235 resultados para Maleic Anhydride Grafting


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The melting behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted nascent polyethylene reactor powder by plasma irradiation was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The grafting yield ranged hom 11 to 190%. Grafting was found to lower both melting point and heat of fusion during the first run of DSC determination. The heat of fusion was used to calculate the apparent grafting yield of the samples. There was little strain induced by plasma-irradiated grafting on the surface of the polyethylene crystals. A method to determine the covalent grafting yield in the graft copolymer systems was developed. (C) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to study phase separation of three blends of anhydride-cure bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin with phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone). Phase separation was observed for all the blends. The overall compatibility and the resulting morphology of the cured blends are dependent on the choice of cure agent. The phenomena have been discussed from the points of view of both thermodynamics and kinetics. The effects of the choice of hardener on phase separation are considered to be primarily due to differences between the chemical natures of the hardeners.

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Ti/SiO2 (or Ti/de[B]SiO2) catalysts were prepared by grafting deboronated silica xerogel with gaseous TiCl4. Using TBHP as oxidant, the Ti/de[B]SiO2 catalyst shows both catalytic activity and selectivity in epoxidation of cyclohexene better than 80%, and the activity can be comparable with that of Ti-beta. The catalytic activity of Ti/de[B]SiO2 strongly depends on the content of B of support precursor, and the pretreatment temperature of the support. IR studies show that the sites in the deboronated silica xerogel to react with TiCl4 are not only the silanol nests, but also the defect sites produced during the deboronation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Titania-silica (Ti/SiO2) and silica-titania-silica (Si/Ti/SiO2) catalysts were:prepared by chemical grafting using TiCl4 and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors and SiO2 as support. The prepared catalysts were characterized by UV Raman and visible Raman spectroscopies, XRD and the epoxidation of styrene; Ti/SiO2: catalyst grafted with only titanium species is not very active for epoxidation using H2O2 (30%), but is active and-selective when one uses tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The catalyst grafted at high temperatures shows better epoxide selectivity. Si/Ti/SiO2 catalyst, the titanium-silica grafted further with TEOS, is active and selective for the epoxidation of styrene using either dilute H2O2 or TBHP, possibly due to the fact that the grafting of Ti/SiO2 with TEOS modifies the coordination structure of titanium and makes the titanium sites of Si-O-Ti-O-Si species less hydrophilic. A characteristic band at 1085cm(-1) due to Ti-O-Si species is detected for the grafted catalysts by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. Reaction between TiCl4 and SiO2 at high temperatures favors the formation of Ti-O-Si species. Better activity and selectivity to epoxide,is found for the catalysts with more Ti-O-Si species. It is assumed that the active sites are the highly isolated Ti-O-Si species. For Si/Ti/SiO2 catalyst, the gas phase O-2 can participate in the catalytic oxidation of styrene when H2O2 is present ana:ii causes the formation of benzaldehyde. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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A new post-grafting process, consisting of two steps of substrate preparation and sol - gel post-grafting, has been developed to prepare titanium-doped mesoporous SBA-15 material with a double-layered structure and locally concentrated titanium content at the inner pore surface. With this novel technique, the single phased and originally ordered mesostructures can be well conserved; in the conventional direct synthesis they can be partially damaged when the frameworks are doped with high content heteroatoms. Titanium species exist in an isolated, tetrahedral structure and are localized at the pore surface; this is beneficial to both reactant access and product release. Characterization with XRD, N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, HREM/ EDS, ICP, UV - Vis, and the newly developed UV - Raman spectroscopy confirm these results. Preliminary catalytic tests with the selective epoxidation of cyclohexene show good catalytic activity. Among them, sample TiSBA-15-10 with a Si : Ti molar ratio of 10 shows a TON value of 75 and a highest product ( epoxide) yield of 55%.

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在涂敷有聚合物PEI涂层的单晶硅表面上制备了HFBA单层分子膜,接触角测量及XPS结果表明,HFBA在PEI表面产生了化学吸附发生了化学键合(酰胺键),形成了低表面能的HFBA单分子层膜.这一吸附反应的动力学行为可能表现为Langmuir单分子层化学吸附.

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脂肪酸是生物体内普遍存在、具重要生理功能的物质,亦是重要的化工原料。研究脂肪酸生物合成及其调控,既是揭示生命活动基本规律的需要,又具巨大的经济价值。多形汉逊氏酵母(Hansenula polymorpha)是一种甲基嗜热酵母,能合成多聚不饱和脂肪酸,是研究脂肪酸生物合成的理想材料之一。为阐明多形汉逊氏酵母细胞中脂肪酸生物合成途径、关键步骤、调节机理,并利用此系统生产有用脂肪酸,我们开展了不饱和脂肪酸生物合成关键酶基因--△9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因研究。 以P. angusta IFO 1475的P-OLE1基因为探针,Southern杂交分析,发现在亲缘关系很近的不同种类的甲基嗜热酵母如H. pofymorpha、Pichia angusta、P. pastoris、P. methanolica和Candida boMinii中Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的结构多形性。 构建了H. polymorpha CBS 1976染色体Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因座位的限制性酶切图谱,进而分离了3.4 kb BamHI-XhoI基因片段并进行全序列分析,结果表明这个片段含1个与已克隆的酵母Δ59-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因高度同源的、由1353 bp组成的ORF。推导的H-OLE1多肽具脂肪酸去饱和酶的一些基本特征,如含2个结构域:1个位于N一端、含3个保守的组氨酸簇、具催化功能,另1个位于C-端、参与脱饱和反应中电子传递、类似细胞色素b5。将这个序列申报DDBJ,获得Accession number为:AB024576,推导的蛋白的氨基酸序列的Accession number为:BAA75902。 为验证H-OLE1基因的功能,建立了多形汉逊氏酵母DNA电穿孔实验系统,进行了遗传互补测验。发现完整的H-OLE1基因可互补缺乏Δ59-脂肪酸去饱和酶活性的多形汉逊氏酵母营养缺陷型fadl突变体,却不能互补相应的酿酒酵母olel突变体,而由酿酒酵母GAP表达框架和H-OLE1 ORF组成的嵌合基因可互补上述olel突变体。说明H-OLE1基因编码Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶,多形汉逊氏酵母的Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶和酿酒酵母的脂肪酸脱饱和系统相亲和,而H-OLE1基因的启动子在异源细胞中没有活性。 为研究H-OLE1基因的转录及其调节规律,通过一系列实验,首次找到了可在研究多形汉逊氏酵母基因表达时用作内标的GAP基因。Northern杂交发现,H-OLE1基因在细胞中以较低水平表达,产生1.5 kb的转录子;基因表达略受不饱和脂肪酸的抑制;在多形汉逊氏酵母HOLE1基因的转录调节中,Choi等在酿酒酵母OLE1基因中发现的脂肪酸调节元件FAR可能不是关键的。 利用基因敲除技术,通过转化H-OLE1∷S-LEU2线性DNA到多形汉逊氏酵母二倍体细胞(fadl/FADl)中,首次构建了多形汉逊氏酵母H-OLE1基因的破坏株。遗传学和分子生物学研究表明,破坏株细胞中线性DNA定位串联多拷贝整合到染色体中并置换了fadl突变部位。利用气相色谱分析了ΔH-OLE1破坏株、fadl-2突变株、野生型菌株及含H-OLE1基因转化子的细胞总脂肪酸,发现多形汉逊氏酵母细胞中除18:0→18:1(Δ9)→18:2(Δ9,12)→18:3(Δ9,12,15)这个脂肪酸去饱和主路外,还可能存在其它几个脱饱和反应与延长反应,如16:1(Δ9)→16:2(Δ9,12)→18:2(Δ11,14);16:1(Δ9)→18:1(Δ11)→18:2(Δ11,15)等。 近年维管组织分化研究进展迅速,取得大量可喜结果,也存在许多不足,如细胞分化调节机理,特别是激素诱导的分子机理研究比较薄弱。为建立研究维管组织分化的理想系统,研究嫁接体发育的激素调节机制,在Parkinson和Yeoman发明的离体茎段嫁接系统的基础上,研究了激素对嫁接体发育特别是维管组织分化的影响。 采用不同的嫁接方法,用试管苗对黄瓜离体茎段自体嫁接、亲和性的黄瓜/黑籽南瓜与不亲和性的黄瓜/绿豆离体茎段嫁接组合进行研究,建立了嫁接过程简单、污染率低的试管苗离体茎段嫁接系统。利用往培养基中添加或不加植物激素研究嫁接体发育,发现通过改变培养基中的植物激素,可使亲和的嫁接体难以形成贯通砧木和接穗的维管束桥,也可诱导非亲和性的嫁接体产生维管束桥。初步研究证明利用植物激素可以克服嫁接不亲和性,这一结果是嫁接基础理论研究的一个重要进展,对揭示嫁接亲和性机制具重要意义。由于黄瓜绿豆嫁接组合中,砧木绿豆是可以固氮的豆科植物,研究结果具有潜在的应用前景。 详细地研究了外源IAA和玉米素(ZT)对黄瓜自体嫁接系统中维管束桥形成时间和数目特别是贯通砧木和接穗的管状分子数的影响。当砧木和接穗培养基中都没有添加植物激素时,嫁接接合部难以产生维管束桥,也难以产生贯通的管状分子。当培养基中添加植物激素时,维管束桥数和贯通的管状分子数随激素浓度和种类的不同而不同。本实验的最佳激素条件是:在接穗培养基中加IAA 1.0 mg/L和ZT 0.25 mg/L,在砧木培养基中加ZT 0.25 mg/L。研究表明在试管苗离体茎段自体嫁接系统中,外源激素是嫁接成功的必要条件。试管苗离体茎段嫁接系统是一个理想的研究植物维管组织分化的新系统。 通过对嫁接体发育期接合部及嫁接体各部分IAA、玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的ELISA分析,发现嫁接接合部维管束的再生受IAA和Z+ZR含量的共同调节;连接接穗和砧木维管束桥的分化比维管束的网联要求更高的IAA水平及LAA(Z+ZR)比率。 上述结果为利用嫁接系统研究维管组织分化机理奠定了基础,使进一步研究嫁接体发育的激素调节机理成为可能。

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Perfluorinated organic compounds (PFOCs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely present in the environment, wildlife and human. We studied the cellular toxicology of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Cultured hepatocytes were exposed to PFOS or PFOA (0, 1, 5, 15 and 30 mg L-1) for 24 h, and a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion method. Significant induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by increases in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were found, while activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were decreased. Glutathione (GSH) content was reduced following treatment of PFOA and PFOS. A dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level (measured as maleic dialdehyde, MDA) was observed only in the PFOA exposure groups, whereas LPO remained unchanged in the PFOS exposure groups. Furthermore, a significant activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 activities was evident in both PFOS and PFOA exposure groups. Typical DNA fragmentation (DNA laddering) was further characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The overall results demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA are able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis with involvement of caspases in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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(N-4'-methoxy-2-methyl-5-phenyl)-3-pyrryl-ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride fulgide, doped in PMMA matrix, exhibits photochromic behavior. The fatigue resistance experiment shows no photodegradation is detected after more than 450 writing-erasing cycles. Study of fulgide material for holographic recording media shows the optimal exposure and the diffraction efficiency is 1047 mJ/cm(2) and 2.26%, respectively, with 10 mum thickness polymer film. Holographic grating with 1680 lines/mm at writing angle theta = 30degrees is also obtained. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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聚(β-轻基丁酸醋-co-β-经基戊酸酷)(PHBV)是一种生物降解脂肪族聚酷,其结晶成核密度低,结晶速度比较慢且易生成大尺寸的球晶。以球晶中心向外扩展形成许多圆环状的开裂以及沿球晶生长方向形成许多劈裂,从而导致了PHBV呈脆性断裂。只要能有效地降低其结晶度,减小球晶尺寸,就可以达到增韧的目的。通过PHBV与二氧化碳一环氧丙烷共聚物(PPC)反应接枝来调控PHBV的结构和相形态,具有实际的理论意义和应用前景。开展了PPC的封端和与PHBv的接枝反应。首次提出了甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醋(GMA)与PHBV及PPC与PHBV-GMA的接枝反应机理。确信PHBV接枝GMA的接枝点发生在PHBV骨架上的季碳原子上,反应过程中没有交联反应和降解反应的发生。发现PHBv-g-Gh1A共聚物上环氧基能与封端的PPc上的梭基熔融反应原位生成了PHBv-g-PPC共聚物。在机械共混物中两大分子之间的接枝和醋交换反应几乎不发生。GMA的引入阻止了PHBV的降解行为,从而改善了PHBV的加工性能。成功地调控了PHBVPC结构及相形态。证实了PHBV与PPC在反应共混过程中的接枝反应。加入PPC阻碍了PHBV的结晶,这在反应体系中更加明显。通过控制反应条件和反应物的组成,可以使非反应共混物中PHBV球晶变得不规则,发生扭曲变形,球晶尺寸降低;而在反应共混物中,可以使其球晶已很难辨认。SEM结果表明在PHBV用PC(30/70)和PHBV用PC(70/30)共混物中发生了相转变。尤其在反应共混物中淬断面表现为塑性。力学性能随共混组成而发生较大幅度的改变。发现通过改变组成及对反应共混相结构的控制,PHBV共混物的断裂伸长率可变化1一2个数量级,从而实现了制得一系列从脆性断裂塑料到高韧性弹性体的高分子材料。研究了反应接枝共混体系的熔融、结晶行为、等温和非等温结晶动力学。发现加入的GMA对PHBV有成核作用。引入的PPC阻碍了PHBV的结晶,降低PHBV的结晶度,球晶径向生长速率,平衡熔点和结晶能力。结晶速率与冷却速率有较大的依赖性。修正的Avrami方程能很好地描述PHBv和PHBv爪PC共混物非等温结晶过程。对动态力学性能的分析发现,反应共混物相比于非反应共混物聚合物玻璃化温度都有不同程度的内移,说明两组分间相容性增加,接枝共聚物具有良好的增容效果,显著地改善了两相界面性能。PHBV可以部分进入PPC相区,使共混物分子运动特征发生改变。发现在熔体加工条件下,PHBV与PPC之间很难发生酷交换反应,但是以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,氯苯为溶剂,在120℃条件下,两者可以发生醋交换反应。在聚己内醋(PCL)用PC熔融共混过程中GMA可以有效地抑制过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)所引起的PCL交联反应。在DCP和OMA存在下得到的样品之球晶具有十字消光现象,球晶规整度增大。同在溶液中醋交换催化剂存在下PPC和PCL发生了酷交换反应后所形成的球晶相结构相类似,而PCL/PPCOCP体系所形成的球晶中含有大量的非晶相区。从而,确信了GMA在脂肪族聚醋,脂肪族聚碳酸醋等生物降解高分子反应共混体系中的双重作用:一是引入具有高反应活性的官能团;二是减少在过氧化物作用下PHBV类高分子的降解及PCL类高分子的交联反应。PCL共混组分可以提高PPC相区的稳定性。提高反应时间或催化剂浓度同样能够改善热稳定性。

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本硕士论文主要工作是利用氯化原位接枝反应对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)进行氯化及醉基化。对上述反应体系的反应机理,产物的化学结构、链结构、反应条件对MAH接枝率(GD%)的影响以及物理机械性能等进行了详细的讨论。采用FT-IR和~1HNMR方法对氯化原位接枝反应的配化产物CPE-g-MAH进行了表征。二者均证明了MAH单体接枝到氯化聚乙烯主链上,证实了氯化原位接枝反应的可行性。并用~1HNMR,结合EI-Ms电喷雾质谱表征了氯化原位接枝共聚物CPE-g-MAH的链结构。反应过程中,主链及支链均被氯化。氯化原位接枝共聚物CPE-g-MAH凝胶含量的测定结果表明,在氯化原位接枝过程中没有交联反应的发生。论文中还研究了醉化CPE的合成过程。主要针对反应条件对MAH接枝率(GD%)的影响进行了详细的讨论,包括氯化原位接枝的温度模式、MAH单体量、氯气流量、氯含量等对MAH接枝率(GD%)的影响。同时探讨了氯化原位接枝反应历程。考查了氯化原位接枝MAH体系和氯化HDPE林系自由基浓度随时间变化的情况。接枝产物的硫化特性曲线表明:由于MAH的引入,聚合物主链上连接有酸配基团,使得氯化原位接枝共聚物CPE-g-MAH可以通过官能团之间相互反应而交联成为可能。随着MAH接枝量的升高,接枝率上升使得HDPE大分子链上带有更多MAH接枝点,CPE-g-MAH可硫化的程度相应提高。接枝产物的力学性能测试结果表明:随着MAH接枝率的增加,材料的拉伸强度上升,而材料的扯断伸长率、硬度等力学性能下降。

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合成三个系列的新型表面活性剂,制备了三个系列的聚乙烯接枝共聚物。第一系列的表面活性剂是将Tween8O、span80,聚氧乙烯肉桂醇醚,PEO(400),PEO(1000),PEO(2000)OCOC1’7H35和PEO(6000)-OCOC17H35引入双键而使其功能化,然后接枝到聚乙烯分子链上,表面活性剂的引入改变了聚乙烯的表面性能,使其亲水性增加。前三者为商品防雾滴剂,实验发现防雾滴剂的聚乙烯接枝共聚物膜的防雾滴性不如物理共混法制备的聚乙烯防雾滴膜的效果好。接枝聚乙烯共聚物LLDPE-g-PEO和LLDPE-g-PEO-sterate,由于结构差别,共聚物表面组成不同。前者随着支链长度的增加,支链柔性降低,共聚物表面氧的富集量趋于减少;而后者由于疏水基硬脂酸中碳链的存在,随着支链的增加,共聚物表面氧的富集量增加。LLDPE-g-PEO(400)和LLDPE-g-PEO(1000)的等温结晶速率都比空白聚乙烯的快。由于PEO与聚乙烯不相容,支链PEo在接枝共聚物中起异相成核剂的作用,使结晶速率加快。LLDPE-g-PEO(2000)-stearate的等温结晶速率与聚乙烯的接近,但比空白聚乙烯的略慢。这是由于支链末端硬脂酸碳链是柔性的疏水链,且与聚乙烯有较好的相容性,在本体聚乙烯非晶区中活动性较强,带动聚氧乙烯支链向相同的方向运动,使支链在聚乙烯中分散且伸展,对聚乙烯分子起惰性稀释剂的作用而导致结晶速率降低;但聚氧乙烯(2000)又具有结晶性,在本体聚乙烯中起异相成核剂的作用,使聚乙烯结晶速率加快,这两种作用消长的结果,使LLDPE-g-PEO(2000)-stearte接枝共聚物的结晶速率接近聚乙烯,但比聚乙烯的结晶速率略慢。LLDPE-g-PEO(6000)-stearate接枝共聚物的结晶速率比聚乙烯的快,这是由于聚氧乙烯(6000)的结晶性较强,活动性较强的硬脂酸基团很难使其伸展,其晶粒在本体聚乙烯中主要起异相成核剂的作用,导致其结晶速率比聚乙烯的快。为了弄清表面活性剂接枝到大分子链上的作用机理,特设计第二、第三系列的表面活性剂。第二系列的新型表面活性剂是I、II、III、IV和V,以及含有不饱和键的表面活性剂A-I、A-II和A-III。这些表面活性剂是以聚乙二醇、乙二醇、1,6-己二醇和1,10-癸二醇为主要的起始原料制得的。实验结果发现这些表面活性剂的表面张力随着疏水链长度的增加而增加。以A-I、A-II和A-II作为接枝单体,将其成功接枝到聚乙烯分子链上,从而改善了聚乙烯的表面性能。 由FTIR确定了其接枝率。由DSc对其等温结晶行为的研究发现:接枝链在本体聚合物中起异相成核剂的作用,加速了结晶过程,但没有改变聚乙烯晶格结构(WXA)。随着接枝链中的疏水链长度的增加,等温结晶速率加快。在低剪切速率时,空白聚乙烯具有牛顿流体的特性,而接枝聚乙烯表现出非牛顿流体行为。接枝聚合物在低剪切速率具有剪切变稠、高剪切速率时剪切变稀的现象。第三系列的新型表面活性剂是含氟和聚氧乙烯的特种表面活性剂:productIII(600-4600)。以FTIR和1HNMR表征其结构。以productIII(600-4600)为接枝单体,成功制得含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物,亲水性表面活性剂的引入,同样改变了聚乙烯的表面性能。当PEO分子量较低时,含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的表面极性随着接枝链的分子量增加,极性增加,在ProductIII(1500)时,达到最大值,分子量继续增加,极性反而降低。这是由于支链结晶增加而影响分子链的迁移。含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的等温结晶速率比空白LLDPE的高,而且接枝共聚物的结晶速率随着支链分子量的增加而加快。这是由于含氟聚氧乙烯的接枝链在结晶体系中起成核剂的作用,使结晶过程加速。由于接枝率低,接枝链在接枝共聚物起异相成核剂的作用,虽然加速了结晶速率,但没有破坏聚乙烯晶格。