Two modes of dipole events in tropical Indian Ocean

By analyzing the distributions of subsurface temperature and the surface wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, two major modes of the IOD and their formation mechanisms are revealed. (1) The subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) in the tropical Indian Ocean during the IOD events can be described as a "<" -shaped and west-east-oriented dipole pattern; in the east side of the "<" pattern, a notable tongue-like STA extends westward along the equator in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean; while in the west side of the "<" pattern, the STA has opposite sign with two centers (the southern one is stronger than the northern one in intensity) being of rough symmetry about the equator in the tropical mid-western Indian Ocean. (2) The IOD events are composed of two modes, which have similar spatial pattern but different temporal variabilities due to the large scale air-sea interactions within two independent systems. The first mode of the IOD event originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean and coexists with ENSO. The second mode originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Indian Ocean and is closely associated with changes in the position and intensity of the Mascarene high pressure. The strong IOD event occurs when the two modes are in phase, and the IOD event weakens or disappears when the two modes are out of phase. Besides, the IOD events are normally strong when either of the two modes is strong. (3) The IOD event is caused by the abnormal wind stress forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean, which results in vertical transports, leading to the upwelling and pileup of seawater. This is the main dynamic processes resulting in the STA. When the anomalous easterly exists over the equatorial Indian Ocean, the cold waters upwell in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean while the warm waters pileup in the tropical western Indian Ocean, hence the thermocline in the tropical Indian Ocean is shallowed in the east and deepened in the west. The off-equator component due to the Coriolis force in the equatorial area causes the upwelling of cold waters and the shallowing of the equatorial India Ocean thermocline. On the other hand, the anomalous anticyclonic circulations and their curl fields located on both sides of the equator, cause the pileup of warm waters in the central area of their curl fields and the deepening of the equatorial Indian Ocean thermocline off the equator. The above three factors lead to the occurrence of positive phase IOD events. When anomalous westerly dominates over the tropical Indian Ocean, the dynamic processes are reversed, and the negative-phase IOD event occurs.

Statistical distribution of depth-integrated local horizontal momentum for second-order random ocean waves in finite water depth

Based on the second-order random wave solutions of water wave equations in finite water depth, statistical distributions of the depth- integrated local horizontal momentum components are derived by use of the characteristic function expansion method. The parameters involved in the distributions can be all determined by the water depth and the wave-number spectrum of ocean waves. As an illustrative example, a fully developed wind-generated sea is considered and the parameters are calculated for typical wind speeds and water depths by means of the Donelan and Pierson spectrum. The effects of nonlinearity and water depth on the distributions are also investigated.

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE OFFSHORE NEAR YANGTZE ESTUARY

Based on the Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Modeling System with Sediments (ECOMSED) model, a 3-D hydrodynamic-transport numerical model was established for the offshore area near the Yangtze Estuary in the East China Sea. The hydrodynamic module was driven by tide and wind. Sediment module included sediment resuspension, transport and deposition of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment. The settling of cohesive sediment in the water column was modeled as a function of aggregation (flocculation) and deposition. The numerical results were compared with observation data for August, 2006. It shows that the sediment concentration reduces gradually from the seashore to the offshore area. Numerical results of concentration time series in the observation stations show two peaks and two valleys, according with the observation data. It is mainly affected by tidal current. The suspended sediment concentration is related to the tidal current during a tidal cycle, and the maximum concentration appears 1 h-4 h after the current maximum velocity has reached.

Feeding habits of Calanus sinicus (Crustacea : Copepoda) during spring and autumn in the Bohai Sea studied with the herbivore index

Pigment ingestion rate (PIR) and egg production rate (EPR) of the dominant copepod Calanus sinicus, as well as chlorophyll-a concentration and phytoplankton assemblages were measured in the Bohai Sea, North China in June 1997, October 1998 and May 1999. A herbivore index (H) was also calculated as the carbon specific ratio of PIR and EPR, in order to investigate its feeding habits in the spring and autumn phytoplankton bloom respectively. On average, chlorophyll-a concentration was relatively similar (1-1.34 mg m(-3)) in the three cruises, but PIR was quite different. It was 3.24 mu g C female(-1) d(-1) in October, equivalent to one half of the PIR for June and one third of the PIR for May. Average EPR was highest in May, and quite similar during the other two months. According to H values, herbivorous feeding contributed 100% of the egg production of C. sinicus in June, 82.5% in May, but only 47.8% in October. It is possible that omnivorous feeding of C. sinicus in October was induced by a prevalence of large-sized diatoms and sufficient non-phytoplankton food resources during the autumn bloom period.

Divergent selection and realized heritability for growth in the Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis Jay

In order to improve the production and accurately estimate response to selection, divergent selection for growth in shell height was conducted in a cultured population of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Applying the same selection intensity +/- 1.756 in upward and downward directions, three groups including two selected groups of Fast and Slow and one non-selected Control group were created, which were reared under the same environmental conditions at any stage. Differences always significantly existed among the three groups (P < 0.05), except for larvae at day 1 and at day 5, and in the order of Fast > Control > Slow. The average standardized response to selection (SR), realized heritability (h(R)2) and genetic gain (GG) was 0.473%, 0.269% and 7.85% for the Fast group and 0.381%, 0.217% and 6.60% for the Slow group respectively. Moreover, significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected between the fast and the slow lines in both SR and h(R)2, providing evidence for an asymmetric response in two directions. Performance in shell height is improved by 7.85% in the fast line after one generation selection, suggesting that mass selection for faster growth in a cultured population of the Japanese scallop is effective.

Corrosion resistance of steel with hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings in seawater

Hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings were used as the hot-dipped low alloy zinc coatings (aluminum content less than protective metallic coatings for steel structures in seawater in Chi- or equal to 10 wt%) is equal to or even lower than that of the pure na. Corrosion of the two coatings immersed in sea water in Qingdao zinc sheet, while the performance of the hot-dipped high alloy zinc and Xiamen for 6 years were introduced and analyzed, which pro-coatings is higher than that of the pure zinc sheet. The hot-dipped vides a basis for further development and applications of these coat- high alloy zinc coatings can be further developed for optimal tings in China. Tests proved that the anti-corrosion performance of formance in the future.

液相色谱/质谱大气压化学电离源鉴定深海鱼油中长链不饱和脂肪酸

以1,2-苯并-3,4-二氢咔唑-9-乙基苯磺酸酯为衍生化试剂,在充氮的气氛下对鱼油进行皂化处理,所得皂化产物经正己烷萃取处理后进行柱前衍生化,再以HPLC/MS分离和鉴定。通过对长链脂肪酸分子的标记处理,其衍生物分子在质谱分析中呈现出双键位置的规范信息。通过建立模型计算式,借助不饱和脂肪酸的分子离子峰和特征碎片离子峰的质量数,计算不饱和的碳碳双键位置。共鉴定出23种脂肪酸。结果表明深海鱼油主要由C12-C22的脂肪酸组成,多不饱和脂肪酸含量占67.08%（峰面积百分比,下同）,其中C16∶19-十六碳烯酸（11.7%）;C16∶44,7,10,13-十六碳四烯酸（2.91%）;C18∶112-十八碳烯酸（11.1%）;C18∶46,9,12,15-十八碳四烯酸（3.62%）;C20∶113-二十碳烯酸（1.21%）;C20∶55,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸（16.71%）;C22∶62,5,8,11,14,17-二十二碳六烯酸（10.53%）。所建立的方法为不饱和脂肪酸碳链中双键位置的确定提供了新的技术手段。

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区UV-B的气候变化特征

分析祁连山海北高寒草甸地区2002年太阳总辐射（Eg）、UV-B及UV-B占Eg比例的气候变化特征。结果表明：海北站地区UV-B较强，日瞬时最高接近10W•m^-2，日总量最高达0．204MJ•m^-2；日、年变化依Eg的日、年变化具有显著的正相关关系。UV-B与Eg的比值（η），不论是日变化还是年变化表现明显，一日间早晚低，中午高，一年间6月最高，冬季的12月低，与太阳高度角的变化具有一定的正相关关系。年平均η约为0．54％，植物生长期的5～9月约为0．65％。在海北高寒草甸地区Eg和UV-B的年总量分别达6387．436MJ•m^-2和35．981MJ•m^-2。

中国内陆河流域尺度的水资源利用率提高研究--黑河流域水-生态-经济管理试验示范

水资源是人类生存和社会发展中最重要的成分,中国内陆河的可持续发展所面临的生态问题源自有限的水资源和高的人口压力这两个方面的不协调.通过总结"黑河流域水-生态-经济系统试验示范研究"项目近几年在涵养水源、绿洲尺度的水利用率提高和流域水-生态-经济系统中的水资源配置的部分试验成果和研究进展,以实际事例展示了在流域尺度上提高水资源利用率的可行性和潜力.加强基础研究、引入"虚拟水"等创新意识、通过专家和管理层的结合可进一步提高流域水资源利用率.

硝化和反硝化对湖泊有机质沉积成岩前降解作用的研究

贵州红枫湖10月叶绿素a(chla)和NO3^-含量均比7月明显降低。利用氮同位素等数据对此进行了研究，结果表明，含量的降低是由不同的生物地球化学作用引起的。chla含量的降低主要是水体中有机质降解(硝化)所致，而NO3^- 含量的降低则是缺氧季节湖泊沉积物表层反硝化作用的结果。缺氧季节表层水体仍然能发生较强烈的硝化作用。硝化作用和反硝化作用分别发生在热分层湖泊的上层和沉积物表层。反硝化作用不仅消耗大量的NO3^-，而且还造成了一定量的有机质降解(有机碳作为电子受体)。据估算，在红枫湖后五测点和大坝测点，总有机碳在沉积成岩前分别降解了78％和68％。其中由硝化作用引起的总有机质降解量分别为35．8%和25．9％，而反硝化作用则分别为13．4％和9．2％.

墨江金矿成矿流体的形成演化机制

笔者利用矿物流体包裹体、稳定同位素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学等手段，研究了墨江金矿成矿流体的地球化学特征，成矿物质来源和形成演化机制。研究结果表明，墨江金矿为中低温热液金矿床，成矿流体属于中性－弱碱性的钠质溶液，其中的水为大气降和岩浆水混合成因，矿化剂主要来源于深部，金主要来源于海西期超基性岩和志留系金厂组浅变质岩。

高压差热分析方法（HP-DTA）研究钙蒙脱石-氯化钙-水体系中的脱水作用

在开放（P_水381 * (1000/T) (5.63M) 10%: 1np = 14.270-5.806 * (1000/T) (11.26M) 20%: 1np = 14.580 - 5.831 * (1000/T) (16.9M) 30%: 1np = 14.412 - 5.519 * (1000/T)根据这些等式求出了在不同压力、温度下各种浓度的CaCl_2-H_2O流体的水逸度系数（￡）。由于至目前为止在文献中还没有这方面的实验研究报道，因而无法评价这一新方法所获得的数据的准确性。利用求得的￡值，在本篇论文中建立起了不同浓度的CaCl_2-H_2O流体影响钙蒙脱石脱水温度的热力学模式：TD' = [T_1*T_D*(ΔH_(tw) + ΔH_(sv)~盐）/[T_1*(ΔG + ΔH_(dn)~水）-T_D~* (ΔH_(av)~水-ΔH_(sv)~盐）在0-1M浓度范围内，可以认为ΔH_(dh)~水≈H_(dh)~盐，等式变为：TD' = (TD*ΔH_(dh))/(ΔG + ΔH_(dh)）根据这个模式，能推导出在实验浓度范围内，钙蒙脱石在盐水体系中的脱水温度。通过本次论文的实验研究知道在一般沉积盆地的埋芷条件下，钙蒙脱石矿物不会发生简单的脱水作用。在缺乏K~+和低盐度的环境中，含水相蒙脱石可稳定地存在在一定深度的地壳中因而不可忽略蒙脱石在海洋化学和俯冲带水来源中的作用。在选择处理簇射性废料的回填料（backfill）时，如其它条件相同，则应优先选择钙蒙脱石，而不是蛭石。在石油采矿和勘探工程中，因压力释放所造成的蒙脱石的脱水作用可能是使钻井变大和塌方的可能性原因之一。