载人潜器半物理虚拟仿真系统及其性能分析

为了缩短深海载人潜器控制系统的开发周期,测试系统性能,根据载人潜器的自身特点,构建和实现了载人潜器所有传感器、执行器设备模拟,以及潜器在海底实景的运动状态的半物理虚拟仿真系统。首先,以仿真系统的硬件架构和数据流程为基础,重点介绍了潜器设备模拟的软件体系结构;其次,在仿真平台上测试了各种网络数据的传输延迟,分析了其整体性能;最后,得出了潜器控制器设计的时间约束。现阶段整个系统已经开发成功,并投入运行到潜器控制系统的安装调试中。

远程自治水下机器人三维实时避障方法研究

海洋环境通常是不确定、非结构化和未知的 ,而远程AUV(LAUV)的避障声纳对环境感知有一定的局限 ,因此很难建立起精确、完整和统一的三维环境模型 .LAUV实时避障是一个实时性很强的动态过程 ,它不但与环境有关 ,而且还与LAUV的运动学约束、动力学特性和操纵性有关 .针对上述问题本文提出了一种基于复合控制的三维实时模糊避障方法

一种基于三焦点张量的度量重建方法

从二维图像恢复物体的三维结构是计算视觉的一个重要研究方向。通过研究三视图之间的对极几何,提出了一种基于三线性关系的度量重建方法。不需要对相机的运动或者景物结构施加任何约束,使用直接重建方法,利用三焦点张量恢复场景的度量重构。仿真实验和真实图像实验表明,该度量重建方法具有很高的准确性和实用性。

装配车间的多品种变批量的生产调度优化模型

针对装配车间调度问题,提出了综合考虑生产中物料配送能力,车间存储物料能力以及装配工艺序列问题的多品种变批次的优化调度方法。主要是分两步解决:首先考虑不同类型产品的装配加工的顺序优化问题;然后,根据生产约束建立各类型产品的分批问题。最后,实现计划调度衔接,并应用于生产。该方法对于实际装配生产具有很强的可操作性。

成批生产计划调度的集成建模与优化

针对多品种批量生产类型,建立了调度约束的生产计划与调度集成优化模型。模型的目标函数是使总调整费用、库存费用及生产费用之和最小,约束函数包括库存平衡约束和生产能力约束,同时考虑了调度约束,即工序顺序约束和工件在单机上的加工能力约束,保证了计划可行性。该模型为两层混合整数规划模型,对其求解综合运用了遗传算法和启发式规则,提出了混合启发式求解算法。最后,针对某机床厂多品种批量生产类型车间进行了实例应用,对车间零件月份作业计划进行分解,得到各工段单元零件周作业计划,确定了零件各周生产批量与投产顺序。

地质导向钻井关键技术及方法

On the basis of analyzing the principle and realization of geo-steering drilling system, the key technologies and methods in it are systematically studied in this paper. In order to recognize lithology, distinguish stratum and track reservoirs, the techniques of MWD and data process about natural gamma, resistivity, inductive density and porosity are researched. The methods for pre-processing and standardizing MWD data and for converting geological data in directional and horizontal drilling are discussed, consequently the methods of data conversion between MD and TVD and those of formation description and adjacent well contrast are proposed. Researching the method of identifying sub-layer yields the techniques of single well explanation, multi-well evaluation and oil reservoir description. Using the extremum and variance clustering analysis realizes logging phase analysis and stratum subdivision and explanation, which provides a theoretical method and lays a technical basis for tracing oil reservoirs and achieving geo-steering drilling. Researching the technique for exploring the reservoir top with a holdup section provides a planning method of wellpath control scheme to trace oil and gas reservoir dynamically, which solves the problem of how to control well trajectory on condition that the layer’s TVD is uncertain. The control scheme and planning method of well path for meeting the demands of target hitting, soft landing and continuous steering respectively provide the technological guarantee to land safely and drill successfully for horizontal, extended-reach and multi-target wells. The integrative design and control technologies are researched based on geology, reservoir and drilling considering reservoir disclosing ratio as a primary index, and the methods for planning and control optimum wellpath under multi-target restriction, thus which lets the target wellpath lie the favorite position in oil reservoir during the process of geo-steering drilling. The BHA (bottomhole assembly) mechanical model is discussed using the finite element method, and the BHA design methods are given on the basis of mechanical analyses according to the shape of well trajectory and the characteristics of BHA’s structure and deformation. The methods for predicting the deflection rate of bent housing motors and designing their assemblies are proposed based on the principle of minimum potential energy, which can clearly show the relation between the BHA’s structure parameters and deflection rate, especially the key factors’ effect to the deflection rate. Moreover, the interaction model between bit and formation is discussed through the process of equivalent formation and equivalent bit considering the formation anisotropy and bit anisotropy on the basis of analyzing the influence factors of well trajectory. Accordingly, the inherence relationship among well trajectory, formation, bit and drilling direction is revealed, which lays the theory basis and technique for predicting and controlling well trajectory.

全信息精细储层预测方法研究与实践-以周清庄油田沙三段油藏为例

With the continuously proceeding of petroleum exploratory development in China, exploratory development becomes more and more difficult. For increasing reserve volume and production, lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir has been the most workable, potential and universality exploration targets. In the past, Dagang Oil Field use the complicated fault reservoir theory as the guide, develop and form a suit of matching construction and instrument in prospecting complicated fault reservoir that reach top of exploration industry in China. But the research of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir is not much, which affects the exploitation progress of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. In this thesis, is object, through the depth study of lithologic deposition in Shasan segment of Zhouqingzhuang Oil Field, a suit of holographic fine reservoir bed forecasting techniques is built up and finally gets following main results: 1. Applying geology, seism, drilling, logging and other information to sensitivity preferences, geological model, inversion and integrated stratum evaluation, realizing the method and flow of refined multi-information stratum forecast. 2. Built up a full three dimensional fine structural interpretation method: in view of r problem of accurately demarcating 90% inclined well, propose a inclined well air space demarcating method, make bed demarcating more exactly; in view of problem of faults demarcating and combination in seismic interpretation, propose a computational method of seismic interference based on wavelet translation, make identify the fault in different level more dependable and reasonable; for exactly identifying structural attitude, propose a velocity modeling method under multi-well restriction, make structural attitude closer to the facts. 3. Built up a high accuracy reservoir bed inversion method: in view of problem in exactly identifying reservoir and nonreservoir with conventional wave impedance inversion method in this place, propose a reservoir log response characteristic analysis and sensible log parameter inversion method. ①analysis log response of reservoir and nonreservoir in region of interest, make definite the most sensible log parameter in identifying reservoir and nonreservoir in this region; ②make sensible log parameter inversion based on wave impedance inversion, to improve inversion accuracy, the thickness of recognizable reservoir bed reach 4-5m. 4. Built up a 4-D reservoir forcasting circuit: in view of difficulty that in lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir making reservoir space characteristic clear by using structural map and reservoir forecasting techniques once only, propose a 4-D reservoir forcasting circuit. In other words, based on development conceptual design, forcast reservoir of different time, namely multiple 3D reservoir forcasting in time queue, each time the accuracy degree of reservoir forcasting is improved since apply the new well material, thereby achieve high quality and highly efficient in exploratory development. During exploratory development lithologic depositin in Shasan segment of Zhouqingzhuang Oil Field, there are thirteen wells get 100% success rate, which sufficiently proves that this suit of method is scientific and effective.

残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究——以大港地区为例

Macro-distribution of residual basins is a basic question in residual basin research，the main object of macro-distribution study is to build strata framework, compute thickness of residual strata and analyze characteristics of residual basins. With the guidance of the theory of integrated geology and geophysical research, the paper assembled series of methods and established the technical chart based on gravity and magnetic data, with restriction of geology, seismic and drilling data. Based on potential field data processing and analysis, forward and inverse computation, region potential field analysis and potential field separation, etc. it computed depth of gravity/magnetic basement and got strata framework. It had got effective results in the research of macro-distribution of residual basin research in the Dagang area. It did the wavelet transform of gravity/magnetic data with multi-kind of wavelet basis using a trou algorithm. From comparison of processing result and their spectral of wavelet analysis, up continuation and filter method, the wavelet approximation is better to fit the regional potential field, and it is an effective method to separate gravity/magnetic effect caused by deep geology bodies. The experiment of matching pursuit shows that te transform domain methods have great advantage in potential data analysis. From the integrated geophysical study of rock property study, gravity/magnetic basement inversion and fault system analysis of the Dagang area, it gets the strata framework and the thickness of pre-Cenozoic residual strata. Comprehensive study with gravity and magnetotelluric profile inversion and interpretation, three prospect plays of macro-distribution of residual basins are fingered out. It has great residual strata thickness in the northern part of Chengning Uplift and there is thrust fault in the deep zone and good up-Paleozoic hydrocarbon source rocks in this area. With integrated analysis, this area will be the most prospective hydrocarbon location of pre-Cenozoic residual basins.

深基坑土钉支护机理的现场测试及三维数值模拟研究

Soil nailing is a sort of new support system developed in recent year, and it has already been extensive application in the supporting system of deep-foundation pit . Based on the in situ measured data of hairun mansion deep-foundation pit excavation in Beijing, which include steel bar stress and lateral deformation, the following categories are systematically studied: (1) Magnitude of lateral deformation and displacement distribution vary with time at different excavation depth of deep-foundation pit excavation. Magnitude and distribution of soil nailing force vary with time at different excavation depth of deep-foundation pit excavation. By contract with the in situ measured data, we process the three-dimension numerical simulation of deep-foundation pit excavation with soil nailing support by Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua 3D(FLAC~(3D)). By above in situ measurement and studying, we found that the mechanism of soil nailing support is: by stress sharing, stress transmission and diffusion, and displacement restriction, composite soil nailing system can improve the strength and rigidity of soil and decrease the deformation and failure state by enhancing the whole stability of slope.

开发早期油藏动态地质模型与油藏工程优化研究——以埕岛油田馆上段油藏为例

In order to developing reservoir of Upper of Ng at high-speed and high-efficient in Chengdao oilfield which is located in the bally shallow sea, the paper builds up a series of theory and means predicting and descripting reservoir in earlier period of oilfield development. There are some conclusions as follows. 1. It is the first time to form a series of technique of fine geological modeling of the channel-sandy reservoir by means of mainly seismic methods. These technique include the logging restriction seismic inversion, the whole three dimension seismic interpretation, seismic properties analysis and so on which are used to the 3-dimension distributing prediction of sandy body, structure and properties of the channel reservoir by a lot of the seismic information and a small quantity of the drilling and the logging information in the earlier stage of the oil-field development. It is the first time that these methods applied to production and the high-speed development of the shallow sea oilfield. The prediction sandy body was modified by the data of new drilling, the new reservoir prediction thinking of traced inversion is built. The applied effect of the technique was very well, according to approximately 200 wells belonging to 30 well groups in Chengdao oilfield, the drilling succeeded rate of the predicting sandy body reached 100%, the error total thickness only was 8%. 2. The author advanced the thinking and methods of the forecasting residual-oil prediction at the earlier stage of production. Based on well data and seismic data, correlation of sediment units was correlated by cycle-correlation and classification control methods, and the normalization and finely interpretation of the well logging and sedimentation micro-facies were acquired. On the region of poor well, using the logging restriction inversion technique and regarding finished drilling production well as the new restriction condition, the sand body distributing and its property were predicted again and derived 3-dimension pool geologic model including structure, reservoir, fluid, reservoir engineering parameter and producing dynamic etc. According to the reservoir geologic model, the reservoir engineering design was optimized, the tracking simulation of the reservoir numerical simulation was done by means of the dynamic data (pressure, yield and water content) of development well, the production rule and oil-water distributing rule was traced, the distributing of the remaining oil was predicted and controlled. The dynamic reservoir modeling method in metaphase of development was taken out. Based on the new drilling data, the static reservoir geologic model was momentarily modified, the research of the flow units was brought up including identifying flow units, evaluating flow units capability and establishing the fine flow units model; according to the dynamic data of production and well testing data, the dynamic tracing reservoir description was realized through the constant modification of the reservoir geologic model restricted these dynamic data by the theory of well testing and the reservoir numerical simulation. It was built the dynamic tracing reservoir model, which was used to track survey of the remaining oil on earlier period. The reservoir engineering tracking analysis technique on shallow sea oilfield was founded. After renewing the structure history since tertiary in Chengdao area by the balance section technique and estimating the activity character of the Chengbei fault by the sealing fault analysis technique, the meandering stream sediment pattern of the Upper of Ng was founded in which the meandering border was the uppermost reservoir unit. Based on the specialty of the lower rock component maturity and the structure maturity, the author founded 3 kinds of pore structure pattern in the Guanshang member of Chengdao oil-field in which the storing space mainly was primary (genetic) inter-granular pore, little was secondary solution pore and the inter-crystal pore tiny pore, and the type of throat mainly distributed as the slice shape and the contract neck shape. The positive rhythmic was briefly type included the simple positive rhythm, the complex positive rhythm and the compound rhythm. Interbed mainly is mudstone widely, the physical properties and the calcite interbed distribute localized. 5. The author synthetically analyzed the influence action of the micro-heterogeneity, the macro-heterogeneity and the structure heterogeneity to the oilfield water flood development. The efficiency of water flood is well in tiny structure of convex type or even type at top and bottom in which the water breakthrough of oil well is soon at the high part of structure when inject at the low part of structure, and the efficiency of water flood is poor in tiny structure of concave type at top and bottom. The remaining oil was controlled by sedimentary facies; the water flooding efficiency is well in the border or channel bar and is bad in the floodplain or the levee. The separation and inter layer have a little influence to the non-obvious positive rhythm reservoir, in which the remaining oil commonly locate within the 1-3 meter of the lower part of the separation and inter layer with lower water flooding efficiency.

陡坡带砂砾岩体油气成藏模式研究——以东营凹陷西北部陡坡带为例

Based on the study of sequence stratigraphy, modern sedimentary, basin analysis, and petroleum system in abrupt slop of depression, this paper builds sedimentary system and model, sandy bodies distribution, and pool-forming mechanism of subtle trap. There are some conclusions and views as follows. By a lot of well logging and seismic analysis, the author founded up the sequence stratigraphic of the abrupt slope, systematically illustrated the abrupt slope constructive framework, and pointed out that there was a special characteristics which was that south-north could be divided to several fault block and east-west could be carved up groove and the bridge in studying area. Based all these, the author divided the studying area to 3 fault block zone in which because of the groove became the basement rock channel down which ancient rivers breathed into the lake, the alluvial fan or fan delta were formed. In the paper, the author illustrated the depositional system and depositional model of abrupt slope zone, and distinguished 16 kinds of lithofacies and 3 kinds of depositional systems which were the alluvial fan and fan-delta system, lake system and the turbidite fan or turbidity current deposition. It is first time to expound completely the genetic pattern and distributing rule of the abrupt slope sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies. The abrupt slope sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies distribute around the heaves showing itself circularity shape. In studying area, the sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies mainly distribute up the southern slope of Binxian heave and Chenjiazhuang heave. There mainly are these sandy-conglomeratic fan body colony which distributes at a wide rage including the alluvial fan, sub-water fluvial and the turbidite fan or the other turbidity current deposition in the I fault block of the Wangzhuang area. In the II fault block there are fan-delta front and sub-water fluvial. And in the Binnan area, there mainly are those the alluvial fan (down the basement rock channel) and the sandy-conglomeratic fan body which formed as narrowband sub-water fluvial (the position of bridge of a nose) in the I fault block, the fan-delta front sandy-conglomeratic fan body in the H fault block and the fan-delta front and the turbidity current deposition sandy-conglomeratic fan body in the m fault block. Based on the reservoir outstanding characteristics of complex classic composition and the low texture maturity, the author comparted the reservoir micro-structure of the Sha-III and Sha-IV member to 4 types including the viscous crude cementation type, the pad cementation type, the calcite pore-funds type and the complex filling type, and hereby synthetically evaluated 4 types sandy- conglomeratic fan body reservoir. In the west-north abrupt slope zone of Dongying Depression, the crude oil source is belonging to the Sha-III and Sha-IV member, the deep oil of Lijin oilfield respectively come from the Sha-III and Sha-IV member, which belongs to the autogeny and original deposition type; and the more crude oil producing by Sha-IV member was migrated to the Wangzhuan area and Zhengjia area. The crude oil of Binnan oil-field and Shanjiasi oil-field belongs to mixed genetic. It is the first time to illustrate systematically the genetic of the viscous crude that largely being in the studying area, which are that the dissipation of the light component after pool-forming, the biological gradation action and the bath-oxidation action, these oil accumulation belonging to the secondary viscous crude accumulation. It is also the first time to compart the studying area to 5 pool-forming dynamical system that have the characteristic including the common pressure and abnormal pressure system, the self-fountain and other-fountain system and the closing and half-closing system etc. The 5 dynamical systems reciprocally interconnected via the disappearance or merger of the Ethology and the fluid pressure compartment zone, the fault and the unconformity surface, hereby formed duplicated pattern oil-gas collecting zone. Three oil-gas pool-forming pattern were founded, which included the self-fountain side-direction migrated collecting pattern, the self-fountain side-direction ladder-shape pool-forming pattern and the other-fountain pressure releasing zone migrated collecting pattern. A series of systemic sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies oil-gas predicting theory and method was founded, based on the groove-fan corresponding relation to confirm the favorable aim area, according as the characteristic of seismic-facies to identify qualitatively the sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies or its scale, used the temporal and frequency analysis technique to score the interior structure of the sandy- conglomeratic fan bodies, applied for coherent-data system analysis technology to describe the boundary of the sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies, and utilized the well logging restriction inversion technique to trace quantificational and forecast the sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies. Applied this technique, totally 15 beneficial sandy-conglomeratic fan bodies were predicted, in studying area the exploration was preferably guided, and the larger economic benefit and social benefit was acquired.

f-x-y域去除随机噪音方法研究

The seismic survey is the most effective prospecting geophysical method during exploration and development of oil/gas. The structure and the lithology of the geological body become increasingly complex now. So it must assure that the seismic section own upper resolution if we need accurately describe the targets. High signal/noise ratio is the precondition of high-resolution. For the sake of improving signal/noise ratio, we put forward four methods for eliminating random noise on the basis of detailed analysis of the technique for noise elimination using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. The four methods are put forward for settling different problems, which are in the technique for noise elimination using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. For weak noise and large filters, the response of the noise to the filter is little. For strong noise and short filters, the response of the noise to the filter is important. For the response of the noise, the predicting operators are inaccurate. The inaccurate operators result in incorrect results. So we put forward the method using prediction filtering by inversion in f-x-y domain. The method makes the assumption that the seismic signal comprises predictable proportion and unpredictable proportion. The transcendental information about predicting operator is introduced in the function. The method eliminates the response of the noise to filtering operator, and assures that the filtering operators are accurate. The filtering results are effectively improved by the method. When the dip of the stratum is very complex, we generally divide the data into rectangular patches in order to obtain the predicting operators using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. These patches usually need to have significant overlap in order to get a good result. The overlap causes that the data is repeatedly used. It effectively increases the size of the data. The computational cost increases with the size of the data. The computational efficiency is depressed. The predicting operators, which are obtained by general prediction filtering in f-x-y domain, can not describe the change of the dip when the dip of the stratum is very complex. It causes that the filtering results are aliased. And each patch is an independent problem. In order to settle these problems, we put forward the method for eliminating noise using space varying prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. The predicting operators accordingly change with space varying in this method. Therefore it eliminates the false event in the result. The transcendental information about predicting operator is introduced into the function. To obtain the predicting operators of each patch is no longer independent problem, but related problem. Thus it avoids that the data is repeatedly used, and improves computational efficiency. The random noise that is eliminated by prediction filtering in f-x-y domain is Gaussian noise. The general method can't effectively eliminate non-Gaussian noise. The prediction filtering method using lp norm (especially p=l) can effectively eliminate non-Gaussian noise in f-x-y domain. The method is described in this paper. Considering the dip of stratum can be accurately obtained, we put forward the method for eliminating noise using prediction filtering under the restriction of the dip in f-x-y domain. The method can effectively increase computational efficiency and improve the result. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the field data, it is proved that the four methods in this paper can effectively solve these different problems in the general method. Their practicability is very better. And the effect is very obvious.

东营凹陷沙三中亚段湖相浊积岩储层特征及油气成藏规律研究

Turbidity sandstone reservoirs have been an important field of hydrocarbon exploration and development in the basins all over the world, as well as in China. Lithologic pools are composed of turbidity sandstones and other sandstones are frequently found in the Jiyang Depression that is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic non-marine oil-bearing basin. The Dongying Sag lies in the sedimentary center of the basin. The subtle traps with turbidity reservoirs are generally difficult to be predicted and described by using current techniques. The studies on turbidity reservoirs plays thus an important theoretical and theoretical practical role in exploration and development in the Jiyang Depression. The attention is, in this thesis, focused on the petrologic properties and oil accumulating behaviors in lake turbidity sedimentary systems in the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, especially in Dongxin area, which lies on the central uplift of the Sag. The paper has disclosed the origin types of turbidity sandstones, distribution pattern and controlling factors of turbidity sandstones, and set up hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in Dongxin, based on nonmarine high resolution sequence stratigraphy, event sedimentology and new theories of hydrocarbon forming. By studying prediction method and technology of turbidity sandstone reservoirs, using precise geological model developing, new techniques of high resolution seismic inversion constrained by logging, the paper has forecast low permeability turbidity sandstone reservoirs and pointed out advantage exploration aims to progressive exploration and development. The paper has obtained mainly many productions and acknowledges as follows: 1.Turbidity sandstone reservoirs of the third section of Shahejie Formationin Dongying Sag are formed in such specifical geological background as rift and extension of basin. The inherited Dongying delta and transgression make up many turbidity distribution areas by overlaying and joining together. The hydrocarbon migrates from depression area to adjacent turbidity sandstone continuously. Accumulation area which is sufficient in oil is formed. 2.The paper has confirmed distinguishable sign of sequence boundary , established stratigraphic framework of Dongying Sag and realized isotime stratigraphic correlation. Es3 of Dongying delta is divided into eleven stages. Among them, the second period of the lower section in Es3, the sixth period of the middle section in Es3, the third period of the upper section in Es3 correspond to eleven sedimentary isotime surface in seismic profile, namely Es3 is classified into eleven Formations. 3.According to such the features of turbidity sandstone as deep in burial, small in area, strong in subtle property, overlaying and joining together and occurring in groups, management through fault and space variations of restriction quantum are realized and the forecast precision of turbidity sandstone by using precise geological model developing, new techniques of high resolution seismic inversion constrained by logging, based on the analysis of all kinds of interwell seismic inversion techniques. 4.According to the features of low permeable turbidity sandstone reservoirs, new method of log interpretation model is put forward. At the same time, distinguish technology of familiar low resistivity oil layer in the turbidity sandstone reservoirs is studied based on petrophysical laboratory work and "four properties" interrelationship between lithological physical Jogging and bearing hydrocarbon properties. Log interpretation model and reservoir index interpretation model of low resistivity oil layer are set up. So the log interpretation precision is improved. 5.The evolution law and its difference of the turbidity sandstone are embodies as follows: the source of sediments come from the south and east of the study area in the middle period of Es3. East source of sediments is pushed from west to east. However, the south source supply of sediments in the early and middle period of Es3 is in full, especially in Es3. subsequently, the supply is decreased gradually. Turbidity fan moves back toward the south and the size of fan is minished accordingly. The characteristic of turbidity sandstone in Dongying Sag is different in different structural positions. Dongxin in the middle-east of the central lift and Niuzhuang Sag He in Dongying delta front and prodelta deep lake subfacies. Although the turbidity sandstone of the two areas root in the Dongying delta sedimentary system, the sand body has different remarkably characteristic. 6.The sedimentary model of the turbiditys in study area have three types as follows: (1) collapse turbidity fan in respect of delta; (2) fault trench turbidity fan; (3) other types of microturbidity sandstone. Middle fan and outer fan, can be found mainly in sublacustrine fan. Middle fan includes braided channel microfacies, central microfacies and braided interchannel microfacies, which is main prospecting oil-bearing subfacies. The middle section of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area (for example the central lift) can be divided into middle-lower and upper part. The middle-lower part is characteristic of turbidity fan. The upper part is sedimented mainly by delta-collapse fan. 7.The turbidity reservoirs of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area characterize by low maturity both in component and texture, strong in diagenesis and low in permeability. The reservoir can be classified into four types. Type III is the body of reservoir and comprises two types of H a and HI b. M a belongs to middle porosity - low permeability reservoir and distributes in the central lift. Hlb belongs to low porosity - low permeability and distributes in Haojia region. 8.A11 single sand body of lens turbidity reservoir of the middle part of the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area are surrounded by thick dark source rocks. The oil-water system is complex and behaves that every sandstone is single seal unit. The water body is 1/3-1-5 of the sand body. The edge water is not active. The gas exists in the top of reservoir in the form of mixed gas. For far-range turbidity fan with big scale channel, the area and volume of sand body is large and the gap is big in oil packing degree. There are lots of edge water and bottom water, and the latter increases rapidly during the course of development. 9.By exerting the modern hydrocarbon forming theories, the third section of Shahejie Formation in study area belongs to abnormally pressured fluid compartment. The lithological reservoir of the third section of Shahejie Formation is formed in the compartment. The reservoir-formed dynamic system belongs to lower self-source enclosed type. The result and the practice indicate that the form and accumulation of lithological oil reservoirs are controlled by the temperature and pressure of stratum, microfacies, thickness of sand body, fault and reservoir heterogeneity. 10. Based on studies above, the emphases focus on in south and north part of Dongying structure, west Dongxin region and south part Xinzhen structure in the application of production. The practice proves that the turbidity sandstone reservoirs in Ying 11 block and the fault-lithological reservoirs in Xin 133 block have been obtained significant breakthrough. The next target is still sandstone groups of the third section of Shahejie Formation in the bordering areas of Dongxin region for instance Xin 149 area, He 89 area, Ying 8 area etc.

内蒙古草地植被群落生物量的梯度特征研究

Relationship between biology and environment is always the theme of ecology. Transect is becoming one of the important methods in studies on relationship between global change and terrestrial ecosystems, especially for analysis of its driving factors. Inner Mongolia Grassland is the most important in China Grassland Transect brought forward by Yu GR. In this study, changes in grassland community biomass along gradients of weather conditions in Inner Mongolia was researched by the method of transect. Methods of regression about biomass were also compared. The transect was set from Eerguna county to Alashan county (38° 07' 35" ~50° 12' 20" N, 101° 55' 25" -120° 20' 46" E) in Inner Mongolia, China. The sample sites were mainly chosen along the gradient of grassland type, meadow steppe-* typical steppe-*desert steppe-*steppification desert-^desert. The study was carried out when grassland community biomass got the peak in August or September, 2003 and 2004. And data of 49 sample sites was gotten, which included biomass, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, accumulated temperature above zero, annual hours of sunshine and other statistical and descriptive data. The aboveground biomass was harvested, and the belowground biomass was obtained by coring (30 cm deep). Then all the biomass samples were dried within (80 + 5) °C in oven and weighted. The conclusion is as follows: 1) From the northeast to the southwest in Inner Mongolia, along the gradient of grassland type, meadow steppe-*typical steppe-*desert steppe-*steppification desert-* desert, the cover degree of vegetation community reduces. 2) By unitary regression analysis, biomass is negatively correlated with mean annual temperature, s^CTC accumulated temperature, ^10°C accumulated temperature and annual hours of sunshine, among which mean annual temperature is crucial, and positively with mean annual precipitation and mean annual relative humidity, and the correlation coefficient between biomass and mean annual relative humidity is higher. Altitude doesn't act on it evidently. Result of multiple regression analysis indicates that as the primary restrictive factor, precipitation affects biomass through complicated way on large scale, and its impaction is certainly important. Along the gradient of grassland type, total biomass reduces. The proportion of aboveground biomass to total biomass reduces and then increases after desert steppe. The trend of below ground biomass's proportion to total biomass is adverse to that of aboveground biomass. 3) Precipitation is not always the only driving factor along the transect for below-/aboveground biomass ratio of different vegetation type composed by different species, and distribution of temperature and precipitation is more important, which is much different among climatic regions, so that the trend of below-/aboveground biomass ratio along the grassland transect may change much through the circumscription of semiarid region and arid region. 4) Among reproductive allocation of aboveground biomass, only the proportion of stem in total biomass notably correlates to the given parameters. Stem/leaf biomass ratio decreases when longitude and latitude increase, caloric variables decrease, and variables about water increase from desert to meadow steppe. The change trends are good modeled by logarithm or binomial equations. 5) 0'-10 cm belowground biomass highly correlates to environmental parameters, whose proportion to total biomass changes most distinctly and increases along the gradient from the west to the east. The deeper belowground biomass responses to the environmental change on the adverse trend but not so sensitively as the surface layer. Because the change value of 0~10 cm belowground biomass is always more than that of below 10 cm along the gradient, the deference between them is balanced by aboveground biomass's change by the resource allocation equilibrium hypothesis.

Modification of a poly(methyl methacrylate) injection-molded microchip and its use for high performance analysis of DNA

Inexpensive and permanently modified poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) microchips were fabricated by an injection-molding process. A novel sealing method for plastic microchips at room temperature was introduced. Run-to-run and chip-to-chip reproducibility was good, with relative standard deviation values between 1-3% for the run-to-run and less than 2.1% for the chip-to-chip comparisons. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) was used as an additive in PMMA substrates. The proportions of PMMA and ABS were optimized. ABS may be considered as a modifier, which obviously improved some characteristics of the microchip, such as the hydrophilicity and the electro-osmotic flow (EOF). The detection limit of Rhodamine 6G dye for the modified microchip on the home-made microchip analyzer showed a dramatic 100-fold improvement over that for the unmodified PMMA chip. A detection limit of the order of 10(-20) mole has been achieved for each injected phiX-174/HaeIII DNA fragment with the baseline separation between 271 and 281 bp, and fast separation of 11 DNA restriction fragments within 180 seconds. Analysis of a PCR product from the tobacco ACT gene was performed on the modified microchip as an application example.