学发光，结果表明，这种阴极电化学发光的发光电位仅为-0.4V，从而大大地降低了电化学发光的激发电位。所有能够增强阳极电化学发光的物质如三丙胺（TPA）都能够增强阴极电化学发光。阴极电化学发光光谱证实，阴极发光是激发态的TBR跃迁回到基态所产生的发光行为，我们认为在电极上氧还原所产生的活性氧氧化了TBR分子和发光增强剂从而导致了阴极发光。一些不能够增强阳极电化学发光的物质如柠檬酸，也能够增强阴极电化学发光，从而扩展了电化学发光的检测范围。采用阴极电化学方法对TPA和柠檬酸根的检测结果表明，对TPA在1*10~（-7）-1*10~（-5）M之间的检测呈较好线性相关性，相关系数为0.9994，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为7.5*10-8M，对柠檬酸根在1*10~（-5）-1*10~（-4）M之间呈较好的线性关系，相关系数为0.999，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为1.2*10~（-6）M。2．毛细管电泳直接电化学发光离柱检测技术的研究研究在没有场分离器的情况下高压电场对电化学发光检测器的影响。基于此目的我们采用75件m内径的毛细管为分离柱，300μm直径的铂丝为工作电极，以不同电导率的溶液作为电泳流动相。在高压电场的影响下，动态循环伏安和与此相对应的电化学发光表明电泳电流并不会引起电化学发光信号的淬灭，高压电场只会导致电化学发光激发电位向更正方向的偏移。进一步的研究表明，毛细管与工作电极之间的间距是影响电化学发光信号和理论塔板数的重要因素。基于以上的认识，我们发展了无需电场分离器的毛细管电泳一电化学发光检测系统，从而大大地简便了毛细管电泳一电化学发光检测系统。以三丙胺（TPA）作为分析对象，对该系统进行了表征，该系统对TPA的检测在1*10~（-10）-1*10~（-5）mol/L之间的线性相关系数为0.998，峰高的相对标准偏差为5．6％，检测限（S加＝3）达到5.0*10~(-11)mol/L。采用这一方法对尿样中的利多卡因进行了分析，在5.0*10~(-8)-1.0*10~(-5) mo/L之间的相关系数为：0.998，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为2.0*10-8mo／L。3．毛细管电泳一固态电化学发光检测器检测的研究我们首次报道将TBR固定在聚苯乙烯磺酸-溶胶-凝胶-接枝共聚物构成的膜中，采用旋涂的方法涂敷在铂电极的表面，制备用于毛细管电泳的固态电化学发光检测器，以TPA和脯氨酸作为研究对象表征了毛细管电泳-固态电化学发光检测系统的特征，该系统可以稳定工作24小时，完全可以满足实际应用的需要。采用该系统实现了对TPA和脯氨酸的同时检测，对TPA和脯氨酸检测的相对标准偏差分别为8.7％和7.5％，分离的理论塔板数分别为70000和16000，对TPA和脯氨酸的测定的最低检测限分别为0.002μM和2μM。4．离散小波分析去除毛细管电泳电化学发光检测信号的噪音毛细管电泳电化学发光检测信号因为TBR与溶液中的氢氧根的化学发光反应使得信号的噪音变得很大，从而影响了峰的定量，降低了检测灵敏度。这里我们采用离散小波'分析技术去除电泳中的噪音。对一些典型的小波基如HaaroDaublets，Coiflets和Symmlets去除噪音的效果作了比较。各种不同的计算阀值的方法和确定阀值的技术导致的去噪结果的差异作了比较。结果表明，采用Symmlet 4小波基和启发式无偏向风险估算法-软阀门确定阀值是最优的去噪方案，采用这一策略对毛细管电泳电化学发光电泳信号的去噪结果表明，噪音成功地得到了去除，同时电泳的峰型和轮廓得到了保留，该去噪技术明显地优于通常的SG和FT去噪技术。5．毛细管电泳柱端电化学发光同时检测尿样中的曲马多和利多卡因曲马多和利多卡因是手术中常用的镇静剂和麻醉剂，部分药物以原形从肾脏排除，我们研究了简单、快速的采用毛细管电泳柱端电化学发光同时检测曲马多和利多卡因的方法。我们使用25μm内径的毛细管作为分离柱，由于使用的毛细管内径很小，从而大大地降低了分离电压对检测器的影响，因此毛细管与电化学发光检侧器直接连接而无需电场分离器。使用300μm直径的铂盘电极作为工作电极，使得在毛细管的出口有足够的氧化态的TBR存在。为消除尿样中的离子强度对分析造成的影响，样品在分析前经萃取分离，以TPA为内标，采用两步萃取寻去对尿中的曲马多和利多卡因的测定回收率分别为94-96％和93-97％。在1.0*10-7to 1.0*10-4的浓度范围内曲马多和利多卡因的检测的线性相关系数为0.998，检测的相对标准偏差分别为2.9％和2.7％，对尿中曲马多和利多卡因测定的最低检测限（S/N=3）分别为6.0*10~(-8)mol/L和4.5*10~(-8)mol/L。应用该方法对临床两例术后病人尿样中的曲马多和利多卡因的代谢进行了测定。6．毛细管电泳电化学发光检测尿样中的利血平提出了一种快速、简便的毛细管电泳电化学发光法测定尿样中的利血平的方法。我们以25拼m内径的毛细管为分离柱，不用场分离器直接与300μm直径的铂二〔作电极连接，为提高检测的灵敏度和克服尿样中的离子强度对检测的影响，我于门采用场放大电动进样的技术用于毛细管电泳的直接进样和分离，样品不经任何预处理。由于利血平是中性分子，采用毛细管区带电泳不能将利血平与中性的干扰物分离出，因此我们在电泳流动相中加入十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS），成功地将利血平与中性干扰物质分离开。该方法对尿样中的利血平检测范围在l*10~(-6)~(-1)*10~(-4)mol/L 比的线性相关系数为0.996，相对标准偏差为4.3％，最低检测限为7.0*10~(-8)mol/L。

基于ITS 序列和matK 基因序列的中国药用石斛及其混伪品的分子鉴定

为了从分子水平对中国药用石斛及其混伪品进行鉴定，本文选取了核rDNA ITS 序列和叶绿体DNA 的matK 基因序列进行研究。采用改良的CTAB 法提取石斛的基因组DNA，PCR 产物直接测序法对17 种（共32 份）药用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 全序列进行测定，克隆测序法对12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体的matK 基因序列进行测定，运用BioEd it，MEGA4.0 等生物软件分析了石斛属植物的rDNA ITS 序列及叶绿体的matK 基因序列的特征，比较了石斛属间、种间、种内不同居群（品种）间的序列碱基差异及遗传距离，应用邻接法构建分子系统树。主要研究结果如下： （1）建立了17 种（共32 份）药用石斛rDNA ITS 区碱基全序列数据库，其中，ITS1 的长度为228~234 bp，GC 含量为45.7%~53.0%，变异位点167 个，占总位点67.34%，信息位点106 个，占总位点42.74%，ITS2 长度为241~247 bp，GC含量为44.8%~55.7%，变异位点165 个，占总位点66.27%，信息位点115 个，占总位点46.18%。 （2）建立了12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体matK 基因全序列数据库，叶绿体matK 基因长1410 bp，变异位点51 个，信息位点11 个。除了存在碱基替换的遗传变异外，还存在碱基的插入和缺失。 （3）通过ITS 序列比较分析了各材料间的遗传距离和碱基差异，属间的遗传距离为0.295，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.142，碱基相差2~156 个，种内各居群间的平均遗传距离为0.002，碱基相差1~2 个。属间的遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离，种间的遗传距离大于种内不同居群（品种）间的遗传距离。 （4）根据分析石斛叶绿体的matK 基因序列得到，外类群（密花石豆兰）与石斛属间最小遗传距离为0.027，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.008，种间最大的遗传距离0.014， 最小的遗传距离为0.003，碱基相差8~20 个。种内不同居群（品种）遗传距离为0.001，相差1~5 个碱基。 （5）利用17 种石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，通过对待检种rDNA I TS区进行序列测定，成功地对10 个待检种进行了鉴定，并且在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （6）运用12 种石斛的matK 基因全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，成功地对4个待检种进行了鉴定，同样在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （7）本文利用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 序列和叶绿体的matK 基因序列数据库分别构建了NJ 树，外类群与石斛属间石斛种间以及种内不同居群（品种）间均能在NJ 树中明显分化开来，二者构建的分子系统树一致，为石斛的分子鉴定提供了依据。 In order to identify Chinese Herba Dendrobii and its adulterant species on molecular level, we studied the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene. Genomic DNA of Dendrobium was extracted using the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The PCR products of the rDNA ITS sequences of Dendrobium (32 materia ls) were purified and then sequenced. The PCR products of chloroplast matK gene of Dendrobium (22 materia ls) were purified, cloned and then sequenced. The characteristic of the sequences and the genetic dista nce were compared between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium, Dendrobium interspecies, and different populations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the NJ method by the biology softwares including BioEd it, MEGA4.0 etc. The ma in results as follows: (1) It was built up that the database of rDNA ITS sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii (32 materia ls). The ITS1 was 228~234 bp, the GC content accounting for 45.7%~53.0%. Its variable sites were 167, accounting for 67.34%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 106, accounting for 42.74%. The ITS2 was 241~247 bp, the GC accounting for 44.8%~55.7%. The variable sites were 165, accounting for 66.27%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 115, accounting for 46.18%. (2) The database of the chloroplast matK gene sequences was built up, which contained 12 species of Herba Dendrobii (22 materia ls). The matK gene sequences were about 1410bp in length. There were 51 variable sites and 11 Parsim-Informative sites. And there were nucleotides insertions and deletions in some species , in addition to the nucleotides substitutions. (3) The rDNA ITS sequences were compared and analyzed by the biology softwares. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was 0.295. The avera ge genetic dista nce was 0.142 between Dendrobium species, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The avera ge genetic dista nce between different populations was 0.002, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was greater tha n that of Denrobium interspecies. Meanwhile, the genetic dista nce between Denrobium species was also greater tha n that of different populations (variaties). (4) The characteristics of the chloroplast matK gene sequences were obtained after analyzing by the biology softwares. The minima l genetic dista nce was 0.027 between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium . The ma xima l genetic dista nce was 0.014 between Dendrobium species, and there were 20 variable nucleotides. The minima l genetic dista nce between populations was 0.003, and there were 8 variable nucleotides.The genetic dista nce between populations was 0.001, and there were 1~5 variable nucleotides. (5) The molecular Phylogeny tree was constructed on the database of rDNA ITS the sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii using the biology softwares. Then we authenticated 10 materia ls on molecular level. What’s more, they had been proved when these pla nts flowered. (6) The molecular Phylogeny tree was built up on the database of chloroplast matK gene sequences of 12 species of Herba Dendrobii with the biology softwares.Then 4 materia ls were authenticated on molecular level. Moreover, they had also been proved when these pla nts were in flower. (7) The Phylogenetic trees were separately constructed on the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene B. odoratissimum and Dendrobium all could be distinguished on the Phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the Phylogenetic trees based on two groups of sequences were coincident. rDNA ITS and matK gene sequence could be used as molecular markers for authentication of Herba Dendrobii.

Polymeric pH indicators immobilized PVA membranes for optical sensors of high basicity based on a kinetic process

Two kinds of polymeric pH indicators PPF (phenolphthalein-formaldehyde product) and CPF (o-cresolphthalein-formaldehyde product) immobilized cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes (PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA) for optical intermittent determination of high basicity ([OH-] = 1-8 M) based on a kinetic process were developed. In our previous work, we had demonstrated that PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA could perform the determination of high pH values from pH 10.0 to 14.0. Here the discoloring kinetic behaviors of PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA were compared with those of free phenolphthalein, o-cresolphthalein and thymolphthalein. Experimental results and theoretical analysis indicated that the response behaviors of the optodes' membranes in concentrated NaOH solutions were diffusion-independent and still complied with the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In addition, two data analysis methods for determination were presented. One was directly based on the reduced absorbance: the other was based on the discoloring kinetic constant. It was found that the latter could perform a rapid (60 s) and reliable (relative standard deviation: 2.6%) determination for high basicity.

Capillary electrophoresis with solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector

We report capillary electrophoresis coupling to a solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector for the first time. The solid-state ECL detector was fabricated by immobilizing the ECL reagent tris(2,2'-bipyridyf)ruthenium (TBR) in poly-(p-styrenesulfonate)-silica-poly(vinyl alcohol) grafting 4-vinylpyridine copolymer films. The excellent stability of the solid-state ECL detector in the phosphate solution satisfied application in CE. The CE with solid-state ECL detector system was characterized using tripropylamine (TPA) and proline. The influences of detection potential, the concentration of TBR in the film, and pH value of ECL buffer were investigated. The linear range for TPA and proline was 0.005-10 muM and 5-10 mM with correlation coefficients of 0.997 and 0.998, respectively. The detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3) was estimated to be 0.002 and 2.0 muM for TPA and proline, respectively. The relative standard deviations for 1.0 pm TPA and 1.0 mm proline were 8.7% and 7.5% with theoretical plate numbers of 70 000 and 16 000, respectively. Compared with the CE-ECL of TBR in aqueous solution, the CE coupling with solid-state ECL detector system gave the same sensitivity of analysis.

Influence of lanthanum on the accumulation of trace elements in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves

Influence of La3+ on the accumulation of trace elements (Se-75, Co-56, Rb-83, V-48, (95)mTc, and Ga-67) in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves was studied by a radioactive multitracer technique. At the same time, chloroplast contents of different concentrations of La3+ treatment were calculated. It was observed that chloroplast contents peaked at 0.02 mM La3+ treatment and that the uptake and distribution of these trace elements in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves are different under different La3+, treatments. With the increase of lanthanum concentrations from 0.002 to 2 mM, the uptake percentages of Se-75, Co-56, and Rb-83 presented an obvious increase and then sharply decreased in contrast to the nonlanthanum treatment, whereas there appeared a sharp decrease and then restored control level in the uptake of V-48. The other two trace elements, namely Tc-95m and Ga-67, were accumulated only in the presence of 0.02 mM La3+. The results indicate that lanthanum treatments to growing the cucumber lead to the change of trace element uptake in the chloroplasts of leaves, which suggest that lanthanum might influence the accumulation of trace elements in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves by regulation of various ion transport mechanisms, thus affecting the photosystem of leaves.

Crystal structures of EtEDTB center dot 1.4C(2)H(5)OH center dot 5H(2)O and H4EtEDTB(ClO4)(4)center dot C2H5OH (EtEDTB=N, N, N ', N '-tetrakis[2-(1-ethylbenzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2-ethanediamine)

The crystal structures of EtEDTB.1.4C(2)H(5)OH.5H(2)O 1 and H4EtEDTB(ClO4)(4).C2H5OH 2 (EtEDTB = N, N,N',N'-tetrakis[2-(1-ethylbenzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2-ethanediamine) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Compound 1 crystallizes in the space group P(1) over bar with a = 11.489(2), b = 11.866(3), c = 12.002(3) Angstrom, alpha = 97.47(2), beta = 114.564(13), gamma = 114.11(2)degrees, V = 1266.6(5) Angstrom(3), Z = 1, M-r = 847.48, D-c = 1.111 g/cm(3), F(000) = 456 and mu(MoKalpha) = 0.076 mm(-1). A total of 5207 reflections were measured for 1, of which 4323 were independent. The structure of 1 was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique to the final R = 0.0706 and wR = 0.1802 for 1318 observed reflections with I > 2sigma(I). In the structure of 1, centrosymmetric EtEDTB molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds through water and ethanol to form 2-dimensional network. Compound 2 crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 24.260(5), b = 13.040(3), c = 17.680(4) Angstrom, beta = 97.50(3)degrees, V = 5545.2(2) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, M-r = 1140.80, D-c = 1.366 g/cm(3), F(000) = 2384 and mu(MoKalpha) = 0.289 mm(-1).

A chromic molybdenum phosphate with a tunnel structure: hydrothermal synthesis and structure of (NH3CH2CH2NH3)(2) center dot (NH3CH2CH2NH2)(3)center dot[NaCr2Mo12O30(PO4)(HPO4)(4)(H2PO4)(3)]center dot 6H(2)O

A chromic molybdenum phosphate, (NH3CH2CH2NH3)(2).(NH3CH2CH2NH2)(3).[NaCr2Mo12O30(PO4)(HPO4)(3)]. 6H(2)O, involving molybdenum present in V oxidation, has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and IR spectrum. Deep brown-red crystals are formed in the triclinic system, space group P (1) over bar, a = 12.067(2), b = 14.677(3), c = 21.290(2) Angstrom, alpha = 80.940(10)degrees, beta = 82.960(10)degrees, gamma = 76.61(2)degrees. The structure of the title compound may be considered to be two [Mo6O15(HPO4)(H2PO4)(3)](5-) units bonded to a chromic atom, although several P-O groups are not protonated on account of coordination with a Na+ cation. The one-dimensional tunnels were formed in the solid of the title compound. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Syntheses and structures of Na-2[Zn-II(ida)(2)].7H(2)O and Na-4[Hg-II(nta)(2)].7H(2)O

The title complexes were synthesized and the crystal structures of their salts were determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. Na-2[Zn-I(ida)(2)]. 7H(2)O: Triclinic, P1, a=0.523 4(2) nm, b=0.897 10(10) nm, c=1.069 10(10) nm, alpha=85.910(10)degrees, beta= 76.380(10)degrees, gamma=83.52(2)degrees, V=0.484 2(2) nm(3), Z=1. The complex anion [Zn-I (ida)(2)](2-) has a pseudo-octahedral structure in which the two N atoms: are in a trans configuration. Na-4[Hg-I(nta)(2)]. 7H(2)O: Monoclinic, C-c, a = 1.795 0(4) nm, b = 0.892 9(2)nm, c = 1.575 4(2) nm, beta = 92.78 (3)degrees, V = 2.526 2(9) nm(3), Z = 4. The complex anion [Hg-I (nta)(2)](4-) has a pseudo-bicapped-octahedral structure in which the two N atoms are in a trans configuration.