415 resultados para GC-ECD
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茉莉酸类化合物是一种具有诱导植物次生代谢,抵抗外来侵害,提高植物抗逆防御性等重要作用的植物激素,主要包括茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)及其异亮氨酸衍生物等。茉莉酸的化学合成已报道有十几种之多,但都还无法实现工业化生产,满足农业需求。 本文以α-羧基肉桂酸为起始原料,经过加氢还原、AlCl3-NaCl离子液体中的分子内F-C酰基化反应,HATU催化下与异亮氨酸结合三步反应,合成了一种茉莉酸类似物吲哚异亮氨酸甲酯结合物(Ind-IleMe),总收率约70 %。 用合成的Ind-IleMe、coronalon及MeJA对银杏叶进行诱导,银杏叶经盐酸甲醇溶液加热水解提取黄酮苷元,HPLC检测发现,经诱导后的银杏叶与对照相比银杏黄酮含量均有所增加,最高可诱导银杏叶黄酮含量增长15%—20%,最高诱导浓度coronalon 最低,为1 μmol/L,Ind-IleMe是10 μmol/L,MeJA的诱导浓度最高,大于等于100 μmol/L。 对MeJA诱导后银杏叶的生理生化中几个重要指标进行了测定,发现经诱导后SOD、MDA、PAL、蛋白活性或含量相对升高,叶绿素、可溶性糖含量相对降低,这与MeJA诱导提高银杏叶的逆境防御及次生代谢有关。 在植物的次生代谢中,挥发性气体(VOCs)具有防御草食动物及实现同种及不同种植物间信息交流的重要作用。本文应用自组装的炭阱吸附装置和固相微萃取(SPME)来收集诱导后的银杏叶、利马豆及三种酒中的挥发物,GC-MS检测进行定性定量分析,发现诱导后的银杏叶释放出更多的挥发性有机物,主要是石竹烯等一些参与植物防御机制的倍半萜类,通过对比炭阱吸附和SPME在挥发物的收集上,发现炭阱吸附具有吸附效率更高、样品可短期保存、重复进样分析、可定量等优越性,因此具有很好的发展前景。
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黑碳(BC)是生物质和化石燃料不完全燃烧产生的高度聚合的碳质混合物,包括木炭 (char/charcoal)和烟炱碳(soot)等形式。黑碳产生后大部分储存在燃烧原地,而烟炱碳 由于粒径较小,易进入大气,滞留一到数周后回到地表。部分土壤黑碳随河流和大气的搬 运作用进入海洋环境,主要汇集在海岸带沉积物中。由于黑碳涉及到气候变化、碳循环、 环境危害、人体健康等诸多问题而成为当前气候与环境领域的研究热点。黑碳在环境介质 中比较稳定,因而可以较好的指示人类能源使用及其对环境质量的影响;同时黑碳具有很 强的吸附性,能显著影响周围介质中持久性有机污染物(如多环芳烃等)的赋存状态和生态 毒理效应。 多环芳烃(PAHs)是指两个或两个以上的苯环以稠环形式结合的芳香族化合物,主要 来源于含碳物质的不完全燃烧过程,在环境中广泛存在。由于PAHs 具有潜在的致癌性、 致畸性和致突变性(“三致”效应)而在环境研究领域中备受关注。另外由于具有主体的 同源性,PAHs 可以指示BC 的来源和环境过程。 海岸带沉积物是包括BC 和PAHs 在内的众多污染物在环境地球化学迁移过程中的主 要载体和归宿,由于受到陆地和海洋双重作用,海岸带对环境污染物尤其敏感。环渤海地 区是我国北方的社会经济中心,工业、农业和交通发达、人口稠密,污染严重。前人的研 究表明渤海湾的BC 和PAHs 污染程度明显高于我国其他海岸带,但受限制于采样区域和 样品数量,不能全面地反应BC 和PAHs 在渤海湾海岸带的分布状况及人类活动对海岸带 环境质量的影响。 本次研究在渤海湾海岸带潮间带、近海及主要入海河流系统布设了多条采样剖面,采 集表层沉积物样品85 个。首先,对国际上较为常用的化学热氧化法(CTO-375)处理沉积 物黑碳样品的方法进行了比对实验和优化,然后对全部样品进行黑碳分析;利用GC-MS 方法对样品中的PAHs(USEPA 的16 种优控物)进行了定量检测;对全部沉积物样品还进 行了粒度分析。 结果表明,该区域内黑碳的含量为0.09 到22.8 mg/g dw,其中,潮间带样品的BC 平 均含量为0.52 ± 0.39 mg/g dw,近海样品为0.84 ± 0.38 mg/g dw,河流样品(海河样品除外) 为1.88 ± 0.89 mg/g dw。BC占总有机碳的比例在潮间带、近海、河流区域分别为18.4 ± 8.3%、 14.5 ± 5.3%、14.2 ± 4.1%。潮间带黑碳存在明显的“北高南低”的趋势(以天津港码头和 海河为界),与近海和河流样品的BC 浓度有相似的变化趋势,反映了BC 在海岸带的运移 扩散具有一定的继承性;河流输入可能是近岸沉积物BC 的主要来源。同时,潮间带沉积 物粒度分析结果表明“北区细”(以粘土质粉砂主)而“南区粗”(以砂为主),反映了两个区 域不同的水动力条件和沉积环境,可能是造成BC 浓度空间分异的主要原因。 摘要 II 多环芳烃的含量分布为33.1-7658.7 ng/g dw,其中,潮间带样品的PAHs 平均含量为 147.0 ng/g dw,近海样品为170.9 ng/g dw,河流样品(海河样品除外)为1228.5 ng/g dw。 主要成分均为三环和四环多环芳烃。PAHs 也呈现出了与BC 相似的“北高南低”的趋势, 多环芳烃与黑碳的相关性研究表明两者相关性较好(R2=0.59),表明多环芳烃和黑碳的同 源性和继承性。运用比值法(菲/蒽,荧蒽/芘,低环/高环等)对多环芳烃的来源解析显示, 整个研究区域内多环芳烃主要为燃烧源。
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Background: CpG islands, which are clusters of CpG dinucleotides in GC-rich regions, are considered gene markers and represent an important feature of mammalian genomes. Previous studies of CpG islands have largely been on specific loci or within one geno
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为探讨抚仙湖水质的诱变性及诱变因素,用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测法,检测抚仙湖水质的诱变性。用 高灵敏度的电感耦合氩等离子体发射光谱法( ICP2AES) 检测水体中5 种诱变性离子浓度。用GC/ MS(色相色谱/ 质谱) 联机检测水体中的有机化学污染物。结果表明:抚仙湖水质具有诱变性,且呈现水域性差异;水质的诱变性 非水体中诱变性离子所致;但与水体中有机化合物的种数有显著的相关性。
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用 XAD-2树脂提取抚仙湖7个采样点的有机物质水样提取物, 用气相色谱/质谱 (GC/MS) 进行分析. 在每种水样品中发现有上百种有机污染物. 提取物用培养的人淋巴细胞系姐妹染色单体交换 (SCE) 试验作致突变潜力检查. 结果显示, 仅入湖口水样在高浓度组 (0.0625L/mL) 诱发 SCE 明显增加。
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The genotypes of liver mitochondrial high-affinity aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) are strongly associated with the drinking behavior and the alcohol liver diseases, since the individuals with atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele have higher levels of acetaldehyde in their plasma. The atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele has a nucleotide base transition (G-->A) in its exon 12. Based on this point mutation, we developed a rapid, reliable and inexpensive method, mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA), for the determination of human ALDH2 usual and atypical alleles. Two pairs of primers were designed for the amplification of the usual ALDH(2)(1) allele and the atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele, respectively. If the sample for the detection was heterozygous, it could be amplified by both of the primers. The product of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of ALDH2 exon 12 could be easily screened by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. The results of the MAMA method were further confirmed by sequencing. In the total of fifty samples from unrelated healthy Chinese Han people from Wuhan, China, the frequency of atypical ALDH(2)(2) allele was found to be 12%.
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Divergence of proteins in signaling pathways requires ligand and receptor coevolution to maintain or improve binding affinity and/or specificity. In this paper we show a clear case of coevolution between the prolactin (PRL) gene and its receptor (prolactin receptor, PRLR) in mammals. First we observed episodic evolution of the extracellular and intracellular domains of the PRLR, which is closely consistent with that seen in PRL. Correlated evolution was demonstrated both between PRL and its receptor and between the two domains of the PRLR using Pearson's correlation coefficient. On comparing the ratio of the nonsynonymous substitution rate to synonymous substitution rate (omega=d(N)/d(S)) for each branch of the star phylogeny of mammalian PRLRs, separately for the extracellular domain (ECD) and the transmembrane domain/intracellular domain (TMD/ICD), we observed a lower omega ratio for ECD than TMD/ICD along those branches leading to pig, dog and rabbit but a higher ratio for ECD than TMD/ICD on the branches leading to primates, rodents and ruminants, on which bursts of rapid evolution were observed. These observations can be best explained by coevolution between PRL and its receptor and between the two domains of the PRLR.
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迄今为止, 不少人认为5-甲基胞嘧啶的存在可能是基因突变的“热点”. 然而, 事实上5-甲基胞嘧啶作为一种稀有碱基, 本来就是许多真核生物 DNA 的正常组分. 它的存在也是真核生物DNA的特征之一. 作者几年来所作的理论研究表明, 5-甲基胞嘧啶不可能是基因突变的“热点”. 由胞嘧啶甲基化成为5-甲基胞嘧啶, 再经水解脱氨成为胸腺嘧啶的反应(C→m~(5)C→T)在正常生理条件下是不太可能发生的. 在真核生物DNA中, G—C碱基对转变为A—T碱基对的反应可能是由互变异构碱基配对或其它因素引起的。
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There has been much interest in CpG islands (CGIs), clusters of CpG dinucleotides in GC-rich regions, because they are considered gene markers and involved in gene regulation. To date, there has been no genome-wide analysis of CGIs in the fish genome. We
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从GenBank获得大肠杆菌K-12MG1655株的全基因组序列,计算了与基因密码子偏好性相关的多个参数(Nc、CAI、GC、GC3s),对其mRNA编码区长度、形成二级结构倾向与密码子偏好性之间的关系进行了统计学分析,发现虽然翻译效率(包括翻译速度和翻译精度)是制约大肠杆菌高表达基因的密码子偏好性的主要因素,同时,mRNA编码区长度及其形成二级结构的倾向也是形成这种偏好性的不可忽略的原因,而且对偏好性有一定程度的削弱。另外对mRNA编码区形成二级结构倾向的生物学意义进行了讨论分析。
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在大鼠和恒河猴卵巢颗粒细胞(GC)存在组织型(tPA)和尿激酶型(uPA)纤溶酶原激活因子(PA)和一种PA的抑制因子(PAI-1).在排卵、排精和子宫内膜的周期性变化中tPA和PAI-1基因在这些组织的同类细胞或不同类型细胞间的协调表达起重要作用.因为恒河猴GC和膜-间质细胞(TC)在促性腺激素作用下都能产生tPA,uPA和PAI-1,而排卵后GC和TC转化为黄体细胞(LC),后者分泌孕酮,维持妊娠.本研究目的:(1)探讨LC是
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Parallel strand models for base sequences d(A)(10). d(T)(10), d(AT)(5) . d(TA)(5), d(G(5)C(5)). d(C(5)G(5)), d(GC)(5) . d(CG)(5) and d(CTATAGGGAT). d(GATATCCCTA), where reverse Watson-Crick A-T pairing with two H-bonds and reverse Watson-Crick G-C pairing with one H-bond or with two H-bonds were adopted, and three models of d(T)(14). d(A)(14). d(T)(14) triple helix with different strand orientations were built up by molecular architecture and energy minimization. Comparisons of parallel duplex models with their corresponding B-DNA models and comparisons among the three triple helices showed: (i) conformational energies of parallel AT duplex models were a little lower, while for GC duplex models they were about 8% higher than that of their corresponding B-DNA models; (ii) the energy differences between parallel and B-type duplex models and among the three triple helices arose mainly from base stacking energies, especially for GC base pairing; (iii) the parallel duplexes with one H-bond G-C pairs were less stable than those with two H-bonds G-C pairs. The present paper includes a brief discussion about the effect of base stacking and base sequences on DNA conformations. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited.