共反射面元叠加

The seismic survey is the most effective prospecting geophysical method during exploration and development of oil/gas. The structure and the lithology of the geological body become increasingly complex now. So it must assure that the seismic section own upper resolution if we need accurately describe the targets. High signal/noise ratio is the precondition of high-resolution. As one important seismic data processing method, Stacking is an effective means to suppress the records noise. Broadening area of surface stacked is more important to enhance genuine reflection signals and suppressing unwanted energy in the form of coherent and random ambient noise. Common reflection surface stack is a macro-model independent seismic imaging method. Based on the similarity of CRP trace gathers in one coherent zone, CRS stack effectively improves S/N ratio by using more CMP trace gathers to stack. It is regarded as one important method of seismic data processing. Performing CRS stack depends on three attributes. However, the equation of CRS is invalid under condition of great offset. In this thesis, one method based on velocity model in depth domain is put forward. Ray tracing is used to determine the traveltime of CRP in one common reflection surface by the least squares method to regress the equation of CRS. Then we stack in the coherent seismic data set according to the traveltime, and get the zero offset section. In the end of flowchart of implementing CRS stack, one method using the dip angle to enhance the ratio of S/N is used. Application of the method on synthetic examples and field seismic records, the results of this method show an excellent performance of the algorithm both in accuracy and efficiency.

东营凹陷沙三中亚段湖相浊积岩储层特征及油气成藏规律研究

Turbidity sandstone reservoirs have been an important field of hydrocarbon exploration and development in the basins all over the world, as well as in China. Lithologic pools are composed of turbidity sandstones and other sandstones are frequently found in the Jiyang Depression that is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic non-marine oil-bearing basin. The Dongying Sag lies in the sedimentary center of the basin. The subtle traps with turbidity reservoirs are generally difficult to be predicted and described by using current techniques. The studies on turbidity reservoirs plays thus an important theoretical and theoretical practical role in exploration and development in the Jiyang Depression. The attention is, in this thesis, focused on the petrologic properties and oil accumulating behaviors in lake turbidity sedimentary systems in the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, especially in Dongxin area, which lies on the central uplift of the Sag. The paper has disclosed the origin types of turbidity sandstones, distribution pattern and controlling factors of turbidity sandstones, and set up hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in Dongxin, based on nonmarine high resolution sequence stratigraphy, event sedimentology and new theories of hydrocarbon forming. By studying prediction method and technology of turbidity sandstone reservoirs, using precise geological model developing, new techniques of high resolution seismic inversion constrained by logging, the paper has forecast low permeability turbidity sandstone reservoirs and pointed out advantage exploration aims to progressive exploration and development. The paper has obtained mainly many productions and acknowledges as follows: 1.Turbidity sandstone reservoirs of the third section of Shahejie Formationin Dongying Sag are formed in such specifical geological background as rift and extension of basin. The inherited Dongying delta and transgression make up many turbidity distribution areas by overlaying and joining together. The hydrocarbon migrates from depression area to adjacent turbidity sandstone continuously. Accumulation area which is sufficient in oil is formed. 2.The paper has confirmed distinguishable sign of sequence boundary , established stratigraphic framework of Dongying Sag and realized isotime stratigraphic correlation. Es3 of Dongying delta is divided into eleven stages. Among them, the second period of the lower section in Es3, the sixth period of the middle section in Es3, the third period of the upper section in Es3 correspond to eleven sedimentary isotime surface in seismic profile, namely Es3 is classified into eleven Formations. 3.According to such the features of turbidity sandstone as deep in burial, small in area, strong in subtle property, overlaying and joining together and occurring in groups, management through fault and space variations of restriction quantum are realized and the forecast precision of turbidity sandstone by using precise geological model developing, new techniques of high resolution seismic inversion constrained by logging, based on the analysis of all kinds of interwell seismic inversion techniques. 4.According to the features of low permeable turbidity sandstone reservoirs, new method of log interpretation model is put forward. At the same time, distinguish technology of familiar low resistivity oil layer in the turbidity sandstone reservoirs is studied based on petrophysical laboratory work and "four properties" interrelationship between lithological physical Jogging and bearing hydrocarbon properties. Log interpretation model and reservoir index interpretation model of low resistivity oil layer are set up. So the log interpretation precision is improved. 5.The evolution law and its difference of the turbidity sandstone are embodies as follows: the source of sediments come from the south and east of the study area in the middle period of Es3. East source of sediments is pushed from west to east. However, the south source supply of sediments in the early and middle period of Es3 is in full, especially in Es3. subsequently, the supply is decreased gradually. Turbidity fan moves back toward the south and the size of fan is minished accordingly. The characteristic of turbidity sandstone in Dongying Sag is different in different structural positions. Dongxin in the middle-east of the central lift and Niuzhuang Sag He in Dongying delta front and prodelta deep lake subfacies. Although the turbidity sandstone of the two areas root in the Dongying delta sedimentary system, the sand body has different remarkably characteristic. 6.The sedimentary model of the turbiditys in study area have three types as follows: (1) collapse turbidity fan in respect of delta; (2) fault trench turbidity fan; (3) other types of microturbidity sandstone. Middle fan and outer fan, can be found mainly in sublacustrine fan. Middle fan includes braided channel microfacies, central microfacies and braided interchannel microfacies, which is main prospecting oil-bearing subfacies. The middle section of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area (for example the central lift) can be divided into middle-lower and upper part. The middle-lower part is characteristic of turbidity fan. The upper part is sedimented mainly by delta-collapse fan. 7.The turbidity reservoirs of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area characterize by low maturity both in component and texture, strong in diagenesis and low in permeability. The reservoir can be classified into four types. Type III is the body of reservoir and comprises two types of H a and HI b. M a belongs to middle porosity - low permeability reservoir and distributes in the central lift. Hlb belongs to low porosity - low permeability and distributes in Haojia region. 8.A11 single sand body of lens turbidity reservoir of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area are surrounded by thick dark source rocks. The oil-water system is complex and behaves that every sandstone is single seal unit. The water body is 1/3-1-5 of the sand body. The edge water is not active. The gas exists in the top of reservoir in the form of mixed gas. For far-range turbidity fan with big scale channel, the area and volume of sand body is large and the gap is big in oil packing degree. There are lots of edge water and bottom water, and the latter increases rapidly during the course of development. 9.By exerting the modern hydrocarbon forming theories, the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area belongs to abnormally pressured fluid compartment. The lithological reservoir of the third section of Shahejie Formation is formed in the compartment. The reservoir-formed dynamic system belongs to lower self-source enclosed type. The result and the practice indicate that the form and accumulation of lithological oil reservoirs are controlled by the temperature and pressure of stratum, microfacies, thickness of sand body, fault and reservoir heterogeneity. 10. Based on studies above, the emphases focus on in south and north part of Dongying structure, west Dongxin region and south part Xinzhen structure in the application of production. The practice proves that the turbidity sandstone reservoirs in Ying 11 block and the fault-lithological reservoirs in Xin 133 block have been obtained significant breakthrough. The next target is still sandstone groups of the third section of Shahejie Formation in the bordering areas of Dongxin region for instance Xin 149 area, He 89 area, Ying 8 area etc.

地球化学新方法在隐状矿床找矿预测中的应用研究

With the progress of prospecting, the need for the discovery of blind ore deposits become more and more urgent. To study and find out the method and technology for the discovery of blind and buried ores is now a priority task. New geochemical methods are key technology to discover blind ores. Information of mobile components related to blind ores were extracted using this new methods. These methods were tested and applied based on element' s mobile components migrating and enriched in geophysical-geochemical process. Several kinds of partial extraction techniques have tested based on element' s occurrence in hypergenic zone. Middle-large scale geochemical methods for exploration in forest and swamp have been tested. A serious of methods were tested and applied effetely about evaluation of regional geochemical anomaly, 1:25000 bedrock or soil geochemical methods sampling based on the net in dendritic water system instead of the normal net. 1. Element related with ores can be mobiled to migrate upwards and be absorpted by surface soil. These abnomal components can be concentrated by natural or artificial methods. These trace metalic ions partially exist in dissovlvable ion forms of active state, and partially have been absorbed by Fe-Mn oxide, soil and organic matter in the soil so that a series of reaction such as complex reaction have take place. Employing various partial extraction techniques, metallic ions related with the phase of the blind ores can be extracted, such as the technique of organic complex extraction, Fe-Mn oxide extraction and the extraction technique of metallic ions of various absorption phases. 2.1:200000 regional geochemical evaluation anomaly methods: Advantageous ore-forming areas were selected firstly. Center, concentration, morphological feature, belt of anomaly were choosed then. Geological and geochemical anomalies were combined. And geological and geochemical background information were restrained. Xilekuduke area in Fuyun sheet , Zhaheba area in Qiakuerte sheet, the west-north part in Ertai sheet and Hongshanzui anomaly in Daqiao sheet were selected as target areas, in Alertai, in the north of Xinjiang. in Xilekuduke area, 1:25000 soil geochemical methods sampling based on the net in dendritic water system was carried out. Cu anomaly and copper mineralization were determined in the center area. Au , Cu anomalies and high polarization anomaly were determined in the south part. Prospecting by primary halo and organic complex extraction were used to prognosis blind ore in widely rang outcrop of bedrock. 1:25000 bedrock or soil geochemical methods sampling based on the net in dendritic water system were used in transported overburden outside of mining area. Shallow seismic method and primary halo found a new blind orebody in mining area. A mineralization site was fou and outside of Puziwan gold mine, in the north of Shanxi province. Developing middle-large scale geochemical exploration method is a key technique based 1:200000 regional geochemical exploration. Some conditions were tested as Sampling density , distribution sites of sample, grain size of sample and occurrence of element for exploration. 1:50000 exploration method was advanced to sample clast sediment supplement clast sediment in valley. 1:25000 bedrock or soil geochemical methods sampling based on the net in dendritic water system was applied to sample residual material in A or C horizon. 1:2000 primary or soil halo methods used to check anomalies and determine mineralization. Daliang gold mineralization in the northern Moerdaoga was found appling these methods. Thermomagnetic method was tested in miniqi copper-polymetallic ore. Process methods such as grain size of sample, heated temperature, magnetic separating technique were tested. A suite of Thermomagnetic geochemical method was formed. This method was applied in Xiangshan Cu~Ni deposit which is cover by clast or Gobi in the eastern Xinjiang. Element's content and contrast of anomaly with Thermomagnetic geochemical method were higher than soil anomaly. Susceptibility after samples were heated could be as a assessment conference for anomaly. In some sectors thermo-magnetic Cu, Ni, Ti anomalious were found outside deposits area. There were strong anomal ies response up ore tested by several kind of partial extraction methods include Thermomagnetic, enzyme leach and other partial extractions in Kalatongke Cu-Ni deposit in hungriness area in the northern of Xinjiang. Element's anomalies of meobile were mainly in Fe-Mn oxide and salt. A Copper mineralization site in Xilekuduke anomaly area had been determined. A blind ore was foung by shallow seismic and geochemical method and a mineralization site was found outside this mining area in Puziwan gold deposit in shanxi province. A Gold mineralization site was found by 1:50000 geochemical exploration in Daliang, Inner Mongolia.

基于结构分析地震资料去噪方法研究

With the development of oil and gas exploration, the exploration of the continental oil and gas turns into the exploration of the subtle oil and gas reservoirs from the structural oil and gas reservoirs in China. The reserves of the found subtle oil and gas reservoirs account for more than 60 percent of the in the discovered oil and gas reserves. Exploration of the subtle oil and gas reservoirs is becoming more and more important and can be taken as the main orientation for the increase of the oil and gas reserves. The characteristics of the continental sedimentary facies determine the complexities of the lithological exploration. Most of the continental rift basins in East China have entered exploration stages of medium and high maturity. Although the quality of the seismic data is relatively good, this areas have the characteristics of the thin sand thickness, small faults, small range of the stratum. It requests that the seismic data have high resolution. It is a important task how to improve the signal/noise ratio of the high frequency of seismic data. In West China, there are the complex landforms, the deep embedding the targets of the prospecting, the complex geological constructs, many ruptures, small range of the traps, the low rock properties, many high pressure stratums and difficulties of boring well. Those represent low signal/noise ratio and complex kinds of noise in the seismic records. This needs to develop the method and technique of the noise attenuation in the data acquisition and processing. So that, oil and gas explorations need the high resolution technique of the geophysics in order to solve the implementation of the oil resources strategy for keep oil production and reserves stable in Ease China and developing the crude production and reserves in West China. High signal/noise ratio of seismic data is the basis. It is impossible to realize for the high resolution and high fidelity without the high signal/noise ratio. We play emphasis on many researches based on the structure analysis for improving signal/noise ratio of the complex areas. Several methods are put forward for noise attenuation to truly reflect the geological features. Those can reflect the geological structures, keep the edges of geological construction and improve the identifications of the oil and gas traps. The ideas of emphasize the foundation, give prominence to innovate, and pay attention to application runs through the paper. The dip-scanning method as the center of the scanned point inevitably blurs the edges of geological features, such as fault and fractures. We develop the new dip scanning method in the shap of end with two sides scanning to solve this problem. We bring forward the methods of signal estimation with the coherence, seismic wave characteristc with coherence, the most homogeneous dip-sanning for the noise attenuation using the new dip-scanning method. They can keep the geological characters, suppress the random noise and improve the s/n ratio and resolution. The rutine dip-scanning is in the time-space domain. Anew method of dip-scanning in the frequency-wavenumber domain for the noise attenuation is put forward. It use the quality of distinguishing between different dip events of the reflection in f-k domain. It can reduce the noise and gain the dip information. We describe a methodology for studying and developing filtering methods based on differential equations. It transforms the filtering equations in the frequency domain or the f-k domain into time or time-space domains, and uses a finite-difference algorithm to solve these equations. This method does not require that seismic data be stationary, so their parameters can vary at every temporal and spatial point. That enhances the adaptability of the filter. It is computationally efficient. We put forward a method of matching pursuits for the noise suppression. This method decomposes any signal into a linear expansion of waveforms that are selected from a redundant dictionary of functions. These waveforms are chosen in order to best match the signal structures. It can extract the effective signal from the noisy signal and reduce the noise. We introduce the beamforming filtering method for the noise elimination. Real seismic data processing shows that it is effective in attenuating multiples and internal multiples. The s/n ratio and resolution are improved. The effective signals have the high fidelity. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the real seismic data processing, it is proved that the methods in this paper can effectively suppress the random noise, eliminate the cohence noise, and improve the resolution of the seismic data. Their practicability is very better. And the effect is very obvious.

济阳地区深部结构与含油气性讨论

Oil and gas exploration of marine strata in China's Pre-Cenozoic residual basins is regarded as a worldwide puzzle because of existent problems and cruxes. Objectively speaking, the subsurface geologic structure is complicated, and the surface conditions of some areas are tough. On the other hand, there are still many problems to be solved in oil and gas exploration technologies of Pre-Cenozoic marine fades, and theoretic cognition about petroleum geology is not profound yet. Therefore, it is principal to explore integrated geophysical research ways of Pre-Cenozoic residual basins. Seismic prospecting and geophysical integrated interpretation technologies aimed at middle Paleozoic marine facies with deeper burial and complicated geologic conditions have not formed due to bad quality of deep strata data. Pre-Cenozoic strata, and especially extension, thickness and internal structure of Paleozoic strata can not be recognized from seismic profiles, so it is hard to systematically cognize structural features and oil-gas resources prospect of Pre-Cenozoic basins. To further investigation of fabric and structural features, basin prototype, formation and evolution pattern of Pre-Cenozoic basins, and also their control over formation, migration and aggregation of oil and gas, will play a guiding and promotive role in developing new surveying areas, selecting advantageous zones and predicting oil-gas resources.This paper follows the modem macrocontrol theory of "Region constrains local, deep strata controls shallow ones", and uses the integrated geophysical method of "One guide, two hinges, three combinations and multi feedbacks'*. Based on several years of geological and geophysical results of the Shengli Oilfield, and 14 newly-joint regional seismic profiles, deep structure and oil-gas bearing capacity of the Jiyang area are discussed and new cognitions are drawn as below.Seismic identification marks Tr, Tg, Tgl and Tg2 are established for importantPre-Cenozoic geological interfaces, and promoted to the whole Jiyang area.Through area-wide tracking and clogging of important seismic reflection marker,the isochronic framework of pre-Tertiary basin is set up in the Jiyang area for the firsttime, which is vital for basin research.Integrated with geological and geophysical research results, the Jiyang area isdivided into four first-order tectonic sequences- basement, lower tectonic layer,upper tectonic layer, and top tectonic layer. The basement and lower tectonic sequence which are related to Pre-Cenozoic are studied with emphasis.Through the research of regional seismic profiles, the point of view is given thatthe Kongdian Formation of Jiyang is structural transition period. The top-bottomunconformable interface of the Kongdian Formation is found out for the first time,and the basin model is determined primarily, which lay a basis for prototype basinresearch of the Jiyang Kongdian Formation.The distribution status of Middle-Paleozoic is delineated in the Jiyang area.The maximum thickness of Paleozoic lies in the top of the south declivity of half-graben. The thickness gets thinner towards the center of Mesozoic and Cenozoic half-graben basin, and even disappears. Structural action in the west-north affects the distribution of Paleozoic residual strata.6. The features of second-order tectonic sequence of the Jiyang depression isstudied and its evolution history of is rebuilt.Combined with the 5-stage evolution history of the China continent and structure evolution features of the Jiyang area, the structure sedimentary process since Paleozoic is divided into 5 periods - basement forming , Indosinian orogenic, Yanshan negative reversal, Himalayan extension and Neogene subsidence period.Combined with the research results of gravity, magnetic surveying and regionalprofiles, this paper brings forward the idea for the first time that the western boundaryof the Jiyang depression is the Ningjin-Yangpan fracture zone, and forms aside-column assemblage with the Wudi fracture zone.The opinion that under Middle-Cenozoic basins in the middle Jiyang area theremight superimpose an old residual basin is given for the first time. And if it is provedto be true, a new exploration space will be pioneered for Jiyang and even north China.There exists many types of tectonic-stratigraphic traps formed under piezotropy,extension and compound action in Pre-Cenozoic Jiyang. Therein all kinds of burialhills are the most important oil-gas trap type of Pre-Cenozoic, which should besurveyed layeredly according to the layout of oil sources.As such a new challenging project and field, the paper systematically analyses different geophysical responses of the Jiyang area, frames the deep structure of the area, and preliminarily recognizes the Pre-Cenozoic residual basins. It breaks through to a certain extent in both theory and practice, and is expected to provide new geophysical and geotectonic clues for deep exploration in Shengli.

金属矿集区深层结构高分辨率地震探测——以安徽铜陵金属矿为例

The reflection seismic prospecting technique is an important and a widely used method in the petroleum and coal surveying, and has been developed to a perfectly mature technique from the aspects of data acquisition, data processing to data interpretation. However, the metallic mine seismic prospecting, especially the high resolution seismic prospecting technique are being still in the course of studying and probing up to now. In this paper, the basic theory and the present situation of study on metallic mine seismic reflection are expatiated, the basic theory, the improving measure, the converging velocity and the ability on the integrating global optimization method are also illuminated in detail at first. Then the basic theory, the realization process and the practicing effects of the vector suppressing noise algorithm are also introduced. On the basis of studying of applying the integrating global optimization method to static correction and the vector suppressing noise algorithm, we elaborate processed the seismic data of Tongling metallic mine. We introduced the processing flow, the key steps and the processing effects. Basing on the processing results, we analyzed the major reflection characteristics, the geological interpretation results and the earth's crust top reflection structure and the space distribution status of Wutong set, the space shape of part lithological body and the contacting relations of horizonsunveiled.

宽频带地震数据采集系统的研制

The seismic data acquisition system is the most important equipment for seismic prospecting. The geophysicists have been paying high attention to the specification of the equipment used in seismic prospecting. Its specification and performance are of great concerned to acquire precisely and accurately seismic data, which show us stratum frame. But, by this time, limited by the technology, most of the Broad-band Seismic Recorder (BSR) for lithosphere research of our country were bought from fremdness which were very costliness and maintained discommodiously. So it is very important to study the seismic data acquisition system.The subject of the thesis is the research of the BSR, several items were included, such as: seismic data digitizer and its condition monitor design.In the first chapter, the author explained the significance of the implement of BSR, expatiated the requirement to the device and introduced the actuality of the BSR in our country.In the second chapter, the collectivity architecture of the BSR system was illustrated. Whereafter, the collectivity target and guideline of the performance of the system design were introduced. The difficulty of the system design and some key technology were analyzed, such as the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC), system reliability technology and so on.In the third chapter, some design details of BSR were introduced. In the recorder, the former analog to digital converter (ADC) was separated from the later data transition module. According to the characteristic of seismic data acquisition system, a set high-resolution 24-bit ADC chip was chosen to the recorder design scheme. As the following part, the noise performance of the seismic data channel was analyzed.In the fourth chapter, the embedded software design of each board and the software design of the workstation were introduced. At the same time the communication protocol of the each module was recommendedAt the last part of this thesis, the advantages and the practicability of the BSR system design were summarized, and the next development items were suggested.

拜耳法赤泥放射性特征及应用途径研究

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中的工业固体废弃物,具有强碱性和高放射性两个特点。目前赤泥的处置方法主要是建设赤泥堆场，供长期堆放，尚没有对其进行大规模利用的成熟技术。 随着铝工业的发展，亟需开发赤泥处置与资源化利用的新工艺技术。本论文运用环境地球化学的理论方法，采用化学分析、选矿分离、放射性测试等技术手段，对贵州铝厂拜耳法赤泥的放射性特征进行了矿物学研究，并利用铁钛着色机理生产赤泥墙体装修材料进行了应用试验研究，指明了赤泥规模化综合利用的途径。 通过研究，得到以下主要结论： 1）初步确定了赤泥放射性元素主要来源于铝土矿原矿，并赋存于原矿残留的锆石和独居石中。 2) 贵州铝厂拜耳法赤泥所含放射性偏高，倘若利用赤泥制作建筑主体材料，需要慎重考虑。 3）探讨了不同选矿方法对赤泥放射性强度的变化情况，重选、磁选、加磁粉磁选所得赤泥组分与赤泥原样放射性相比较，没有显著性差异。采用现有选矿技术，难以达到分离富集赤泥中含放射性组分。 4）利用拜耳法赤泥中富含Fe2O3和TiO2的着色机理，加入一定量的页岩可以制得金红-褐色系列颜色的彩色墙体装修材料。采用现有烧结砖厂一般生产工艺，利用拜耳法赤泥生产烧结制品，是规模化处理赤泥的一条可行途径。 本论文的研究结果指明了赤泥可行的利用途径是用于建材领域，为制定赤泥大规模资源化利用的技术路线提供了一定的理论基础。