黄土高原沟沿线的廊道防蚀效应探析

在分析黄土高原地区的沟沿线、沟沿线上下沟间地和沟谷地土壤侵蚀特征、小流域泥沙来源、坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的基础上,结合廊道的生态功能和以往的研究结果,认为在沟沿线的上部建立草灌与整地工程措施相结合的植物廊道,来拦蓄阻截沟间地的来水来沙,可使流域的土壤侵蚀量减少54．5%～77．0%。

CLIGEN降水要素在黄土塬区的适应性评估

CLIGEN是目前较全面产生降水要素(降水量、历时、达到最大降水强度的时间与降水总历时的比率、最大降水强度与平均降水强度的比率)的天气发生器,其生成降水要素的质量直接影响水文和农业响应模型的输出结果。利用黄土高原长武1957—2001年的日气象观测数据、王东沟流域1988—2001年的降水要素数据和CLIGEN生成的100年日气象数据,对CLIGEN模型产生日、月、年降水量的均值和方差、概率分布、降水极端值和降水历时、强度进行评估。结果表明:CLIGEN对日、月和年降水量均值的模拟效果较好,相对误差都不大于1.0%;对标准差的模拟结果偏低,相对误差的绝对值小于6.6%;没有模拟出日降水量的概率分布,但是较好地模拟出了月和年降水量的概率分布;对日、月和年最大降水量的模拟误差较大,表明CLIGEN对极值的模拟精度有待提高。CLIGEN很好地模拟出连续降水的频率,但是连续干旱天数在20 d以内的累积频率的平均相对误差为8.9%;CLIGEN产生的最大降水强度与平均降水强度的比率高于实测数据;相对于实测数据,CLIGEN模拟的降水历时和降水量具有相同的趋势,对小降水量或短历时的模拟结果偏高,对大降水量或长历时的模拟结...

基于CorelDRAW软件的小流域模型雨滴测量试验研究

降雨雨谱的观测,是了解降雨特性的一项重要工作。修建小流域模型,是对小流域进行各种试验研究的有效手段。该文基于相似率要求,在模型降雨雨滴较小,雨谱参数难以测定问题的基础上,运用CorelDRAW软件与传统色斑法相结合,探索出一种新的测量与数据处理方法,并得出不同情况下模型的雨谱特性。该法提高了测量精度,并减少了工作量。

黄土丘陵区小流域系统生态经济要素分析——以宁夏隆德县李太平小流域为例

以隆德县李太平小流域为例,对比分析了退化小流域系统恢复重建过程中系统的生态经济要素变化,揭示系统演变趋势。应用能值方法分析了投入产出的动态变化,评价治理的生态经济效果。结果显示:农、林、牧业用地比例由1990年的6·2∶2·0∶1·0变为2003年的1·9∶1·4∶1·0,土地利用及种植结构趋于合理,农业产值所占比重由79·6%下降为54·8%,林业、牧业、副业产值比例分别由9·6%、9·6%、1·1%上升为22·7%、15·1%、7·4%,收入多样性指数也呈增加趋势,显示了流域收入构成的多元化,有利于生态经济系统的稳定。同时,恩格尔系数减小,表明人民生活水平日益提高。基于能值的流域生态经济系统投入产出效率动态研究结果表明在调整后的土地利用格局及种植结构下,净能值产出率由1990年的2·5增长到2003年的3·41,资源利用效率逐年提高,环境负荷率在1990、1995和2003年分别为2·55、2·44和2·11,呈减小趋势,能值持续性指数从1990年的0·98增加到2003年的1·62,经济与生态环境的协调性不断提高。研究结果表明该治理模式是成功的。

细粒沉积物多组分粒度特征及其成因机制研究

By using high-resolution laser grain size instrument Mastersizer 2000, the grain size distribution of windblown depositions (loess and sandy dunes), aqueous sediments (lake, river, riverside and foreshore sand), weathering crust, sloping materials and other fine-grain sediments are systemically measured. The multimodal characteristics of grain size distribution of these sediments are carefully studied. The standard patterns and their grain size characteristics of various sediments are systemically summarized. The discrepancies of multimodal distribution among windblown depositions, aqueous sediments and other sediments are concluded and the physical mechanisms of grain size multimodal distribution of various sediments are also discussed in this paper. The major conclusions are followed: 1. The multimodal characteristic of grain size distribution is a common feature in all sediments and results from properties of transportation medium, dynamic intensity, transportation manner and other factors. 2. The windblown depositions are controlled by aerodynamic forcing, resulting in that the median size of the predominant mode gradually decreases form sandy dunes to loess. Similarly, the aqueous sediments are impacted by dynamic forces of water currents and the median grain size of the predominant mode decreases gradually from river to lake sediments. Because the kinetic viscidity of air is lower than of water, the grain size of modes of windblown depositions is usually finer than that of corresponding modes of aqueous sediments. Typical characteristics of sediments grain size distribution of various sediments have been summarized in the paper: (1) Suspended particles which diameters are less than 75μm are dominant in loess and dust. There are three modes in loess’ grain size distribution: fine, median and coarse (the median size is <1μm、1-10μm、10-75μm, respectively). The coarse mode which percentage is larger than that of others is controlled by source distance and aerodynamic intensity of dust source areas. Some samples also have a saltation mode which median size is about 300-500μm. Our analysis demonstrates that the interaction of wind, atmospheric turbulence, and dust grain gravity along the dust transportation path results in a multimodal grain size distribution for suspended dust. Changes in the median sizes of the coarse and medium modes are related to variation in aerodynamic forcing (lift force related to vertical wind and turbulence) during dust entrainment in the source area and turbulence intensity in the depositional area. (2) There is a predominant coarse saltation mode in grain size distribution of sandy dunes, which median size is about 100-300μm and the content is larger than that of other modes. The grain size distribution curve is near axis symmetric as a standard logarithm normal function. There are some suspended particles in some samples of sandy dunes, which distribution of the fine part is similar to that of loess. Comparing with sandy samples of river sediments, the sorting property of sandy dunes is better than of river samples although both they are the saltation mode. Thus, the sorting property is a criterion to distinguish dune sands and river sands. (3) There are 5~6 modes (median size are <1μm, 1-10μm, 10-70μm, 70-150μm, 150-400μm, >400μm respectively) in grain size distribution of lacustrine sediments. The former 4 modes are suspensive and others are saltated. Lacustrine sediments can be divided into three types: lake shore facies, transitional facies and central lake facies. The grain size distributions of the three facies are distinctly different and, at the same time, the transition among three modes is also clear. In all these modes, the third mode is a criteria to identify the windblown deposition in the watershed. In lake shore sediments, suspended particles are dominant, a saltation mode sometimes occurs and the fourth mode is the most important mode. In the transitional facies, the percentage of the fourth mode decreases and that of the second mode increases from lake shore to central lake. In the central lake facies, the second mode is dominant. A higher content of the second mode indicates its position more close to the central lake. (4) The grain size distribution of river sediments is the most complex. It consist of suspension, saltation and rolling modes. In most situations, the percentage of the saltation mode is larger than that of other modes. The percentage of suspension modes of river sediments is more than of sandy dunes. The grain size distribution of river sediments indicates dynamic strength of river currents. If the fourth mode is dominant, the dynamic forcing of river is weaker, such as in river floodplain. If the five or sixth mode is dominant, the water dynamic forcing of rivers is strong. (5) Sediments can be changed by later forcing in different degree to form some complicated deposition types. In the paper, the grain size distribution of aqueous sediments of windblown deposition, windblown sediments of aqueous deposition, weathering crust and slope materials are discussed and analyzed. 3. The grain size distribution characteristics of different sediments are concluded: (1) Modal difference: Usually there are suspended and saltation modes in the windblown deposition. The third mode is dominant in loess dust and the fifth mode is predominant in sandy dunes. There are suspended, saltation and rolling particles in aqueous sediments. In lacustrine sediments, the second and fourth mode are predominant for central lake facies or lake shore facies, respectively. In river sediments, the fourth, or fifth, or sixth mode is predominant. Suspended modes: the grain size of suspended particles of windblown depositions usually is less than 75μm. The content of suspended particles is lower or none in sandy dunes. However, suspended particles of aqueous sediments may reach 150μm. Difference in grain size of suspended modes represents difference between transitional mediums and the strength of dynamic forcing. Saltation modes: the median size of saltation mode of sandy dunes fluctuates less than that of river sediments. (2) Loess dust and lacustrine sediment: Their suspended particles are clearly different. There is an obvious pit between the second and the third modes in grain size distribution of lacustrine sediments. The phenomenon doesn’t occur in loess dust. In lacustrine sediments, the second mode can be a dominant mode, such as central lake facies, and contents of the second and the third modes change reversely. However, the percentage of the third mode is always the highest in loess dust. (3) Dune Sand and fluvial sand: In these two depositions, the saltation particles are dominant and the median sizes of their saltation modes overlay in distribution range. The fifth mode of dune sand fluctuates is sorted better than that of fluvial sand. (4) Lacustrine and fluvial sediments: In lacustrine sediments, there are 5-6 modes and suspended particles can be predominant. The second mode is dominant in central lake facies and the third mode is dominant in lake shore facies. Saltation or roll modes occurred in central lake facies may indicate strong precipitation events. In fluvial sediments, saltation particles (or rolling particles) usually dominant. 4. A estimation model of lake depth is firstly established by using contents of the second, the third and the fourth modes. 5. The paleoenvironmental history of the eastern part of SongLiao basin is also discussed by analyzing the grain size distribution of Yushu loess-like sediments in Jilin. It was found that there is a tectonic movement before 40ka B.P. in SongLiao basin. After the movement, loess dust deposited in Yushu area as keerqin desert developed. In recent 2000 years, the climate became drier and more deserts activated in the eastern part of Song-Liao basin.

地理信息系统支持下的滑坡灾害空间分析预测-以云南小江流域为例

As a typical geological and environmental hazard, landslide has been causing more and more property and life losses. However, to predict its accurate occurring time is very difficult or even impossible due to landslide's complex nature. It has been realized that it is not a good solution to spend a lot of money to treat with and prevent landslide. The research trend is to study landslide's spatial distribution and predict its potential hazard zone under certain region and certain conditions. GIS(Geographical Information System) is a power tools for data management, spatial analysis based on reasonable spatial models and visualization. It is new and potential study field to do landslide hazard analysis and prediction based on GIS. This paper systematically studies the theory and methods for GIS based landslide hazard analysis. On the basis of project "Mountainous hazard study-landslide and debris flows" supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and the former study foundation, this paper carries out model research, application, verification and model result analysis. The occurrence of landslide has its triggering factors. Landslide has its special landform and topographical feature which can be identify from field work and remote sensing image (aerial photo). Historical record of landslide is the key to predict the future behaviors of landslide. These are bases for landslide spatial data base construction. Based on the plenty of literatures reviews, the concept framework of model integration and unit combinations is formed. Two types of model, CF multiple regression model and landslide stability and hydrological distribution coupled model are bought forward. CF multiple regression model comes form statistics and possibility theory based on data. Data itself contains the uncertainty and random nature of landslide hazard, so it can be seen as a good method to study and understand landslide's complex feature and mechanics. CF multiple regression model integrates CF (landslide Certainty Factor) and multiple regression prediction model. CF can easily treat with the problems of data quantifying and combination of heteroecious data types. The combination of CF can assist to determine key landslide triggering factors which are then inputted into multiple regression model. CF regression model can provide better prediction results than traditional model. The process of landslide can be described and modeled by suitable physical and mechanical model. Landslide stability and hydrological distribution coupled model is such a physical deterministic model that can be easily used for landslide hazard analysis and prediction. It couples the general limit equilibrium method and hydrological distribution model based on DEM, and can be used as a effective approach to predict the occurrence of landslide under different precipitation conditions as well as landslide mechanics research. It can not only explain pre-existed landslides, but also predict the potential hazard region with environmental conditions changes. Finally, this paper carries out landslide hazard analysis and prediction in Yunnan Xiaojiang watershed, including landslide hazard sensitivity analysis and regression prediction model based on selected key factors, determining the relationship between landslide occurrence possibility and triggering factors. The result of landslide hazard analysis and prediction by coupled model is discussed in details. On the basis of model verification and validation, the modeling results are showing high accuracy and good applying potential in landslide research.

乌江流域普定、东风水库汞的分布与质量平衡研究

本论文选择乌江流域普定水库、东风水库作为研究对象，对两个水库系统中汞的环境地球化学循环做了较为完整深入的探讨。具体来说本论文包括以下几方面的工作：（1）揭示普定和东风水库水体各种形态汞的含量、时空分布规律。（2）水库水体水质参数的分布机制研究，明确与水质参数相联系的流域环境对水库水体汞分布的影响。（3）弄清普定水库、东风水库沉积物以及孔隙水各种汞形态的含量、分布规律。（4）建立普定水库、东风水库水体汞循环的质量平衡模型，对水体中汞形态的源、汇及其迁移通量进行定量研究。（5）分析了水库对河流甲基汞输送的源效应产生原因，以理解水库-河流系统中汞的环境地球化学循环的作用。通过本论文的研究，取得以下成果： 1、普定、东风水库水库各形态汞丰水期（夏季）普遍高于枯水期（冬、春季）。普定水库夏季总汞、总甲基汞平均浓度分别为4.48和0.32 ng/L，分别是其它两季平均浓度的2.53倍和3.05倍。东风水库夏季总汞、总甲基汞平均浓度分别为2.94和0.33ng/L，分别是其它两季平均浓度的2.53倍和2.64倍。夏季地表径流带来的汞的输入是引起这种季节差异的重要原因。 2、空间分布表明，普定、东风水库无机汞在由河流输入后经过水库系统内的迁移转化，在水库下游段其浓度已有所下降，表现了水库对于无机汞的 “清除”能力。甲基汞浓度在河流经水库蓄水后，在水库库体内得到升高和“蓄集”，并且峡谷型水库在丰水期水流输送作用下库体内的下游段水体具有更强的甲基汞“蓄集”能力。 3、相关矩阵分析表明，两个水库的水质参数悬浮颗粒物（SPM）、水温（T）和硝酸盐（NO3-）与各形态汞之间普遍存在显著的正相关关系，表明这些参数对于各形态汞的季节分布起着重要作用。夏季丰水期，河流由于雨水带进大量的农田和土壤颗粒，而成为普定、东风水库水体汞的一个重要输入源，同时夏季流域相对活跃的农业耕作活动可能是引起普定、东风水库水体汞水平升高的一个重要原因。 4、普定水库、东风水库沉积物总汞全年平均分别为0.198mg/kg和0.204mg/kg，两者没有显著差异，但明显的高于其它没有污染的水体沉积物，低于处于同一流域的红枫湖水库。沉积物甲基汞浓度峰值主要出现在硫酸盐还原细菌活动区域，有机质含量在某种程度上也影响着甲基汞浓度和分布。 5、两个水库沉积物孔隙水中溶解态无机汞、溶解态甲基汞含量明显大于上覆水体。普定水库沉积物4个剖面孔隙水中溶解态总汞向上扩散对上覆水体的影响程度均为夏季>冬季，而溶解态甲基汞向上扩散对水体的影响程度是冬季>夏季。东风水库沉积物溶解态总汞、溶解态甲基汞扩散对上覆水体的影响程度的季节变化没有规律。 6、水库水体总汞质量平衡模型的估算结果表明，普定水库水体的汞总源为19088.2 g.a-1，总汇为19087.4g.a-1。东风水库水体的汞总源为17116.5 g.a-1，总汇为22562.9g.a-1。河流输入都是两个水库总汞最大的源，普定水库最大的汇是水体是向沉积物的沉降，东风水库最大的汇下泄河流总汞的输出。 7、对水库在河流甲基汞输送过程中的“源”效应分析表明沉积物孔隙水向水体释放甲基汞是水库内部甲基汞产生的重要环节，是水库对河流形成甲基汞源效应的重要原因。

基于遥感和GIS的巢湖流域生态系统健康评价

该文以巢湖流域为研究对象,以生态系统健康理论为基础,将流域生态系统的结构和功能结合起来,通过遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术获取生态环境变化信息,监测和评价小流域单元的健康状况,分析人类活动对生态系统结构和功能变化的影响,为巢湖流域的生态管理和政策制定提供指导.论文的主要内容包括:1、从生态系统研究的发展入手,对生态系统健康研究的发展、评价指标、度量、研究尺度、评价单元选择进行了概括,提出生态系统健康评价应以结构和功能评价为基础、把人类作为生态系统的一部分,对生态系统进行动态监测.2、以压力-状态-反映指标为概念框架,设计了巢湖流域生态系统健康评价指标体系;3、利用RS和GIS技术获取巢湖流域内各个小流域的生态系统数据,解决了小流域人口和社会经济数据获取难的问题;4、基于GIS技术,对流域生态系统健康评价状况进行定量评价,在此基础上,采用典型相关分析方法,分析了人类社会经济活动变化与生态系统健康状况变化的关系;分析了小流域NDVI多年月变化与生态系统健康状况的关系.