265 resultados para NH4
Resumo:
NH4+HQDCD4HQDCDHQNH4+-NpHNH3DCDDCDDCDNO3-DCDDCDNH4+-NN31.3HONH3HQN
Resumo:
NNpinus sylvestris varmongolicaP.densiflorapopulus simoniiNNN11N2PVCNNN3N4pHNN30NNH4+-N/NO3--N5N
Resumo:
CNCN15NN15Nm/zF+1F13CccmzFnF13cnCAPEEIcIAPE1NH4+NO3-NO3-NH4NO3GluNMurNNNH4+NO3-CNH42u13cglucoseNH4glLlcoseISNH4APE13CAPE15NCNCN3gtucose-15NH4+NNcDCDNH4+NO345C13cMassF+1MassF+26NNCNNNNNN""""""NN""
Resumo:
CODTNTPCODTPCODTNTP85.0293.7592.629.57cm/h85.3393.0193.279.26cm/hCODCOD=85.02TP91.59EhLAs100mgLLAS90LAS2040cmLASLASLAScODTNNH4+-NTPEh
Resumo:
N180240300kghm~(-2)P70100130kghm~(-2)NH3N1NH311.64kgNhm~(-2)-34.01kgNhm~(-2)N4.66-11.66NH32-4d2NH3NH3NNP0.05NH3NNH33NH4pHNH3180kgNhm~(-2)PNH3460cmgocmNH4+-N2mgL~(-1)NO3-3mgNul-15mgNL~(-1)NO3-NN03NO3-NNO310mgNL~(-1)5NH_4~+NO_3~-10d
Resumo:
Dissolved organic matterDOMDOMDissolved organic carbonDOCDissolved organic nitrogenDONCNCNDOCDONDOCDONCNDOCDONDOCDONDOMDOCDONCN 1DOCDONDOCDONDOC0-10cm10-20cm111.96~159.95 mg kg-169.02~100.84 mg kg-1DON0-10cm10-20cm11.88~23.08 mg kg-14.70~10.77 mg kg-10-10cm10-20cm0.84~1.66 mg kg-10.39~0.73 mg kg-1DOCDONDOCDON 2 DOCDONDOCDONDOCDONDOCDONDOCDONDONNO3--NNH4+-NNDON 3 0-10cm30NN 4 CNCNDOCDONDOMDOCDONDOCDONDOCDONDONNNNN As a labile fraction of soil organic matter, dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a very important role in material cycling of terrestrial ecosystem. The turnover of DOM is now being considered as main components in nutrient cycling. DOM mainly includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), -nitrogen (DON), -phosphorous (DOP) and sulfur (DOS). Among these constituents, DOC and DON directly participate in C and N cycling. It is essential to study DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors in the areas where no related study has ever been carried out. Study about them can provide data supports on understanding the mechanism of the global C and N cycling. DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors have been focused on in the research of C and N cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on forest plantations of Maoxian, Minjiang River in warm temperate zone, soil DOC and DON pool size, their seasonal dynamics, and the correlation between DOC, DON and other nutrients were studied in order to understand the importance of DOC and DON in the study area. Soil DOC and DON dynamics induced by leaf litter decomposition were also studied. The study contributed to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and providing baseline data for including DOC and DON into the indices system of evaluating nutrient conditions. The results were as follows: 1 Several different plant communities under brown soil and Cinnamon soil were chosen as sampling plots. The contents and features of soil DOC and DON were evaluated. The results showed that DOC and DON were present under the two soil types. DOC contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 111.96 mg kg-1to 159.95 mg kg-1, and 69.02 mg kg-1 to 100.84 mg kg-1. DON contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 11.88 mg kg-1to 23.08 mg kg-1, and 4.70 mg kg-1 to 10.77 mg kg-1. Free amino acid contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 0.84 mg kg-1to 1.66 mg kg-1, and 0.39 mg kg-1 to 0.73 mg kg-1. Significant correlations were found between DOC, DON and some nutrient indices, which together reflected soil condition and quality. It was hence essential to study DOC and DON in the study area. 2 Seasonal dynamics of DOC, DON, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N were studied under Pinus tabulaeformis and Cercidiphyllum japonicum plantation. The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON under the two plantations performed similar change pattern, with the highest values in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON were mainly influenced by the litterfall. However, biotic factors such as soil microbial activities and abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature also controlled the dynamics of soil DOC and DON. The seasonal dynamic of DON was different from that of NO3--N and NH4+-N, which showed that the behavioral differences between DON and inorganic nitrogen. And hence, it was proposed to include DON into soil N cycling in the study area. 3 Amino acid dynamics in Oa and topsoil (0-10 cm) under P. tabulaeformis and C. japonicum plantation were studied. The results showed that amino acid content in Oa was significantly higher than that in mineral soil. At each sampling time, significantly higher amino acid contents were found in P. tabulaeformis plantation than in C. japonicum plantation. The content of inorganic nitrogen was much higher than the content of amino acid in each sampling layer at each sampling time. After a 30-days laboratory incubation the content of amino acid was still lower than the content of inorganic nitrogen. The results implicated that the form of N absorbed by plants in these study sites were mainly inorganic nitrogen. 4 Usually needle litter is more resistant to decomposition, which leads to needle litter accumulation in pure coniferous stands and slows down the rate of nutrient circulation. By constructing microcosms with local shrubland soil and containing the four single-species (P. tabulaeformis, P. radiata, C. japonicum, Ostryopsis davidiana) litters, the decomposition rates and related C and N dynamics of needle litters and broadleaved litters during the early stage were compared. The results showed that the decomposition rates of pine needles were lower than those of broadleaved litters, which descended C and N cycling processes. However, the presence of C. japonicum or O. davidiana litter into pine needles increased the decomposition rates of pine needles and also dramatically promoted C and N cycling processes. It should be appropriate for plantation managers to consider C. japonicum as an ameliorative species or remain O. davidiana in pine plantations to improve soil conditions and help maintain soil fertility. The laboratory incubation still showed that DOC and DON contents in all litter-amended treatments were significantly higher than no litter-amended treatment, which proved that litter could be a direct source of DOM in soils. Different species litters induced different soil DOC and DON contents, which correspondingly changed over time. DOC and DON contents in mixed litter treatments were higher than those in pine needle litter treatments. As a major soluble N pool, DON developed a different changing pattern over time compared with inorganic N and played a role of interim N pool in soil N cycling.
Resumo:
Sophora davidiiBauhinia faberi var. microphyllaCampylotropics polyantha5 100%80%60%40%20%FC1. 100%40% FC 20% FC 2. 60% FC3. 4. 60% FC100% FC 80%60% FC 40%20% FC The dry valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is seriously degradedmountain ecosystem. It was endangered by extremely soil lost and frequentlygeological disaster. Previous studies showed that short of water and nutrients in soilwas the principal limiting factors of vegetation restoration in this area. The typical soiland three dominant leguminous shrubs Sophora davidii, Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha in upper reaches of arid Minjiang Rivervalley were considered as experimental material. Two-month old seedlings of eachspecies were exposed to five water supplies (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% waterfield capacity (FC)) in a temperature and light-controlled greenhouse. Afterthree-month water treatment, soil physiochemical variables and soil microbialactivities were determined by conventional methods. The main results showed that:1. Soil capillary capacity and capillary porosity decreased along water supplyregimes in all treatments, while saturated water capacity, total porosity and bulkdensity kept in a relatively stable level, as a result, the non-capillary porosity andcapacity increased with decrease of water supply. Compared to non-planted soil, theplant-soil systems had a higher non-capillary porosity and capacity, suggestingappropriate oxygen was present in soil to maintain the living of microorganism. Soilof three type shrub species shared the same capillary capacity and capillary porosityunder 20% FC.2. Water soluble carbon and NH4+-N decreased in response to water stress, whiletotal organic carbon and NO3--N promoted by moderate water stress and inhibited by 100% and 20% FC. Total organic carbon, NH4+-N, rapidly available K and availableP increased after the planting of leguminous shrubs in five water supply regimescompared to non-planted soil. For TOC, NH4+-N and rapidly available K, thepromotion effect was higher in S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla than C.polyantha planted soil, while available P displayed the opposite side. The planting ofshrubs also reduced the variance of observed traits along water supply gradients.3. Drought stress increased urease activity in non-planted soil, while insignificantdifferences were observed in phosphatase and catalase activity among five watersupply regimes. The planting of leguminous shrubs facilitated the -glucosidase andphosphatase activity compared to the non-planted soil. It also reduced the variance ofenzyme activity along water supply gradients. Urease was more sensitive to waterstress than other three enzymes.4. Soil water content significantly affected microbial biomass carbon andCmic:Corg. S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla showed more drought toleranceability than C. polyantha, attributing not only to their relatively smaller variance ofmicrobial biomass carbon along soil water supply gradients, but also to the highlevel of microbial activity under severe water stress. S. davidii and B. faberi var.microphylla benefited reproduction of soil microorganism at 60%-80% FC, whilesevere drought limited it due to the competition of water and nutrients between plantand soil microorganism.
Resumo:
1. 102040 80 g l-173.4 ug/g 2. SODPODCATAPXCO2 3. 10 g l-1 4. ---33.18%19.6% 5. 210.5%23415.0%11.4%14.0%23C3.29%4.05%38.2%4.6%214.0%24.80%8.8%Recently, allelopathy has been more and more paid attentions by national and foreign scholars with profound research on reasons of crop replanted (continuous planted) obstacle. Ginger rhizome is valuable all over the world either as a spice or herbal medicine and ginger replanted obstacle is also paid attentions. Systematic research on ginger allelopathy will contribute to understanding and ultimate solving problem of ginger replanted obstacle. The effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean and chive were studied in this article to testify that ginger existed allelopathy. Furthermore, ginger autotoxicity was also studied by pot experiment in greenhouse (namely research on effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on morphological indexes, physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, soil enzymes, soil microbial diversity and soil nutrients) to reveal mechanism of ginger degeneration and senescence, provide scientific basis for selecting appropriate intercropping species and put forward scientific resolvent for ginger replanted obstacle. The main results were as follows: 1. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and chive compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as stemleafrhizome. The results of this study suggested that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger contained water soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger. The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant should be removed from the field so as to diminish its inhibitory effect. The main allelopathic components of three kind of aqueous extracts were as follows: Rhizome extract chiefly contained syringic acid and vmbelliferone and stem extract mainly contained frulic acid whose content was the highest (73.4 ug/g). The other six substances were detected except of frulic acid, but only contents of syringic acid, vmbelliferone and p-coumaric acid were higher. 2. Stem and leaf aqueous extracts of ginger with different concentrations significantly inhibited plant height, leaf numbers per plant and leaf area, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. However, tiller number per plant of ginger seedling showed no significant difference. At the same time, ginger aqueous extracts also influenced biomass including under-ground biomass, above-ground biomass and total biomass (fresh weight) to a large extent. Under the same concentration, stem aqueous extract showed the mostly inhibitory effect on morphological indexes and biomass indexes of ginger seedling. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the leastly inhibitory effect and leaf aqueous extract was intervenient. Enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced total chlorophyll content, accompanying with increases in memberane permeability (REL) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Compared with the control, rhizome ginger aqueous extract of lower concentration (10 g l-1) increased the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of ginger leaf tissue and higher concentration inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes. However, stem and leaf aqueous extract inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes with increase in concentration. Meanwhile, enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced photo-parameters of ginger seedling (including CO2 concentration, stoma conductivity, net photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate). 3. Rhizome, stem and leaf ginger aqueous extract showed different effect on six soil enzyme activities, and acid phosphatase and invertase showed significant effect when aqueous extract concentration got 10 g l-1. Furthermore, six soil enzyme activities increased with increase in aqueous extract concentration. Bcterial and fungi number tended to increase while antinomyces tented to decrease with the increase in aqueous extract concentration of identical part. Ginger aqueous extracts reduced soil organic matter content with increased concentration, accompanying with NO3-N accumulation in soil. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the same tendency for available P, available K and NH4+N, namely lower concentration increased their contents in soil and higher concentration reduced their contents. While stem and leaf aqueous extracts reduced their contents with the increamental concentration. 4. All intercropping systems increased soil enzyme activities to different extent both at VGS and at HS compared to solo ginger. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil bacteria and total of soil microbe but not significantly either at VGS or at HS. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil fungi and actinomytes to a different extent (increase or decrease) both at VGS and at HS. For DI, difference between all cultivation patterns and S-G was not significant either at VGS or at HS except that G-S-C-G whose value was only 33.18% of S-G at VGS significantly decreased. G-S not only increased ginger yield by 19.6% but also obtained better economic benefit. Furthermore, all intercropping systems significantly inhibited occurrence of bacterial wilt of ginger. 5. Different cultivated pattern influenced plant height, tiller numbers, rhizome yields and intrinsic quality of ginger. Treatment 2 significantly facilitated tiller occurring (10.5%). Treatment 2, 3 and 4 promoted ginger growth (plant height respectively increased 15.0%11.4% and 14.0%) and enhanced rhizome yields. Treatment 2 and 3 effectively increased vitamin C content (significantly increased 3.29% and 4.05% compared to solo ginger). Treatment 3 significantly increased contents of beneficial substances such as soluble sugar (8.2%), gingerols (4.6%) and protein. Treatment 2 significantly decreased contents of deleterious substance namely nitrate (14.0%) and improved appearance and intrinsic quality of ginger rhizome. Furthermore, treatment 2 (ginger/soybean intercropping) could obtain better economic benefit and showed the highest net income and ratio of benefit and cost whose values respectively increased by 24.80% and 8.8% compared to solo ginger.
Resumo:
NO3--NNH4+-NKPCN P 1. NP699~932 kg ha-1P 110~147 kg ha-12 14%24%35%52%NO3--NNH4+-NKPCN P2 32%60%36%64%58%63%43% 2. NO3--NNH4+-NK P 3. NO3--NNH4+-NKPNO3--N K 30cmNH4+-N P 10cm 30cm 2 30cm CN P CN P 4. SMB-CSMB-N SMB-P 2 1 SMB-CSMB-N SMB-P The grassland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was one of the four greatest pasture zones in our country and the main water conservation function zones in the hesastream of Yangtse River and Huanghe river. Rencent years, lots of dung in this area was used as biological energy, fertilizer or material of fungoid growing, leading to high risk of nutrient banlance in grassland ecosystem. In view of the researches on the impact of yak dung in this area are relatively rare, the present study focused on the relationship of dung and soil nutrient transformation in sunmer and autumn, which could profoundly illuminate the mechanism of dung decomposition and the effect of dung on soil chemical properties and soil microbe biomass. The present study also contributed to a basic understand and provided scientific management in the high-frigid ecosystem. Decomposition of yak dung and its effect on soil chemical properties in eastern grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study simulated the real dung pats, took dung and soil samples at different time and fixed-point in summer and autumn. The samples were analysed for NO3--N, NH4+-N, available K, inorganic P, total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), total P (TP). It was concluded that: 1. In study area, the yak dung supplied to ecosystem substantial nutrient. It is estimated that the N contribution of dung was approximately 699~932 kg ha-1, P contribution was approximately 110~147 kg ha-1. The rate of yak decomposition was more rapid in summer than autumn, the wet and dry weight of yak decreased to 14% and 24% respectively after 2 months when dung excreted in summer, with 35% and 52% in autumn. The content of NO3--NNH4+-Navailable Kinorganic PTOCTN and TP in dung decomposed more rapid in summer too. After 2 months when dung excreted in autumn, the content of above nutrient decreased to 32%60%36%64%58%63% and 43% respectivelywhich were significantly higher than summer. 2. The content of NO3--NNH4+-Navailable K and inorganic P in soil around dung had the same transformation trend in each season, whereas it was distinguishing at different gradient of distance from dung, the nutrient in soil below dung had the most significant change while the more far from dung, the less change in soil. It was concluded that the yak dung had prolong impacts on soil in autumn compared with summer, besides, it aslo showed that the yak dung had protract effect on soil below dung compared with soil around dung. 3. The yak dung had expansive impact on soil around dung in summer whereas had relatively short effect compared with autumn. In short-term at summer, there was a significant increase about the content of NO3--N and available K around 30cm radius from dung pat while the content of NH4+-N and inorganic P between 10cm to 30cm. After 2 months, the impact almost disappeared. In autumn, the effect was hard to reach 30cm. The yak dung had no significant effects on the content of TOCTN and TP in soil below or around dung in summer whereas there was a obvious increase in soil below dung pat in autumn. 4. The duration of effect of yak dung on soil microbial biomass(SMB) CN and P was at least 2 months, maybe even more than 1 year. On the other hand, the impact of dung on SMB-CSMB-N and SMB-P mainly acted on soil below dung while no obious effect on soil around dung.
Resumo:
7(C-2Y-2L-2 NZH-3CZL-3)L-342 hL-3pH 6.537 5 %10(CMCase)(FPA)(C1)-(-glucodase)0.216 U/ml0.101 U/ml0.132 U/ml0.002 U/ml70.6 %1378 mg/L 2695 mg/L70.2 %DGGE14Clostridium phytofermentansClostridium cellulovoransDesulfovibrio sp 10X-1X-13ST-13L-3-1%71.62%70.08% A group of microbial consortia L-3 was isolated from the anaerobic fermentation residue of corn stalk, which could degrade cellulose and produce hydrogen. The CMCase, FPA, C1 and -glucosidase activity of L-3 could reach to 0.216 U/ml, 0.101 U/ml, 0.132 U/ml and 0.002 U/ml, respectively. In the filter degrading process, the filter paper collapsed in the liquid culture within 42 h and the filter degrading rate could reach to 70.6% in the 13 days, meanwhile, hydrogen was determined and the highest hydrogen content was 70.2%. The optimum cellulase-degrading conditions were filter papaer as the carbon source, (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source, 37 and pH 6.5 in this experiment. DGGE results showed that the microbial consortia L-3 mainly included 14 strains. The amount of 3 strains were changed during the fermentation. These strains were identified as Clostridium phytofermentansClostridium cellulovoransDesulfovibrio sp by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The cellulose- degrading microbial agent was composed by 10, X-1, X-13, ST-13, L-3 which were isolated in the laboratory. The straw pretreated by cellulose-degrading microbial agent was used to ferment, the total biogas production increased by 72% comparing to the control. The content of methane could reach to 70.08%
Resumo:
SSF85 2:1 210 g/kg0.75 AGU/g 10%v/w24 h97.44 g/kg, 92%4.06 g/kg/hSSF10 L100 L500 L2 h90% pH6.0-7.05.0 g/kg1.6 AUG/kg200 g/kg12.5%v/w21 h95.15 g/kg94%92% HPLC A new technology for rapid production fuel ethanol from fresh sweet potato by different microorganisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis) was gained in this research. The paper involved two parts: Part 1: The study on fuel ethanol rapid production from fresh sweet potato by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated by a series of experiments: fermentation models, cooking temperature, initial sugar concentration and glucoamylase dosage. The results showed that SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) not only reduced the fermentation time (from 30 to 24h) but also enhanced the ethanol concentration (from 73.56 to 95.96 g/kg). With low-temperature-cooking (85 ) using SSF, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to produce ethanol 97.44 g/kg which the fermentation yield could reach to 92% and ethanol productivity 4.06 g/kg/h from sweet potato enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the savings in energy by carrying out the cooking (85 ) and saccharification (30 ) step at low temperature had been realized. The results were also verified in 10 L, 100 L and 500 L fermentor. The fermentation yield was no less than 90%. The fermentation time of fermenter was shorter than Erlenmeyer flask. This may be that the aeration in the early fermentation period is available, which lead to the rapidly commutations of biomass. Part 2: The technology of ethanol rapid production with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation ( SSF ) by Zymomonas mobilisusing fresh sweet potato as raw material was studied. The effects of various factors on the yield of ethanol were investigated by the single factor and the orthogonal experiments. As a result, the optimal technical conditions were obtained from those experimentsinitial pH value 6.0-7.0, nitride 5.0 g/kg(NH4)2SO4, glucoamylase 1.6 AUG/kg starch, inoculums concentration 12.5% (v/w). The Zymomonas mobilis was able to produce ethanol 95.15 g/kg, with 94% of the theoretical yield, from fresh sweet potato after 24 h fermentation. The fermentation efficiency of non-sterilized was also reach to 92%. We also analyzed the final fermentation residual sugars of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. When the residual sugars were analyzed by thin-layer chromatogram and glucose oxidase, there was no glucose. The analysis of reducing sugars by HPLC showed that there was no glucose existed in the fermentation liquor. However, the glucose appeared after being hydrolyzed by acid. It is indicated that the residual sugars in the final fermentation liquor were the configuration of oligosaccharide, which was linked by the special glycosidic bonds. It was feasible for reducing residual sugars to develope the enzyme that can degradation the oligosaccharide.
Resumo:
COD 11810h1111.2358.365.6 %97 %COD59.268.6 %2pH3pH7.88.1pHpH4CODCOD0.06560.0724 1/h0.04910.0664 1/h 2100223.8 mg/L171.4 mg/L48%41.5%1.331 3 41.10ABR 1CODCOD2 Piggery wastewater, which is characterized by high concentration of CODammonium and suspend substance, has become a most important source of non-point source pollution and also severely threats drinking water security in rural area. How to discharge piggery wastewater with the ammonium concentration meeting standard by economical and effective method? This is the most urgent problem in piggery wastewater treatment. As a new biological nitrogen removal technology, Anammox process has been paid more and more attention by researchers all over the world. Anammox has advantages of no need of organic carbon addition, low oxygen consumption and energy consumption. Plenty of investigations have been carried out to the mechanism, physiological and biochemical characteristic of bacteria about Anammox. Most of researches focused on synthetic wastewater, there is rare report about its application in piggery wastewater. In this paperexperimental studies were performed to investigate Sharon process in treatment of piggery wastewaterthe start up process of Annammox using synthetic wastewater were studied, the feasibility of applying Sharon-Anammox process in the nitrogen removal of piggery wastewater was evaluated. 1. Sharon process of piggery wastewater was firstly investigated to analyze the effects of water quality and main running parameters, which meet the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of successive Anammox. Results showed: (1)During Sharon Processafter 810 hours reaction the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio in effluent reached 1:1.01:1.23, when the removal percentage of NH4+-N was 58.365.6 %, a semi-nitration rate of above 97 % was achieved during the process; meanwhile 59.268.6 % of the COD was also removed. (2)The aeration rateoxygen had obvious effect on the hydraulic retention time() which met the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of Anammox. As aeration rate increased, the hydraulic retention time() was shortened. (3) The pH corresponding to was between 7.8 and 8.1, thus it needed no artificial adjustment. (4) The reduction of ammonia and COD followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The velocity constants of ammonia and COD were 0.06560.0724 1/h and 0.04910.0664 1/h, respectively. 2. The startup of Anammox process using the artificial wastewater was performed simultaneously with Sharon. The aim was to investigate the running parameters of Anammox and make foundation for the combination stage. By using the mixture of denitrifying sludge and anaerobic sludge in tank of the breeding factory, sludge of Anammox activity was cultivated in UASB after 100 days. The removal percentage of NH4+-N and NO2-N were up to 48% and 41.5%, respectively, when the NH4+-N and NO2-N influent concentration were 223.8 mg/L and 171.4 mg/L, respectively, the NH4+-N and NO2-N removal rate was 1.33:1. 3. After investigation of Sharon and startup of Anammox, effluent of Sharon process was added into the synthetic wastewater to combine Sharon and Anammox step by step. It took some time after the addition of Sharon effluent that Anammox reaction continued and the removal rate kept increasing. It indicated that nitrifying bacteria were carried by the Sharon effluent cumulated in the outer layer of Anammox. This enhanced transfer resistance of Anammox reaction and the increasing removal rate was restrained. 4. In the bio-contact oxidation pond of practical project, Sharon process were carried out successfully and organic compounds were removed effectively. An average NO2-N/ NH4+-N rate of 1:1.0 was achieved in the effluent, which met the requirement of successive Anammox. Under condition of suitable influent concentration and temperature, there was evidence that Anammox could start up in ABR. The variety of wastewater and temperature had great affects on Anammox activity in practical engineering. Innovation of this paper: (1) The Sharon process for treating piggery wastewater was discussed in details. Technological parameters that met requirement of Anammox were obtained. The dynamic models of COD and ammonium removal in the process were educed. (2) Sharon-Ananmmox for treatment of piggery wastewater was investigated, and the primary influencing factors was studied. This paper could be a theoretical consult for research of Anammox utility.
Resumo:
Q10Q10(Agrobacterium radiobacter No.50) Q10Q1020g,40g, 10g,30g, 3gK2HPO4 3g,MgSO4.7H2O 1g1000mL,pH 7.0-7.2, 220r/min28C24h(250mL50mLpH 7.0), 10220r/min28C120h50g/LQ1020mg/L Q10Q10(Agrobacterium radiobacter No.50)MARM7TARMT-26Vk3ARMTV-25ARMTVS-32ARMTVS-3236.8mg/L77 DEARMTVS-32Q10Q100.2g/LQ1017%40.7mg/L1.2g/LDQ1013.8%39.6mg/L0.5g/LEQ1025.3% 43.6mg/L8g/LQ1012.6%39.2mg/L Production of Coenzyme- Q10 (CoQ10) by fermentation is considered as a process with broad prospects.Quantitative Analysis of CoQ10 in the culture of microbe by TLCUV spectrophotometry was developed, by using this method we got the strain Agrobacterium radiobacter,which was isolated from forest soil of southwest of China. The effect of the single factor on CoQ10-production ability of the strain was examined by liquid cultured, and its best optimum cultivation conditions were established by orthogonal method. The results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were as following: carbon sources glucose 20g/L,sucrose 40g/L; nitrongen sources (NH4)2SO4 10g/L,maize liquid 30g/L;yeast extract 3g; K2HPO4 3g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 1g/L; initial pH was 7 and volume of medium(medium volume vs flask volume) was 50mL/500mL, incubating for 120h on a rotary shaker at 220 rpm and 28.Under these conditions, the biomass and CoQ10 concentration reached 50g/L and 20mg/L respectively. According to the biosynthesis mechanism of CoQ10 and breeding theory, CoQ10 over-production strains were screened by UV--NTG. mutation using Agrobacterium radiobacter No.50 as parent strain. A microbe-juice resistant mutant ARMTVS-32, which also could resist tobacco-juice, VK3 and streptomycin, was screened out from an agar plate. The CoQ10 content of ARMTVS-32 reached 36.8mg/L, which was 77% higher than the initial strain. In addition, We discussed the effects of some organic substrates on the synthesis of CoQ10 in ARMTVS-32. The results showed that solanesol, orange juice D, carrot juice E and tobacco juice could promote the CoQ10 accumulation in the cells. The CoQ10 content of ARMTVS-32 reached 40.7mg/L when added 0.2g/L solanesol,it reached 39.6mg/L when added 1.2g/L orange juice Dit reached 43.6mg/L when added 0.5g/L carrot juice E. it reached 39.2mg/L when added 8g/L tobacco juice.
Resumo:
81Z(MMO)81ZPO43-(>8mM),NH4+([NH4cl]>500mg/l)[CuSO45H2O]04mg/l[Cu2+][Cu2+](0.1mg/l CuSO45H2O)Cocl26H2O(0.238mg/l)81ZMMO81ZMMOMMO,MMOLPH6.26.44[Cu2+]-400M[Cu2+][Cu2+]81ZMMCPH7.04DE-52ABC81ZMMO[Cu2+]PH6.35mMMMO15.9nmol/minmg0.97nmol/minmgSome factors which influence growth and MMO activity of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z were described. The growth of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z is inhibited by high concentration of PO43-(8mM)or NH4+(500mg/lNH4cl). The growth of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z increased with rising of copper concentration up to 4mg/l CuSO45H2O. At low copper concentration(0.1mg/lCuSO45H2O),adding Cocl26H2O(0.238mg/l)could enhance the growth of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z.With batch culture of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z in a fermentor, after lag phase, the activity of MMO reached the highest level rapidly and steady until later log phase, then falled to initial level.MMOL activity differenct from that of two types of MMO reported before was found from Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z with optimum PH value from 6.2 to 6.4 and relative stabilty at 4. Synthsis of the MMOL was not regulated by copper concentaration in medium. Its activity could couple with methane-l-methanoldehydrogenase system, and in cell-free extract, were inhibited by 400m copper ion. At low copper concentration(0.1mg/lCuSO45H2O) and in a fermentor, Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z could syntheis soluble MMO similar to solble MMO reported before by Palton and Patel. Its optimum PH value was 7.0. It was unstable at 4. It could be resoluted into three components: A, B, and C. It was effentive for obtaining the maxtmum MMO with Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z that (1) to keep high copper concentration(4mg/lCuSO45H2O) in a fermentor and harvest cell at middlel lag phase;(2) to choose 6.3 as the PH value of reaction buffer;(3)and to add 5mM methanol or formate into reaction system. In this dy, the MMO activity of cells of Methylosporovibrio methanica 81Z was reached 15.9 nmol/min.mg, dry weight, sixteen times as high as the value(0.97nmol/min.mg, dry weight) reported with the same strain.
Resumo:
CODNH4+-N 86.77.6 mg/L35.47%59.28%CODNH4+-N 2.420.139kg/(m3d)CODNH4+-N 85.058.4mg/L25.1%28.7%GB 8978-199638%49% 1,2-1,2-1,2-COD 1000mg/L COD 20%16%1,2- Currently, Chinas oil refining industry is developing rapidly and has become the second largest all over the world. The oil refining industry is one of the major pollution industries in our country. The pilot scale study and engineering application research were conducted aiming at the problems in refining wastewater such as poor treatment stability and water quality, poor anti-shock capacity and expensive running cost, etc., so as to provide theoretical references and technological supports for the engineering application and popularization of microbial preparation in wastewater treatment. Also, the response mechanism of functional microbe under shock of different phenol concentrations, which is the main pollutants in refinery wastewater, was studied. Based on this result, functional microbe activation accelerator was developed, and the regulation effect of functional microbe biological index under phenol shocking were studied, in order to provide theoretical basis and technological support for regulation of toxic shocking of wastewater biological treatment. The result of pilot scale research indicated: for treatment of refinery wastewater in bioaugmention treatment system of microbial preparation, the COD and NH4+-N average value of effluent was 86.7 and 7.6 mg/L, Comparing with normal biological treatment system, the average removal rates of COD, NH4+-N increased 35.47%,59.28% separately by bioaugmention treatment system, which showed better anti-shocking capacity, the volumetric load r of COD and NH4+-N reached 2.42 kg/(m3d) and 0.139 kg/(m3d), respectively. The research on engineering application of refinery wastewater bioaugmentation treatment by microbial preparation indicated:the average concentrations of effluent COD and NH4+-N in the bioaugmentation treatment system were 85.05 and 8.4mg/L, which increased by 25.1% and 28.7% comparing with normal biological treatment system of refinery wastewater, And the effluent quality meets the first grade of discharging standard of National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 8978-1996. The economic analysis of technology indicated: the demonstration project of bioaugmentation treatment of refinery wastewater by microbial preparation decreased by 38% in construction cost and 49% in running cost. This technology has economic benefits. The response mechanism of functional microbe under phenol shock indicated: biological index such as the biomass concentration, dehydrogenase and 1,2-dioxygenase had different responses under phenol shocking of different concentrations. The response sensitivity of different biological index under phenol shocking of different concentrations is: dehydogenase activity biomass 1,2-dioxygenase activity, and high correlation of 1,2-dioxygenase and COD degradation percentage is achieved, thus 1,2-dioxygenase could be used to reflect the degradation situation of pollutants. So, 1,2-dioxygenase is the keypoint of regulation. The anti-shock activation accelerator of phenol degradation functional microbe was primarily developed. The results indicated: the activation accelerator could regulate the degradation effect of toxic substance-phenol by functional microbe effectively. For the functional microbe treatment system under phenol shocking of 1000mg/L, the COD degradation rate increased by 20% and the degradation time reduced by more than 16% under regulation of activation accelerator. The regulation effects of biological index are: 1,2-dioxygenase biomass dehydrogenase. In this way, the response mechanism of functional microbe under toxic shocking is verified. The result indicated: the augmented microbial preparation treatment of refinery wastewater is applicable. It has many technical and economical advantages. The research results of responses mechanism of wastewater treatment system on toxic pollutants would offer a new idea for regulation of anti-shock.
