Potential CO2 Emission Reduction by Development of Non-Grain-Based Bioethanol in China

Assessment of the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based ethanol in China is valuable for both setting up countermeasures against climate change and formulating bioethanol policies. Based on the land occupation property, feedstock classification and selection are conducted, identifying sweet sorghum, cassava, and sweet potato as plantation feedstocks cultivated from low-quality arable marginal land resources and molasses and agricultural straws as nonplantation feedstocks derived from agricultural by-products. The feedstock utilization degree, CO2 reduction coefficient of bioethanol, and assessment model of CO2 emission reduction potential of bioethanol are proposed and established to assess the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based bioethanol. The results show that China can obtain emission reduction potentials of 10.947 and 49.027 Mt CO2 with non-grain-based bioethanol in 2015 and 2030, which are much higher than the present capacity, calculated as 1.95 Mt. It is found that nonplantation feedstock can produce more bioethanol so as to obtain a higher potential than plantation feedstock in both 2015 and 2030. Another finding is that developing non-grain-based bioethanol can make only a limited contribution to China's greenhouse gas emission reduction. Moreover, this study reveals that the regions with low and very low potentials for emission reduction will dominate the spatial distribution in 2015, and regions with high and very high potentials will be the majority in 2030.

Facile electrochemical approach to fabricate hierarchical flowerlike gold micro structures: Electrodeposited superhydrophobic surface

A templateless, surfactantless, electrochemical approach is proposed to directly fabricate hierarchical flowerlike gold microstructures (HFGMs) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The as-prepared HFGMs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry.

Counterions in polyelectrolyte multilayers: A vehicle for introducing functionalities

Counterions present at the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayers were utilized for the introduction of charged species into the multilayer via ion exchange. A typical polyelectrolyte multilayer film with Na+ counterions in the outermost layer was immersed in an AgNO3 aqueous solution and the rapid ion-exchange process was complete within 1 min. The silver ions thus introduced were then reduced in situ and silver nanoparticles were produced at the surface of the multilayer assembly. This example demonstrates that the counterions naturally occurring in every polyelectrolyte multilayer film can be a convenient vehicle for the introduction of various functionalities to the film.

Organic photovoltaic cells with near infrared absorption spectrum

Organic photovoltaic cells with a strong absorption spectrum in the near infrared region were fabricated with the structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/zinc phthalocynine (ZnPc)/lead phthalocynine (PbPc)/C-60/Al. PbPc has a broad and strong absorption, while the organic films of PbPc/C-60 showed an additional new absorption peak at 900 nm. The absorption in the near infrared region can harvest more photons to invert into photocurrent. Moreover, the introduction of ZnPc thin layer between ITO and PbPc further improved the new absorption peak and the collection of hole carriers at the electrode ITO, which increased the power conversion efficiencies to 1.95% and short-circuit current density to 9.1 mA/cm(2) under AM 1.5 solar spectrum.

One-pot synthesis of substituted isothiazol-3(2H)-ones: Intramolecular annulation of alpha-carbamoyl ketene-S,S-acetals via PIFA-Mediated N-S bond formation

A facile and efficient synthetic route towards; highly substituted isothiazol-3(2H)-ones 2 from readily available U.-carbamoyl ketene-S,S-acetals 1 is presented. The key step features the formation of an N-acylnitrenium ion, generated from the oxidization of substituted amides with the hypervalent iodine reagent phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), and its succeeding intramolecular amidation to form a new N-S bond affording the title compounds.

Evaluation of coverage of self-assembled polyaniline-analogue monolayer by capacitance measurements

A method is developed to estimate the coverage of an electropolymerizable aniline-analogue monolayer (mixture of 2- and 3-aminophenols, 2/3-ATP) by measuring the charge capacitance of the electrode (theta = 81%). The technique of filling the uncovered area (defect sites) of the aniline-analogue monolayer with alkanethiols with long alkane chains (1-decanethiol, 1-DT) has been used to determine the coverage. The dielectric constant (permittivity) of the PANI-analogue monolayer was determined to 8.4. Adsorption kinetics of 1-DT was also studied, and the value of the rate constant of the secondary adsorption was measured to 0.9 mol(-1) dm(3) s(-1).

PP/EPDM共混体系的辐射效应

聚丙烯和三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)的γ辐射效应及辐射后的聚丙烯熔体流动速率的测定表明,在限 定空气中聚丙烯随着辐照剂量的增加,熔体流动速率急剧下降,而三元乙丙橡胶随辐射剂量的增加,凝胶含量 逐渐增加。在20kGy的剂量辐照下,凝胶含量为22.7％,加入2％的三聚异氰酸三烯丙酯,在相同的剂量辐 照下,凝胶含量达到68％。在低剂量下辐照对共混物的拉伸强度影响不大,对冲击强度有很大的影响。在20 kGy的剂量辐照下,加入50％EPDM的聚丙烯的缺口冲击强度由1.95 kJ／m2提高到30 kJ／m2,维卡软化温度 由85.9℃提高到97.0℃。

反应挤出条件对PP-g-GMA接枝率、接枝效率和熔体流动速率的影响

用反应挤出法在聚丙烯 (PP)分子链上接枝甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯 (GMA) ,制备功能化聚丙烯 .重点讨论了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度及物料在螺杆中的停留时间等对接枝产物 PP-g-GMA的接枝率、接枝效率和熔体流动速率的影响 .结果表明 ,PP-g-GMA接枝率与加入的单体浓度成正比 ,与引发剂浓度无关 ,反应挤出的适宜温度窗口在 1 95～ 2 3 0℃之间 ,停留时间超过 1 min后接枝率与停留时间无关 ;PP-g-GMA的熔体流动速率与单体浓度成反比 ,与引发剂的用量成正比 ,在反应温度窗口内与反应挤出温度和物料停留时间关系不大 ;单体和引发剂的浓度、反应挤出温度及物料停留时间对 PP-g-GMA的接枝效率无显著影响 .

Dynamic spectroelectrochemical measurement for the conformational transition of cytochrome c induced by bromopyrogal red

The conformational transition of horse heart cytochrome c induced by bromopyrogal red (BPR) in very low concentration has been firstly investigated by dynamic spectroelectrochemical technique, both at the BPR adsorbed platinum gauze electrode and at a bare platinum gauze electrode in a solution containing BPR. The effect of BPR on the structure of cytochrome c was studied by UV-visible and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The unfolded cytochrome c behaves simply as an electron transfer protein with a formal potential of -142 mV vs. a normal hydrogen electrode. The difference between the formal potentials of the native and unfolded cytochrome c is coupled to a difference in conformational energy of the two states of about 40 kJ mol(-1), which agrees well with the result reported. The stability and slow refolding of the unfolded cytochrome c are discussed.

聚乙烯醇胺肟型螯合纤维吸附反应动力学的ESR研究

用ＥＳＲ定量法研究了聚乙烯醇胺肟螯合纤维吸附铜（Ⅱ）离子的吸附反应动力学．为研究吸附反应动力学提供了新方法．并证实该螯合纤维的吸附性能较好．

光活性聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯链结构的研究——PTrMA的~(13)C液体和固体NMR谱

80年代出现的光活性高聚物—聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯(PTrMA)是由非手性单体经不对称阴离子聚合得到的。近年来,PTrMA作为手性固定相在分离手性化合物方面得到了越来越多的实际应用。由于聚合物侧基上的三个苯基产生的大位阻,使它具

HPMBP与伯胺N_(1923)对希土元素(Ⅲ)的协同萃取

本文研究了HPMBP与伯胺N_(1923)的二甲苯溶液,从盐酸介质中协同萃取希土(Ⅲ)的机理。用斜率法、恒摩尔法确定了协萃配合物的组成为:RNH_3Ln(PMBP)_4。求得关于Pr(Ⅲ)协萃反应的平衡常数及协萃配合物的生成常数分别为:logK_(12)=-1.95;logβ_(12)=3.94。实验发现,协萃系数(R)随希土元素的原子序数(Z)递变而呈现“双峰效应”。还研究了协萃配合物的IR,NMR谱。

铜、钴、镍同时分离工艺的研究

稀土体系三种元素同时分离的工艺最近已有发表,但非稀土方面的工作尚未见报导.对Cu、Co、Ni三种元素,通常是将Cu、Co作为一个组份与Ni分离.本工作对组成为Cu:Co:Ni=1:1:1的水相合成料液设计了两种工艺,进行了串级实验,实现了该三种元素的同时分离, 串级实验以HEH(EHP)作萃取剂,煤油为稀释剂,其它试剂均用分析纯.

光对裙带菜排卵的干扰及单克隆扩增、育苗条件优化

为了进一步完善裙带菜单倍体克隆（简称单克隆，以下同）育苗技术，实现该技术的产业化，本文对单克隆的快速扩增以及育苗条件进行了优化研究。获得如下结果：一、光对裙带菜排卵的干扰现象：一般附苗后4-5天雌雄配子即已形成。接近成熟的卵囊细胞翘起，长度达到50-55μm，直径为19-20μm，一到两天后即可排卵。精子囊略透明，颜色微绿。在11：13（L：D）的光周期下，排卵一般在黑暗开始后5分钟即已开始，5-15分钟后达到高峰。排卵的过程只有几秒钟。卵排出后停留在卵囊开口处，仍与卵囊牢固相连。虽然排卵过程只有几秒钟，一旦这个过程受到光的干扰，就会诱导卵脱离卵囊。实验证实，5-6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)的微弱光强（显微镜下镜检的光强）即能引起95%的卵从卵囊脱落。根据我们的观察，一旦卵已排出并与卵囊相连，将不再受光的干扰而脱落。脱落的卵很快死亡分解。将配子已经形成但尚未释放的培养转移至连续光下以后，卵仍能排放，但排出的卵大部分脱落（75%），进一步说明了光对排卵的干扰作用。在育苗实践中，为了方便工作，育苗车间内在天黑后的2-3小时内仍有照明，而在第二天早晨取样观察，就会发现许多空的卵囊。我们的实验证实了这是由于排卵过程受到光的干扰引起的。因此，在育苗实践中，为了提高出苗率，在出苗期间，天黑后2-3小时内育苗车间内应避免照明，以降低光导卵的脱落。二、单克隆快速扩增以及育苗条件的优化：（一）、单克隆快速扩增的优化。实验结果表明：1、单克隆快速生长的适宜光照强度为80-120μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。单克隆的培养密度宜控制在1-10g/L。接种密度以1g/L为宜。2、单克隆藻体内能贮藏氮，因此在单克隆快速扩增过程中，可采用间歇施肥法补充氮源。实验证明，培养液中氨态氮的适宜浓度为20μmol/L，可维持单克隆6天的生长之用（单克隆培养密度1-10g/L）。3、实验证明，在65天内，“老水”对单克隆的生长没有明显的抑制作用。而且，PES培养基除氮的其它成分也可满足单克隆65天的生长需求。4、单克隆快速生长的适宜温度为22 ℃。另外，单克隆密度与消光值之间存在着线形关系，可以通过测量消光值来计算单克隆的培养密度和鲜重，以代替称量法测鲜重。综上，可提出如下单克隆快速扩增的模式：温度为22 ℃；初始光强控制在80-120 μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)；单克隆的接种密度为1g/L；PES培养基（除去氮的成分）可供单克隆65天的培养之用，在这65天内，每隔六天左右将初始氨态氮补充至20 μmol/L；单克隆的培养密度控制在1-10g/L；单克隆培养密度和鲜重可通过测量消光值计算得到。依以上模式，并及时进行扩养，单克隆的鲜重平均日增长率可达25%，以此增长率计算，10g单克隆经一个月培养后鲜重可达8070克，可培育苗帘2000多个，实现海面养殖1000多亩，达到了生产性育苗的要求。（二）、单克隆育苗条件的优化 根据实验结果，可采取如下的育苗优化措施：1、光对排卵有干扰作用。因此，在出苗期间，在天黑后2-3小时内，育苗车间内应避免照明，以降低光导的卵子脱落。2、1μmol/L磷（PO_4~(3-) -P）和70 μmolm/L氮（NH_4~+-N）有利于加速出苗。3、铁对配子体的发育有明显的促进作用。2.5μmolm/L的Fe（III）能使出苗时间提前1-2天，出苗率增加15%左右。4、单克隆育苗较适宜的温度为17 ℃。依以上条件，4-5天左右即可出苗，比一般出苗时间提前1-2天。出苗率也有所增加，例如在实验室条件下，出苗率由原来的50-60%增至80-90%，增加了30%左右。本项研究进一步完善了裙带菜单克隆育苗技术，将大大有利于该技术的进一步推广。

Evolution of nutrient structure and phytoplankton composition in the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem

The inventories of nutrients in the surface water and large phytoplankton( > 69 pm) were analyzed from the data set of JERS ecological database about a typical coastal waters, the Jiaozhou Bay, China, from 1960s for N, P and from 1980s; for Si. By examining long-term changes of nutrient concentration, calculating stoichiometric balance, and comparing diatom composition, Si limitation of diatom production was found to be more possible. The possibility of Si limitation was from 37% in 1980s to 50% in 1990s. Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem is becoming serious eutrophication, with notable increase of NO2-N, NO3-N and NH4-N from 0.1417 mumol/L, 0.5414 mumol/L, 1.7222 mumol/L in 1960s to 0.9551 mumol/L, 3.001 mumol/L, 8.0359 mumol/L in late 1990s respectively and prominent decrease of Si from 4.2614 mumol/L in 1980s to 1.5861 mumol/L in late 1990s; the nutrient structure is controlled by nitrogen; the main limiting nutrient is probably silicon; because of the Si limitation the phytoplankton community structure has changed drastically.