Magnetization of two-dimensional heavy holes with boundaries in a perpendicular magnetic field

The magnetisation of heavy holes in III-V semiconductor quantum wells with Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in an external perpendicular magnetic field is studied theoretically. We concentrate on the effects on the magnetisation induced by the system boundary, the Rashba SOC and the temperature. It is found that the sawtooth-like de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations of the magnetisation will change dramatically in the presence of such three factors. Especially, the effects of the edge states and Rashba SOC on the magnetisation are more evident when the magnetic field is smaller. The oscillation center will shift when the boundary effect is considered and the Rashba SOC will bring beating patterns to the dHvA oscillations. These effects on the dHvA oscillations are preferably observed at low temperatures. With increasing temperature, the dHvA oscillations turn to be blurred and eventually disappear.

Anisotropic Zeeman splitting and Stark shift of In1-yMnyAs1-xNx oblate quantum dots

The electronic structure, Zeeman splitting, and Stark shift of In1-yMnyAs1-xNx oblate quantum dots are studied using the ten-band k center dot p model including the sp-d exchange interaction between the carriers and the magnetic ion. The Zeeman splitting of the electron ground states is almost isotropic. The Zeeman splitting of the hole ground states is highly anisotropic, with an anisotropy factor of 918 at B=0.1 T. The Zeeman splittings of some of the electron and hole excited states are also highly anisotropic. It is because of the spin-orbit coupling which couples the spin states with the anisotropic space-wave functions due to the anisotropic shape. It is found that when the magnetic quantum number of total orbital angular momentum is nearly zero, the spin states couple with the space-wave functions very little, and the Zeeman splitting is isotropic. Conversely, if the magnetic quantum number of total orbital angular momentum is not zero, the space-wave functions in the degenerate states are different, and the Zeeman splitting is highly anisotropic. The electron and hole Stark shifts of oblate quantum dots are also highly anisotropic. The decrease of band gap with increasing nitrogen composition is much more obvious in the smaller radius case because the lowest conduction level is increased by the quantum confinement effect and is closer to the nitrogen level. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Dynamics of spin-dependent tunneling through a semiconductor double-barrier structure

The dynamics of spin-dependent tunneling through a nonmagnetic semiconductor double-barrier structure is studied including the k(3) Dresselhaus spin orbit coupling is solved by the time-dependent Schrodinger equation with a developed method for the finite-difference relaxation. The resonant peak and quasibound level lifetime are determined by the in-plane wave vector and the applied electric field. The buildup time and decay lifetime of resonant probability amplitude are different for the spin-down and spin-up electrons due to the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling. Further investigation shows that the steady spin-polarization in both the well and collector regions has been obtained in the time domain. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Highly anisotropic Zeeman splittings of wurtzite Cd1-xMnxSe quantum dots

The electronic structure and Zeeman splittings of wurtzite Cd1-xMnxSe quantum spheres are studied using the k center dot p method and mean-field model. It is interesting to find that the Zeeman splittings of some hole states in quantum spheres are highly anisotropic due to the spin-orbit coupling and wurtzite crystal structure. The anisotropy of the Zeeman splittings of hole ground states in large dots is large, while that in small dot is small because the hole ground states vary with radius. An external electrical field can change the Zeeman splitting significantly, and tune the g factor from nearly 0 to about 100.

Electronic structure of paramagnetic In1-xMnx as nanowires

The electronic structure, spin splitting energies, and g factors of paramagnetic In1-xMnxAs nanowires under magnetic and electric fields are investigated theoretically including the sp-d exchange interaction between the carriers and the magnetic ion. We find that the effective g factor changes dramatically with the magnetic field. The spin splitting due to the sp-d exchange interaction counteracts the Zeeman spin splitting. The effective g factor can be tuned to zero by the external magnetic field. There is also spin splitting under an electric field due to the Rashba spin-orbit coupling which is a relativistic effect. The spin-degenerated bands split at nonzero k(z) (k(z) is the wave vector in the wire direction), and the spin-splitting bands cross at k(z) = 0, whose k(z)-positive part and negative part are symmetrical. A proper magnetic field makes the k(z)-positive part and negative part of the bands asymmetrical, and the bands cross at nonzero k(z). In the absence of magnetic field, the electron Rashba coefficient increases almost linearly with the electric field, while the hole Rashba coefficient increases at first and then decreases as the electric field increases. The hole Rashba coefficient can be tuned to zero by the electric field.

Weak antilocalization and beating pattern in an InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well

We have observed the weak antilocalization (WAL) and beating SdH oscillation through magnetotransport measurements performed on a heavily delta-doped In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.5Al0.48As single quantum well in an applied magnetic field up to 13 T and a temperature at 1.5 K. Both effects are caused by the strong Rashba spin-orbit (SO) coupling due to high structure inversion asymmetry (SIA). The Rashba SO coupling constant alpha and zerotield spin splitting Delta(0) are estimated and the obtained values are consistent from different analysis for this sample. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Observation of electric current induced by optically injected spin current

Linearly polarized light at normal incidence injects a spin current into a strip of two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. The authors report observation of an electric current when such light is shed on the vincinity of the junction in a crossbar-shaped InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well Rashba system. The polarization dependence of this electric current was experimentally observed to be the same as that of the spin current. The authors attribute the observed electric current to the scattering of the optically injected spin current at the crossing. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Weak anti-localization in InAlAs/InGaAs/InAlAs high mobility two-dimensional electron gas systems

Magneto-transport measurements have been carried out on three heavily Si delta-doped In-0.52 Al-0.48 As/In-0.53 Ga-0.47 As/In-0.52 A(10.48) As single quantum well samples in which two subbands were occupied by electrons. The weak anti-localization (WAL) has been found in such high electron mobility systems. The strong Rashba spin-orbit (SO) coupling is due to the high structure inversion asymmetry (SIA) of the quantum wells. Since the WAL theory model is so complicated in fitting our experimental results, we obtained the Rashba SO coupling constant alpha and the zero-field spin splitting Delta(0) by an approximate approach. The results are consistent with that obtained by the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillation analysis. The WAL effect in high electron mobility system suggests that finding a useful approach for deducing alpha and Delta(0) is important in designing future spintronics devices that utilize the Rashba SO coupling.

Stark and rashba effects in GaN nanowires

The effects of an external electric field on the electronic structure of GaN nanowires, as well as GaAs nanowires for comparison, are investigated theoretically. It is found that there is an anti-crossing effect in GaN nanowires caused by a small electric field, the hole energy levels, hole wave functions, and optical oscillator strengths change dramatically when the radius (R) is around a critical radius (R-c), while this effect is absent in GaAs nanowires. When R is slightly smaller than R-c, the highest hole states are optically dark in the absence of the electric field, and a small electric field can change them to be optically bright, due to the coupling of hole states brought by the field. The Rashba spin-orbit effect is also studied. The electron Rashba coefficient alpha increases linearly with the electric field. While the hole Rashba coefficients beta do not increase linearly, but have complicated relationships with the electric field.

Giant Zeeman splitting in manganese-doped ZnSe quantum spheres: Eight-band effective-mass calculations

We deduce the eight-band effective-mass Hamiltonian model for a manganese-doped ZnSe quantum sphere in the presence of the magnetic field, including the interaction between the conduction and valence bands, the spin-orbit coupling within the valence bands, the intrinsic spin Zeeman splitting, and the sp-d exchange interaction between the carriers and magnetic ion in the mean-field approximation. The size dependence of the electron and hole energy levels as well as the giant Zeeman splitting energies are studied theoretically. We find that the hole giant Zeeman splitting energies decrease with the increasing radius, smaller than that in the bulk material, and are different for different J(z) states, which are caused by the quantum confinement effect. Because the quantum sphere restrains the excited Landau states and exciton states, in the experiments we can observe directly the Zeeman splitting of basic states. At low magnetic field, the total Zeeman splitting energy increases linearly with the increasing magnetic field and saturates at modest field which is in agreement with recent experimental results. Comparing to the undoped case, the Zeeman splitting energy is 445 times larger which provides us with wide freedom to tailor the electronic structure of DMS nanocrystals for technological applications.

Nonlinear Rashba model and spin relaxation in quantum wells

We find that the Rashba spin splitting is intrinsically a nonlinear function of the momentum, and the linear Rashba model may overestimate it significantly, especially in narrow-gap semiconductors. A nonlinear Rashba model is proposed, which is in good agreement with the numerical results from the eight-band k center dot p theory. Using this model, we find pronounced suppression of the D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation rate at large electron densities, and a nonmonotonic dependence of the resonance peak position of the electron spin lifetime on the electron density in [111]-oriented quantum wells, both in qualitative disagreement with the predictions of the linear Rashba model.

Semiconductor-metal transition in InSb nanowires and nanofilms under external electric field

The electronic structures, Rashba spin-orbit couplings, and transport properties of InSb nanowires and nanofilms are investigated theoretically. When both the radius of the wire (or the thickness of the film) and the electric field are large, the electron bands and hole bands overlap, and the Fermi level crosses with some bands, which means that the semiconductors transit into metals. Meanwhile, the Rashba coefficients behave in an abnormal way. The conductivities increase dramatically when the electric field is larger than a critical value. This semiconductor-metal transition is observable at the room temperature. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas

The converse effects of spin photocurrent and current induced spin polarization are experimentally demonstrated in a two-dimensional electron gas system with Rashba spin splitting. Their consistency with the strength of the Rashba coupling as measured for the same system from beating of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations reveals a unified picture for the spin photocurrent, current-induced spin-polarization, and spin-orbit coupling. In addition, the observed spectral inversion of the spin photocurrent indicates a system with dominating structure inversion asymmetry.

Electronic states in InAs quantum spheres and ellipsoids

The eight-band effective-mass Hamiltonian of the free-standing narrow-gap InAs quantum ellipsoids is developed, and the electron and hole electronic structures as well as optical properties are calculated by using the model. The energies, wave functions and transition probabilities of quantum spheres as functions of the radius of quantum sphere R is presented. It is found that the energy levels do not vary as 1/R-2, which is caused by the coupling between the conduction and valence bands, and by the constant terms correspond to the spin-orbit splitting energy. The blueshifts of hole states depend strongly on the coupling from electron states, so that the order of hole states changes as has been predicted in experiment. The exciton binding energies are calculated, the calculated excitonic gaps as functions of the ground exciton transition energy are in good agreement with the photoluminescence measured spectra in details. Finally, the hole energy levels and the linear polarization factors in InAs quantum ellipsoids as functions of the aspect ratio are presented. The state 1S(Z up arrow)((1/2)) becomes the hole ground state when e is larger than 2.4. The saturation value of the linear polarization factors of the InAs long ellipsoids of diameter 2.0 nm is 0.86, in agreement with the experimental results.

Optical properties of GaN wurtzite quantum wires

The electronic structure and optical properties of freestanding GaN wurtzite quantum wires are studied in the framework of six-band effective-mass envelope function theory. It is found that the electron states are either twofold or fourfold degenerate. There is a dark exciton effect when the radius R of GaN wurtzite quantum wires is in the range of [0.7, 10.9] nm. The linear polarization factors are calculated in three cases, the quantum confinement effect (finite long wire), the dielectric effect and both effects (infinitely long wire). It is found that the linear polarization factor of a finite long wire whose length is much less than the electromagnetic wavelength decreases as R increases, is very close to unity (0.979) at R = I nm, and changes from a positive value to a negative value around R = 4.1 nm. The linear polarization factor of the dielectric effect is 0.934, independent of radius, as long as the radius remains much less than the electromagnetic wavelength. The result for the two effects shows that the quantum confinement effect gives a correction to the dielectric effect result. It is found that the linear polarization factor of very long (treated approximately as infinitely long) quantum wires is in the range of [0.8, 1]. The linear polarization factors of the quantum confinement effect of CdSe wurtzite quantum wires are calculated for comparison. In the CdSe case, the linear polarization factor of R = I nm is 0.857, in agreement with the experimental results (Hu et al 2001 Science 292 2060). This value is much smaller than unity, unlike 0.979 in the GaN case, mainly due to the big spin-orbit splitting energy Delta(so) of CdSe material with wurtzite structure.