Growth and characterization of GaN on LiGaO2

The nearly lattice-matched (0 0 1)LiGaO2 substrates have been used for the growth of GaN by LP-MOVPE, GaN epilayers have been grown on both domains at very low input partial pressure of hydrogen and relatively low growth temperature. The differences in the growth rate, crystal and optical qualities of hexagonal GaN epilayers grown on LiGaO2 substrate with two polar domains are investigated. LiGaO2 single crystal with a single domain structure and an adequate surface plane is a promising substrate for the growth of high quality of hexagonal GaN thin films. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

脲酶抑制剂NBPT在土壤中的吸附和降解

含脲酶抑制剂的肥料作为缓/控释肥料在提高养分利用率和减少环境污染方面明显优于普通化学肥料，已成为世界肥料研究和应用的热点。大量实验显示，NBPT和PPD提高尿素或硝铵尿素（UAN）的利用率很有潜力。NBPT，N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺，是目前最有效的脲酶抑制剂之一。本论文借助高效液相色谱仪对NBPT在我国不同气候带五种土壤中的降解及在土壤环境中影响其降解因子进行了研究，并摸索了色谱条件：在流动相为甲醇+去离子水50+50(V:V)，流速为0.3 mlmin-1时，紫外检测器，检测波长为195 nm时，回收率达到82.8%~101%。变异系数为1.1%~4.85%。相关系数为r=0.9994，回归方程为y=43266.6x-1124.51。结果表明：NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和湖北黄壤中降解较快，半衰期为4.8~5.2 d，而在辽宁棕壤和江苏黄棕壤中降解较慢，半衰期为7.2~7.6 d；在吉林黑土中降解半衰期为8.2 d。 在未灭菌的土壤中，NBPT的半衰期为4.8～7.6 d，远远小于在灭菌土壤中22.4 d的半衰期；NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和江苏黄壤中降解较快，半衰期为4.8~5.2 d，而在棕壤和黄棕壤中降解较慢，半衰期为7.2~7.6 d；随着环境温度增高(2O℃上升至3O℃)，NBPT降解速度略有提升(半衰期由7.6 d缩短至6.5 d)；NBPT在黑暗条件下降解半衰期为4.5 d，而在光照条件下的半衰期为5.9 d。可见，几种试验因子对土壤中NBPT的降解均有不同程度的影响。其中土壤微生物是影响NBPT降解的主要因素，有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素，如偏酸的土壤、较高的环境温度，对土壤中NBPT的降解有促进作用,而葡萄糖则可能因为增加了土壤颗粒的团聚性，增加了土壤对NBPT的吸附而抑制了NBPT的降解。

沈阳福陵油松年轮δ13C序列指示的环境变化

由于树木年轮具有定年准确、连续性好、分辨率高、对环境变化敏感性强等优势，已在全球气候变化研究中被广泛应用。在我国，已有学者利用树木年轮对气候变化进行了较多研究，但是针对受人类活动干扰较重，对环境变化最为敏感的地区，如城市环境变化的研究相对薄弱。本文以我国东北重工业城市——沈阳为研究区域，以年轮δ13C和年轮元素作为研究手段，分析了树木年轮δ13C和金属元素序列变化特点及其环境意义。主要研究内容与结果为： 1. 建立了该地区过去195年的油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）年轮δ13C年表。相关分析表明：两个δ13C序列间存在差异，但其个性差异对其共性变化影响较小，个性差异并不影响年轮δ13C作为气候变化研究代用资料的适宜性和重建历史气候结果的可靠性与一致性。 2. 对年轮δ13C序列的高频变化与气候要素进行相关分析，确定了年轮δ13C序列和气候的关系特点，该地区年轮δ13C与生长季前期冬春季气温及蒸发量显著正相关。在此基础上重建了沈阳地区1865年以来12-5月气温和12-1月蒸发量。 3. 利用年轮δ13C序列重建了该地区过去130年大气CO2浓度变化。重建结果表明，沈阳地区大气CO2浓度在1900年后迅速增加；而在1970s后重建的浓度增加速度变缓，这种现象可能是由城市污染加重所引起的。研究发现太阳黑子活动最强的年份往往对应较高的年轮纤维素δ13C值，这表明年轮碳稳定同位素和太阳辐射强度关系密切。 4. 年轮金属元素分析发现，Cu和Zn年轮含量的变化与沈阳有色金属生产量的变化相一致，表明年轮金属元素含量的径向变化记录了沈阳工业发展的历史。年轮Pb含量与五月相对湿度的显著相关性表明油松年轮元素变化记录了大气痕量金属的沉降。

Solving MIN UR problem by triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques

In this paper, as an extension of minimum unsatisfied linear relations problem (MIN ULR), the minimum unsatisfied relations (MIN UR) problem is investigated. A triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques is proposed for MIN UR problem. Different with algorithms in literature, it solves MIN problem directly, rather than transforming it into many sub-problems. The proposed algorithm is also applicable for the special case of MIN UR, in which it involves some mandatory relations. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective for MIN UR problem and it outperforms Sadegh's algorithm in sense of the resulted minimum inconsistency number, even though the test problems are linear.

INVESTIGATING A NEAR-BED SUBMARINE PIPELINE IN A CURRENT

This paper considers the lift forces acting on a pipeline with a small gap between the pipeline and the plane bottom or scoring bottom. A more reasonable fluid force on the pipeline has been obtained by applying the knowledge of modified potential theory (MPT), which includes the influences of the downstream wake. By finite element method, an iteration procedure is used to solve problems of the nonlinear fluid-structure interaction. Comparing the deflection and the stress distributions with the difference sea bottoms, the failure patterns of a spanning pipeline have been discussed. The results are essential for engineers to assess pipeline stability.

2-C-支链-1,6-脱水吡喃葡萄糖的开环反应及吡喃烯糖的合成研究

在糖化学合成中，1,6-脱水吡喃糖不仅是合成具有生物活性低聚糖、糖共体、抗原、抗体以及天然产物等化合物重要原料，而且还是许多具有生物活性的天然产物的结构单元。同时，它还具有[3,2,1]的双环缩醛结构，使其在糖化学合成中具有高的立体选择性和区域选择性，同时减少了C-1 和C-6 位的保护和去保护的优点。此外，环内的缩醛开环后，又可以相应地在C-1 和C-6 位进行官能团转化以及糖苷化反应。 本文报道了一种新的1,6-脱水吡喃糖的合成方法，并设计合成了2-C-支链-1,6-脱水吡喃葡萄糖1-195、1-197、1-198 以及2-C-支链-6-硫代1,6-脱水吡喃葡萄糖1-225。到目前为止，1,6-脱水糖开环并进行糖苷化反应，存在选择性较差、产率低的缺点。我们发现，在乙腈做溶剂的条件下，NiCl5 能高立体选择性高产率地催化化合物1-195、1-197、1-198 开环并与ROH、RSH 发生糖苷化反应。在NiCl5-乙腈条件下，合成了一系列2-C-支链-α-糖苷和2-C-支链-β-硫代糖苷，并对2-C-支链1,6-脱水吡喃葡萄糖的生成机理以及开环机理进行了探讨。 烯糖在糖化学合成中是重要的起始原料，从Fischer 首次合成烯糖至今，一直不断地有新的合成方法出现。但目前文献报道的方法存在所用试剂有毒、价格贵和操作繁琐等缺点。我们对Fischer-Zach 方法进行了改进， 发现Zn-NaH2PO4-H2O 和Zn-PEG600-H2O 体系都能很好地合成烯糖。该方法具有条件温和、绿色环保、操作简单的优点。在Zn-NaH2PO4 溶液或Zn-PEG600 条件下，以溴代糖为原料，高产率地合成一系列的烯糖。 The 1,6-anhydrohexopyranoses are crucial subunits of myriad bioactive nature products, as well as important syntons of carbohydrate chemistry which have been extensively used to prepare the biologically potential oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, antibiotics, and structurally varied nature products. Their particular [3.2.1] bicyclic skeleton makes them have high regio- and stereo-control in a variety of reactions, and such structure avoids protecting hydroxyl groups at C1 and C6.Additionally, the cleavage of the internal acetal under acidic conditions could be beneficial for further transformations of functional group and glycosylation of the corresponding pyranosyl sugar at the C6 or C1 site. Herein we developed a novel approach to prepare the 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose, and synthesized the 2-C-branched-1,6-anhydrohexopyranose 1-195, 1-197, 1-198 and 2-C-branched-6-thio-1,6-anhydrohexopyranose 1-225. Until now, glycosylation of 1,6-anhydrohexopyranoses has been limited because of the low yields and low stereoselectivity. In this paper, we found that NiCl5-MeCN system could selectively cleave the ring of 1,6-anhydrohexopyranoses with alcohols and thiols at room temperature in high yields. A series of 2-C-branched-α-glycosides and 2-C-branched-β-thioglycosides have been synthesized via NiCl5-catalyzed. Furthermore, we investigated the formation and ring-opening mechanism of 2-C-acetylmethyl-1,6-anhydrohexopyranose. Glycals are significant starting material in carbohydrate chemistry. After the Fischer-Zach method for forming glucal was reported for the first time, the numerous synthetic methods for glycals have been explored. However, there are several drawbacks in the existing methods, such as the usage of very expensive and toxic reagents, intricate operation, and the influence of acid-sensitive and base-sensitive functional group. We improved the Fischer-Zach method and developed a facile, mild and environmentally benign methodology towards the synthesis of the glycals in Zn-NaH2PO4-H2O or Zn-PEG600-H2O system. Our method involves the treatment of glycosyl bromides with Zn in NaH2PO4 aqueous solution or PEG600-H2O at room temperature, affording various glycals in excellent yields.

超对称电磁相互作用系统的BRST量子化及其正则Ward恒等式

运用Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin路径积分量子化方法对超对称电磁相互作用系统进行了量子化.在相空间中化简了超对称电磁相互作用系统Hamiltonian量,进而使该系统的量子化被化简.构造体系的BRST生成元,得到了系统的BRST变换;给出了有效作用量,得到了Green函数生成泛函;构造了体系的规范生产元,并得到了系统的规范对称变换.最后,基于正则系统的Noether定理,给出了规范变换的Ward-Takahashi恒等式,进而讨论了正规顶角和传播子的关系,给出了正规顶角和传播子的两个关系式.