253 resultados para 280


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Raman spectroscopy technique has been performed to investigate the stress induced in as-grown silicon-on-sapphire (SOS), solid-phase-epitaxy (SPE) re-grown SOS, and Si/gamma-Al2O3/Si double-heteroepitaxial thin films. It was demonstrated that the residual stress in SOS film, arising from mismatch and difference of thermal expansion coefficient between silicon and sapphire, was reduced efficiently by SPE process, and that the stress in Si/gamma-Al2O3/Si thin film is much smaller than that of as-grown SOS and SPE upgraded SOS films. The stress decrease for double heteroepitaxial film Si/gamma-Al2O3/Si mainly arises from the smaller lattice mismatching of 2.4% between silicon top layer and the gamma-Al2O3/Si epitaxiial composite substrate, comparing with the large lattice mismatch of 13% for SOS films. It indicated that gamma-Al2O3/Si as a silicon-based epitaxial substrate benefits for reducing the residual stress for further growth of silicon layer, compared with on bulk sapphire substrate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Hall, current-voltage, and deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the electrical properties of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown undoped, Er- and Pr-implanted GaN films. Only one deep level located at 0.270 eV below the conduction band was found in the as-grown GaN films. However, four defect levels located at 0.300, 0.188, 0.600, and 0.410 eV below the conduction band were found in the Er-implanted GaN films after annealing at 900 degrees C for 30 min, and four defect levels located at 0.280, 0.190, 0.610, and 0.390 eV below the conduction band were found in the Pr-implanted GaN films after annealing at 1050 degrees C for 30 min. The origins of the deep defect levels are discussed. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

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The epitaxial growth of AlxGa1-xN film with high Al content by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been accomplished. The resulting Al content was determined to be 54% by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and Vegard's law. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the AlGaN (0002) HRXRD rocking curve was about 597 arcsec. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image showed a relatively rough surface with grain-like islands, mainly coming from the low surface mobility of adsorbed Alspecies. From transmittance measurement, the cut-off wavelength was around 280 nm and Fabry-Perot fringes were clearly visible in the transmission region. Cathodoluminescence (CL) measurement indicated that there existed a uniformity in the growth direction and a non-uniformity in the lateral direction. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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p(+)-pi-n(-)-n(+) ultraviolet photodetectors based on 4H-SiC homoepilayers have been presented. The growth of the 4H-SiC homoepilayers was carried out in a LPCVD system. The size of the active area of the photodetectors was 300 x 300 mu m(2). The dark and illuminated I-V characteristics had been measured at reverse biases form 0 to 20 V at room temperature, and the illuminated current was at least two orders of magnitude than that of dark current below 13 V bias. The peak value zones of the photoresponse were located at 280-310 nm at different reverse biases, and the peak value located at 300 nm was 100 times greater than the cut-off response value in 380 nm at a bias of 10V, which showed the device had good visible blind performance. A small red-shift about 5 nm on the peak responsivity occurred when reverse bias increased from 5 to 15 V. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the electrical properties of metal organic chemical vapor deposition grown undoped, Er-implanted and Pr-implanted GaN films. Only one deep level located at 0.270 eV below the conduction band was found in the as-grown GaN films. But four defect levels located at 0.300 eV, 0.188 eV, 0.600 eV and 0.410 eV below the conduction band were found in the Er-implanted GaN films after annealing at 900 degrees C for 30 min, and four defect levels located at 0.280 eV, 0.190 eV, 0.610 eV and 0.390 eV below the conduction band were found in the Pr-implanted GaN films after annealing at 1050 degrees C for 30min. The origins of the deep defect levels are discussed. After annealing at 900 degrees C for 30min in a nitrogen flow, Er-related 1538nm luminescence peaks could be observed for the Er-implanted GaN sample. The energy-transfer and luminescence mechanism of the Er-implanted GaN film are described.

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对松花江流域主要水文站输沙量变化的分析表明:51年来,嫩江除1998年发生洪水外其余年份输沙量变化不大,第二松花江输沙量表现为明显的下降趋势,松花江干流输沙量也表现为下降趋势,而松花江整个流域在1979年之前为下降趋势,1979年之后为上升趋势。松花江干流区域和第二松花江为主要的泥沙来源区,分别占整个松花江流域输沙量的72.1%和16.2%。通过对单位降雨侵蚀力输沙量的分析,松花江流域输沙量负荷的变化与流域内重大历史事件、国家政策等人为活动的变化密切相关。"大跃进"时期嫩江流域输沙量负荷显著增大,三年自然灾害时期各区段输沙量负荷都出现峰值,"文革"时期各区段输沙量负荷起伏变化比较大,改革开放特别是家庭联产承包责任制实施以后,各区段输沙量负荷都呈现显著增长的趋势,90年代自然灾害频发使输沙量负荷持续出现峰值,直至1999年退耕还林后输沙量负荷才有所下降,但此后输沙量负荷又有不同程度的增长趋势。

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(1) 设计了如下合成各种芳香性螺双内酯衍生物的路线:以甲苯的衍生物与甲醛进行二缩合反应,得到二芳基甲烷,二芳基甲烷经两步法氧化后再在酸性条件下脱水环化成螺双内酯;或者将二芳基甲烷氧化后,再将芳环上的取代基转化成目标基团,然后进行环化,从而得到螺双内酯;或者在得到螺双内酯以后,再将芳环上的取代基转化成目标基团,获得相应的螺双内酯衍生物。利用该方法合成芳香性螺双内酯,未见文献报道。其优点在于原料易得,产品收率高,操作非常简单:尤其是具有普适性,对合成芳环上具有不同位置、不同数目取代基的螺双内酯衍生物极其方便。本文利用此方法合成了一系列共12个化合物。其结构均通过IR、NMR、MS和元素分析等手段证实。(2) 研究了螺双内酯衍生物的内酰胺化反应,发现芳香性螺双内酯在200℃以下与胺反应时,只有一个内酯环能发生内酰胺化反应,胺和螺双内酯本身的反应活性对能否发生双内酰胺化反应没有明显的影响,即使当温度升高至280℃时,也仅有26%的螺双内酰胺生成。但脂肪性螺双内酯在180℃以下与胺反应,即可全部转化成螺双内酰胺。这一结果纠正了Shell公司的Wang关于芳香性螺双内酯也能顺利的与胺反应生成螺双内酰胺的结论。在上述实验基础上,研究了芳香性和脂肪性螺双内酯的内酰胺化反应机理。结果发现,它们经历了不同的反应过程,生成不同的中间物,但都生成螺环内酯内酰胺中间物。芳香性和脂肪性螺环内酯内酰胺的不同稳定性是两者的内酰胺化反应出现不同结果的主要原因。(3) 利用合成的螺双内酯二酐和二酰氯与各种二胺进行缩聚,合成了一系列含螺双内酯结构的聚酰亚胺和聚酰胺,首次将芳香性螺双内酯结构完整的引入聚合物链。分析结果表明,这类聚酰亚胺具有良好的热稳定性,在N_2和空气环境中的5%热失重温度>500℃,Tg接近400℃,而且所得的膜无色透明。选择不对称结构的二胺,得到的聚酰亚胺可溶于DMSO、DMF、DMAc等非质子极性溶剂,有的甚至可溶于THF和CHCl_3等溶剂。合成的含芳香性螺双内酯结构的聚酰胺也具有较好的热稳定性和机械性能,它们的10%热失重温度>390℃,Tg介于180℃和290℃之间;断裂强度为50~100MPa,断裂伸长率为7~23%,初始膜量为1.1~2.7 GPa。含这种结构的聚酰胺,它们都能溶解于DMSO、DMF、DMAc等非质子极性溶剂。实验还通过模型化反应研究了在聚合过程中螺双内酯的开环行为,表明当二胺的反应活性低于ODA时,聚合过程中螺双内酯单元不发生开环。(4) 通过聚合物链中螺双内酯单元的内酰胺化反应,研究了含这类结构聚酰亚胺的交联。首先利用模型化反应,对交联反应进行交联条件的探索和结构的表征。结果显示,在150℃以上,交联反应在10 h内可以进行完全。通过对聚合物在交联前后的性能比较,发现在交联前,聚合物可溶于DMSO等高沸点的非质子极性溶剂,而交联以后的聚合物不溶于任何溶剂。在热性能方面,在交联以后,聚合物的玻璃态转化温度升高,热失重的速度明显降低。和以往的通过在聚合物前体链的末端引入烯和炔等不饱和基团,这些不饱和基团通过Diels-Alder,Michael加成和-ene反应等合成交联型聚酰亚胺相比,这种聚合物的交联方法其交联程度的大小不受预聚物分子量的影响,螺双内酯单元可以均匀的分布在预聚物链的任何位置,不一定在末端;并且实现了全芳香交联型聚酰亚胺。(5) 对芳香性螺双内酯四酸的拆分进行了探索。考察了奎宁、辛可宁、辛可尼丁和辛可尼丁苄基氯盐等不同的拆分试剂对四酸的拆分能力,发现辛可宁和辛可尼丁的拆分效果均比较好。应用辛可尼丁和辛可宁,对外消旋四酸进行连续拆分,可分别获得[α]_D~(25) = +186.4°和-188.6°的四酸对映体。依据手性光学方法(Chiroptical Methods)判断,认为为旋光纯的对映体。考察了酸、碱和热对其旋光稳定性的影响,显示在以上各环境中,螺环结构可以发生消旋,这说明螺双内酯结构对酸碱和热都是不稳定的。(6) 将上述(+)、(-)-四酸热法所成的二酐与二胺聚合,得到含旋光性芳香螺双内酯结构的聚酰亚胺,这种由面不对称的旋光性单体合成的聚酰亚胺,尚未见文献报道。经对比,旋光性和外消旋的聚合物在热性能和溶解性方面基本相同,仅在结晶形态方面略有差异,其中外消旋聚合物为非晶态,而旋光性聚合物则有一定的结晶含量。含旋光性芳香螺双内酯结构的聚酰亚胺,其旋光稳定性在酸碱当中也不稳定,但对热是稳定的。

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芳香环状低聚物的合成是二十世纪八十年代末发展起来的,其特有的环状结构和性能决定了芳香环状低聚物具有广阔的应用前景。本文以开拓这类新型芳香大环化合物的种类及其应用为目的,“拟高稀”条件下,界面缩聚法首次合成了多种不同链结构的环状聚膦酸酯芳香齐聚物,并对它们结构进行了精确的表征。对其开环聚合反应得到的聚合产物用GPC进行了分析。成环缩聚反应是以苯基膦酰二氯为单体与不同结构的双酚合成一系列的芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物,探讨了其成环反应条件,研究了影响环化反应的因素,比较了不同环化反应温度以及相转移催化剂条件下得到的芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物的产率,找到了合成这类大环齐聚物的适宜反应条件为:反应温度为0 ℃以及有效的相转移催化剂十六-烷基-三甲基溴化铵,依此得到了环状低聚物的产率达80%以上的优异结果。比较不同结构的双酚与苯基膦酰二氯反应合成的聚膦酸酯环状齐聚物的环化产率,发现了单体结构对芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物的合成有一定的影响。研究了激光质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)在表征芳香环状聚膦酸酯低聚物中的特点及规律。首先,在基质的选择上,经过比较不同基质所得到的结果表明:在芳香环状聚膦酸酯环状齐聚物分析中,1,8,9-蒽三酚仅对含有羰基基团结构的有效,同时,发现了一种适用于这类芳香环状聚膦酸酯分析的新型基质-视黄酸,这种基质对所合成的几种芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物具有普适性,这与视黄酸基质的极性有关。其次,在阳离子添加剂的选择上,比较了不同阳离子剂对激光质谱图的影响,发现了一种适用于分析芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物的阳离子剂氯化锂。用软硬酸碱理论结合气相金属离子形成机理解释了芳香环状聚膦酸酯环状低聚物与阳离子的亲核选择性。合成的不同结构的芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物进行了阴离子开环聚合,含有硫醚键特殊结构的环状齐聚物进行了自由基开环聚合。双酚A芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物(CPBA)在4,4'-联苯双酚钾引发,280 ℃条件下成功地进行了阴离子开环聚合,获得了线性聚膦酸酯产物(Mw = 4.7 * 10~3, Mn = 1.3 * 10~3, Mw/Mn = 3.72)。硫醚双酚芳香环状聚膦酸酯齐聚物(CPE)在270 ℃,引发剂2,2'-过硫双苯并噻唑(DTB)引发下,得到了Mw = 7.8 * 10~3, Mn = 1.7 * 10~3以及Mw/Mn = 4.51的线性聚膦酸酯聚合物。芳香环状聚膦酸酯开环过程类似与其它芳香环状预聚体的开环过程,CPBA环状齐聚物与芳香环状聚膦酸酯可以进行开环聚合,得到无规共聚物。共聚物的平均分子量高于相应的均聚物,热稳定性好于相应的均聚物。芳香环状聚膦酸脂齐聚物有望作为芳香环状预聚体的开环聚合中的添加剂。

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可生物降解的两亲性嵌段共聚物PLA-PEG飞所制备的胶束或纳术粒子,作为潜在的药物控制释放体系弓!起人们广泛的兴趣。,方们授有寿比山于PEG链的空间位阴.效应可以避免单核噬菌体的吞噬,、并且可以通过控制可降解部分的降解行为实现药物的持续释放,使在微载体内所包载的药物分子持续释放出来。尽管高聚物的胶束和纳米粒子作为药物的胶体载体已作厂泛研究,但是对其本身物理化学性质与应用之间的联系研究甚少。因此本文对一系列PLLA和PEG两嵌段和三嵌段共聚物的自聚集行为进行了细致研究,得到了以卜结论:1.以花为"模型药物",通过荧光探针技术对一系列两亲性共聚物在水呀招夜和NaCI溶液种的胶束化行为进行了研究。这些共聚物是由一种新型氨钙催化利,以人分J,的聚乙二醇(PEG)为引发剂,引发丙交酷开环聚合得到,,其中囚定长度阴 PEG段分剐为44,104和113环氧乙烷早兀,PLLA的长没在15-280乳酸中元之间。由于氨钙准活性的特点,这些共聚物的分散度较低,均在1.1-1.3之间。其临界胶束浓度cmc发现随PLLA的含量增加I荆氏。具有同一PEG长度的两嵌段和三嵌段共聚物cmc值的截然差别为它们胶束的构型不同提供了证据。同时也发现了NaCI的加入对丫EG段和争LLA段较短洪聚物的cmc的降低有明掀笋作用,而对具有较长PEG段或较长PLLA段的共聚物的cmc基本上没有什么影响。2.通过荧光探余十技术测定花在这一系列共聚物胶束溶液锄勺配分系数在0.2*10~5至1.9*10~5之间,对于同-PEG段的共聚物,花在其胶柬相中的配分系数随PLLA的含量的增加而增加。另外发现NaCl的加入能够促进花在胶束相中的配分。3.通过透射电子显微镜研究了两嵌段共聚物水溶液胶束的形貌,发现胶束的粒径和分散度均随PLLA段的增加而增加:通过原子力显微镜研究"这些纳米粒子退火前后的形貌变化,发现退火后纳米粒子重新自聚集为类似于神经网络红脚乏的"纳米条带"结构,其中心为类似"神经元"的团簇结构,而周困为支化的车由突"分支结构,这与文献上提到的只有三嵌段共聚物能够形成支化的"纳米条带"结构截然不同,其自聚集机理在进,步研究之中。4.以亲水性的荧光素为荧光探针研究了两嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束化行为,发现其clnc值随PLLA段的含量增加而降低,相对于PEG段,PLLA段在其胶宋化过程中起主要作用。通过1HNMR证明两嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束具伯以PLLA段为"核"、PEG段为"壳"的"核-壳"结构,这种胶柬化行为通过溶解度参数的差异进行了解释。5.通过原子力显微镜发现,当这些胶束滴加在云母表面上经过热处理后,这些胶束重新自聚集成为规则的具有平缓隆起的纳米结构,这与由水中得到的胶柬热处理后的形貌截然不同,并对此进行了进一步解释。由XPS分析认为主要是PEG段覆盖在PLLA段表面。