Evidences of the intertidal red alga Grateloupia turuturu in turning Vibrio parahaemolyticus into non-culturable state in the presence of light

Grateloupia turuturu, previously known as Grateloupia doryphora, has been widely reported to be an invasive algal species. There are no studies to relate the impact of its existence on its surrounding environment. In this paper, we present our results to show that about 70% of individuals collected from the field could turn Vibrio parahaemolyticus into non-culturable state on both selective (TCBS) and non-selective (2216E) culture medium in 24 h in the presence of light in live algal culture. Total bacteria counts on TCBS and 2216E plates dropped from the initial 565 (174) and 1192 (60) cfu ml(-1) respectively to zero in 24 h. This effect disappeared when the alga was grown in darkness. The same effect was not found in two other intertidal macroalgae Laminaria japonica and Palmaria palmata. Further tests showed that the settlement ability of bacteria in seawater was impaired significantly in the presence of this alga in comparison with three other algal species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

氨氮对海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）胚胎及幼虫的毒性影响

作者以海湾扇贝胚胎和幼虫为材料，研究了氨氮的毒性影响。氨氮对海湾扇贝胚胎孵化率为EC50为1.97ppm总氨氮（相当于0.094ppm非离子氨）。氨氮对早D形幼虫、平均壳长110μ的D形幼虫和壳顶幼虫的96小时LC50分别为6.33、7.84和5.25总氨氮（相当于0.302、0.374和0.251ppm非离子氨）。氨氮对幼虫生长、眼点发生和变态的EC50分别为4.04、2.10和2.67ppm总氨氮（相当于0.193、0.10和0.127ppm非离子氨）。实验结果表明，海湾扇贝早期D形幼虫对氨氮毒性的耐受力比壳长较大的D形幼虫的耐受力低，但壳顶幼虫的耐受力最低。海湾扇贝在胚胎发育期和幼虫眼点发生与变态期对氨氮的毒性作用非常敏感。

节能型自治式多功能海洋环境监测系统的静力分析和姿态计算

海洋监测是人类认识海洋、研究海洋的有利工具，海洋自动观测仪器又是海洋监测技术最基本的硬件单元。文章介绍了一种具有自主知识产权的海洋仪器产品——节能型自治式多功能海洋环境监测系统，并对其做了静力分析和姿态计算。 该测量系统将定点锚泊潜标和浮标技术相结合，并创新性的融进了节能技术，使其具有长期、安全和多参数测量的工作特点。 为确保系统能在水下长期可靠地工作，文章对系统在水下的受力状况和姿态进行了计算。由于系统潜标式主浮体在水下几十米，海面波浪对其影响较小，仅对系统在海流的作用下进行水下静力分析。计算中首先根据总体技术要求进行合理的简化和假设，建立水下系统的数学模型，编制系统在水下的受力和姿态计算软件，完成系统的结构配置、受力分析和水下姿态的计算。 值得注意的是，该系统的潜标式主浮体受力分析方法与传统简单构形（一个浮体，一根索和一个锚）的分析方法不同，因为该潜标式主浮体不但受到下端缆绳的拉力，而且还受到连结上端搭载平台缆绳的拉力，同时还要考虑进变化海流对缆绳的作用。 最后，用MATLAB编制了相应程序。该程序操作方便，每次任务确定之后，只需向计算机输入阻尼系数、浮力重力值、浮球直径及潜标长度等参数，程序将自动计算出水下系统在 流速范围内各部件的横倾角、缆绳拉力及拉力与水平线（垂直线）夹角等有关参数，供系统配置做参考。

Impacts of HAB species Heterosigma akashiwo on early development of the scallop Argopecten irradians Lamarck

The effects of Heterosigma akashiwo on the early development of Argopecten irradians Lamarck: eggs, D-shaped larvae, eye-spot larvae and juveniles, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Exposing fertilized eggs to various densities of H. akashiwo algal culture revealed that the development of the embryos to the gastrula was significantly slowed at densities of more than 1 X 10(4) cells/ml algal cells, and mostly was arrested when the embryos reached the trochophore larvae stage. At this stage, several trochophore larvae were adhered together by the algal cells, resulting in the inhibition of their swimming activity. Larvae had still not developed into D-shaped larvae after 30 h, and therefore did not finish the hatching process. The attachment and adherence of the algal cells to the larvae might be an important process in the mechanism of the impact on egg hatching success. The activity of the D-shaped larvae was significantly inhibited after 48 h exposure to H. akashiwo at a density of 15 X 10(4) cells/ml and after 96 h at 10 X 10(4) cells/ml. The survival rate of the eye-spot larvae was decreased significantly after 48 h exposure to the algal culture at densities of more than 1 X 10(4) cells/ml. However, all the juveniles could survive and their climbing and attachment activity were not affected after 1 and 5 h exposure to the algal culture at all the various algal cell densities tested from 5 to 20 X 10(4) cells/ml. The results indicated that susceptibility of embryos or larvae to the alga H. akashiwo differs depending on the developmental stage. The embryos and the eye-spot larvae of A. irradians are more sensitive stages to the toxicity of H. akashiwo. Observed effects of H. akashiwo exposure on early development of A. irradians serve to point out to the potential danger of this alga for scallop populations. The possible toxicological mechanisms of H. akashiwo on the scallop embryos and larvae are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Genetic improvement on Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis): growth and viability performance in F1 hybrids of different populations

Fenneropenaeus chinensis distributed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Different geographical populations represent potentially different genetic resources. To learn further the characteristics of different geographical population, crosses among two wild and three farmed populations were produced. The two wild populations were from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (WYP), and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and coast (WKN). The three farmed populations included the offspring of first generation of wild shrimp from coast in Korea (FKN), the Huang Hai (the Yellow Sea in Chinese) No.1 (HH1), and JK98. The phenotypes growth and survival rates of these populations were compared to confirm the feasibility for crossbreeding. The body length (BL), carapace length (CL), carapace width (CW), height of the second and third abdominal segment (HST), width of the second and third abdominal segment (WST), length of the first abdominal segment (LF), length of the last abdominal segment (LL), live body weight (BW), and survival rate were measured. Different combinations were statistically performed with ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results show that the survival rate of JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) was the highest, followed by WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) and WYP(a (TM) Euro)xFKN(a (TM),); the body weight of FKN(a (TM) Euro)sxHH1(a (TM),) was the highest, followed by FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),), WYP(a (TM) Euro)xFKN(a (TM),) and JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),); the total length had the same ranking as the body weight. All growth traits in hybrids JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) were the lowest among all combinations. F1 hybrids had significant difference (P < 0.05) in BL, CL, HST, LL, and BW; and insignificant difference (P > 0.05) in other growth traits and survival rate. The results of Duncan's Multiple Range Test are that BL and CL of JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) were significantly different from the other combinations; HST different from the combination of FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) and WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),); and BW different from FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),) and FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),). As a whole, the results indicate that the FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) was the best combination in all growth traits. Therefore, hybridization can introduce the variation to base populations. The systematic selection program based on additive genetic performance may be more effective than crossbreeding.

黄河源区气候温暖化及其对植被生产力影响评价

在分析黄河源区气温、降水变化的基础上,用Turc经验模式计算黄河源区的蒸散量,同时分析了近十几年来土壤湿度、植被地上净初级生产力的变化特征.结果表明,1959-2005年,黄河源区年平均气温按0.0284 ℃/a的变率升高,降水变化态势平稳,但蒸散量增加趋势明显,上升倾向率达0.7315 mm/a,气温上升趋势与年代增加具有明显的相关性.从1987年以来土壤湿度的监测结果分析得知,黄河源区下垫面蒸散量的加大使土壤向干暖化发展.这种气候因素的影响,导致近十几年来植被地上净初级生产力按9.506 g/(m2a)的倾向率下降.

青海种子植物特有种及其生态地理分布

主要依据中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青藏高原生物标本馆内所存标本为基础,结合对相关资料的全面收集,整理出青海特有植物82种和37变种,隶属19科54属.文中除了分科、属列出每个种或种下类型在青海境内到县一级的产地、生境和海拔高度等以外,还列出了它们的原始文献和可供引证、查阅的标本号.是研究青海高原植物区系的组成、性质和特点以及发生和演变规律等方面问题的基础资料.

青海柴达木盆地都兰地区农田杂草的综合防治

通过轮作并结合化学药剂防治的方法对青海柴达木盆地农田杂草的防治进行了有益的探索，即利用春小麦与春油菜2种作物轮作，在苗期分别采用不同的化学药剂混剂对单子叶和双子叶杂草进行综合防治，并且筛选出了用于春小麦田和春油菜田苗期施用的一次性复混化学除草剂应用于大面积生产，从而达到综合控制该地区农田杂草的目的。

“黑土型”退化草地研究工作的回顾与展望

青藏高原是我国主要的畜牧业基地之一。青藏高原退化草地面积约为4 251 万hm 2, 占全区可利用草地面积的33% , 其中“黑土型”退化草地面积估计为703.19 万hm 2, 占全区退化草地面积的16.54%。其中, 轻度退化草地可食牧草量与毒草量的比值为1.73∶1, 中度为2.46∶1, 重度为0.98∶1, 极度为0.33∶1。不同退化程度的草地其地下活根量呈下降趋势, 土壤含水量亦明显下降。退化草地土壤趋于碱性, 有机质减少, 速效养分增高。“黑土型”退化草地鼠类危害相当严重, 青海省达日县草场高原鼠兔的平均洞口数为4 168个/hm 2, 有效洞口数为1 167 个/hm 2, 有鼠兔374 只/ hm 2。据统计, 青海省达日县1985 年“黑土型”退化草地为16.77 万hm 2, 1994 年猛增到57.50 万hm 2, 平均每年以14.75%的速度递增, 每年退化4.50 万hm 2。“黑土型”退化草地面积不断扩大, 使江河源头生态环境日趋恶化, 威胁着人类和草食家畜的生存环境, 严重阻碍着草地畜牧业的可持续发展。“黑土型”退化草地是由于放牧过度、鼠类破坏、人为影响、气候干旱等综合因素引起的。

曲线演化图像分割和森林烟火预警系统

随着计算机技术，图像采集技术和数据存储技术等的进步，图像处理的应用领域越来越广泛。很多的应用系统是综合利用了电子，通讯和图像处理等技术而开发出来的，图像处理往往是系统的核心部分。图像分割是图像处理的核心技术，也是图像处理技术中的难点。所以研究图像分割技术具有非常重要的意义。 传统的图像分割方法有：使用模板对图像进行边缘检测等；利用滤波处理，频谱分析等数字信号处理处理技术进行分割。80年代末以来，偏微分方程方法越来越多地应用到图像分割领域中，已成为图像分割的有力工具。本文对基于偏微分方程的图像分割方法进行研究，介绍单开曲线演化分割算法，并基于Mumford-Shah模型提出一种带状目标分割方法。这种方法能将图像中的带状区域从图像中分割出来－这里假定带状区域的边界可用单值函数表示。与其它方法，如边缘检测分割，C-V模型分割和单开曲线分割相比，本文提出的方法得到的分割结果有与目标的边界吻合的更好，抗噪能力强等优点。 本文介绍了通过对可见光摄像机所拍摄图像进行分析来检测火的森林烟火预警系统。该系统是通过检测烟的存在来判断是否有火情。图像处理软件是森林烟火预警系统的核心组成部分。评价火灾预警系统性能有两个标准。一个是一旦发生火灾，预警系统能否快速地发出火警信号；另一个是在没有火情时，预警系统是否不报警，即误警率是否低。图像分割在设计图像处理算法时，主要在两个地方得到应用。在图像预处理阶段，利用单开曲线演化分割算法或带状区域的分割算法将森林区域分割出来。这样是为了在对图像进行处理时消除非森林区域中的目标对识别结果的影响，降低误警率。在图像处理阶段，利用图像分割算法将烟从图像中分割出来，准确及时报警。

一种新的求解坐标变换关系的方法

介绍一种利用空间向量求解坐标变换关系的方法,简化了传统的坐标系之间坐标变换关系求解的复杂计算,减小了采样误差对计算结果的影响．为建立各物体之间的位姿关系描述提供了有效的数学计算手段．

微生物与重金属的相互作用机理研究进展

微生物在自然界内种类繁多,并在重金属元素的生物地球化学循环中扮演着重要的角色。近年来,细菌与真菌对重金属的富集、转化作用成为此领域内的研究焦点。研究结果表明,细菌对重金属的富集、转化作用主要是通过胞壁吸附、氧化还原、细菌淋滤及与其它生物协同作用而进行的;真菌则主要是通过表面吸附与重金属硫蛋白的络合作用来富集环境中的重金属。文章对这些研究进展进行了综述,同时还介绍了菌根真菌在重金属的植物修复中所起的重要作用。

闪锌矿铷-锶同位素等时线讨论

通过对闪锌矿铷-锶同位素等时线形成机制的讨论,若为同源、同期、待测同位素封闭的体系,因混合形成的直线为等时线具有定年意义,但若非同源、非同期或非封闭的体系亦可因混合形成直线,但该直线为无年代学意义的混合线。作为铷-锶同位素定年矿物,闪锌矿可能仅充当＂容器＂的角色,因此利用闪锌矿进行定年时,必须进行细致的物相研究。闪锌矿中的碳酸盐、硅酸盐等矿物微粒可能对铷-锶定年产生极大的影响,如不能对其进行成因鉴别或配合其他同位素定年方法加以系统研究,闪锌矿铷-锶法直线拟合结果很难反映成矿时间.

Correct identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in temperature-programmed GC with ECD detection

A method has been developed for peak identification of PCBs in GC with ECD detection under different temperature programs and isothermal conditions on two commonly used columns (DB-5 and DB-1701). This was achieved by means of accurate calibration of retention times based on the concept of the relative retention index P-i and retention times of the selected PCB internal standards. The P-i was calculated from the predicted retention times with the database of the retention parameters (A, B) and the migration equations. Through comparison of the calibrated and experimental retention times of PCBs in technical samples, it was shown that the developed method was effective for correct PCB comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific (CQCS) analyses.