THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES OF SOME ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS INVESTIGATED BY DIRECT PYROLYSIS MASS-SPECTROMETRY

Thermal decomposition processes of poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) (PPS), polythiophene (PT) and polyaniline (PAn) were investigated by direct pyrolysis EI or CI mass spectrometry (DPMS). They can provide up to heptemer pyrolynates and give some structure properties. The results indicate that the thermal degradation all undergoes in radical decomposition, PPS pyrolyzes into linear and cyclic oligmers, but PT and PAn pyrolyze only into linear oligmers.

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE LATTICE FLUID MODEL .1. POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS OF SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION

The Gibbs free energies and equations of state of polymers with special molar mass distributions, e.g., Flory distribution, uniform distribution and Schulz distribution, are derived based on a lattice fluid model. The influence of the polydispersity (or t

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE LATTICE FLUID MODEL .2. BINARY MIXTURE OF POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS OF SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION

In this paper, the Gibbs free energy, the equation of state and the chemical potentials of polydisperse multicomponent polymer mixtures are derived. For general binary mixtures of polydisperse polymers, we also give the Gibbs free energy, the equation of

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE LATTICE FLUID MODEL .3. BINARY MIXTURE OF POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS OF SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION WITH STRONG-INTERACTIONS

For a binary mixture of polydisperse polymers with strong interactions, the free energy, the equation of state, the chemical potentials and the spinodal are formulated on the basis of the lattice fluid model. Further, the spinodal curves for the system wi

EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE MULTIPLICITY ON MECHANISM OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKING OF POLYMERS

In an attempt to explore the effects of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF AB CROSS-LINKED POLYMERS

Hydroxy-terminated oligomers, such as polyester, polyether, or castor oil, were reacted with toluene diisocyanate to form isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, which were then reacted with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate to obtain vinyl-terminated prepolymer (VTP).

THE USE OF LIGHT-MICROSCOPY FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF EPITAXIAL-GROWTH OF POLYMERS ON POLYMERIC SUBSTRATES

In order to study the oriented (epitaxial) crystallization of thermoplastic polymers on oriented polymer substrates, generally the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used. With this instrument, the crystallized material can easily be resolved and orientation relationships can be monitored by electron diffraction. Disadvantages are the time consuming sample preparations and difficulties in the in-situ observations of the crystallization events, because of the radiation sensitivity of the polymer crystals. It is demonstrated that these disadvantages of the TEM can be eleminated by the use of different methods of light optical contrasts under specific preparation conditions of the samples and that the optical microscopy being a supplementary method to the TEM for investigations of epitaxial crystallization.

MECHANISM OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKING OF POLYMERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH STRUCTURAL MULTIPLICITY

In an attempt to explore the effect of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical and morphological multiplicity of polymer structure results in the multiplicity of crosslinking mechanism, and that any single equation can only be applicable to a certain step of the whole radiation process.

STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF DIALKYL FUMARATES POLYMERS

Polymers of methyl-iso-propyl fumarate, di-iso-propyl fumarate, di-t-butyl fumarate, di-s-butyl fumarate, di-s-amyl fumarate and di-cyclo-hexyl fumarate were prepared by radical polymerization. The structures of the polymers were examined by H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and WAXD. Some properties of the polymers, including thermal properties, were examined.

STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS

A statistical thermodynamics theory of polydisperse polymers based on a lattice model of fluids is formulated. Pure polydisperse polymer can be completely characterized by three scale factors and the molecular weight distribution of the system. The equation of state does not satisfy a simple corresponding-states principle, except for a polymer fluid of sufficiently high molecular weight. The relationships between thermal expansion coefficient alpha and isothermal compressibility beta with reduced variables are also predicted.

RADIATION EFFECTS ON CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS .1. GAMMA-RADIATION-INDUCED CROSS-LINKING AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE OXIDE

By using WAXD, DSC and gel fraction determination techniques, the mechanism of radiation crosslinking of polyethylene oxide (PEO) was explored, and the dependence of aggregated state on the chemical reaction and physical structure was also discussed. It was found that just like other semi-crystalline polymers, the state of aggregation of the specimen has a profound influence on the radiation effects on PEO. On the contrary, the crystalline structure of the specimen is severely affected with the increase in radiation dose and eventually amorphortized when subjected to an extremely high radiation dose.

MISCIBILITY OF POLY(N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE) WITH POLY(ETHER SULFONE) AND 2 PHENOLPHTHALEIN-BASED POLYMERS

Blends of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) with poly(ether sulphone) and two phenolphthalein-based polymers, viz. phenolphthalein poly(ether ether sulphone) and phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone) were prepared by casting from a common solvent and studied by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that all the PVP blends are miscible and show a single, composition-dependent glass transition temperature (T(g)). The T(g)-composition dependence has been analysed by the use of the Gordon-Taylor equation. The values of the k parameter in the Gordon-Taylor equation obtained are all not high for the three pairs, in accordance with the fact that there is no strongly specific interaction between PVP and any of the other polymers.

WATER-SOLUBLE AND AMPHIPHILIC POLYMERS .11. GRAFT-POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC-ACID ON POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)

The graft polymerization of acrylic acid(AA) on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) has been investigated by using either potassium persulfate (KPS) or ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN) as an initiator. In the case of KPS initiation, the formation of the graft polymer always lags behind the homopolymer formation. The graft polymer is separated by acetone, and the increase of reaction temperature favors the homopolymer formation at the early stage. In the case of CAN initiation, graft polymers with a high PAA content can hardly be obtained when the polymerization is performed under nitrogen and at < 0.06 mol/L HNO3 concentration. It has been found that incorporation of a small amount of oxygen in a protective nitrogen gas accelerates markedly the graft polymerization, and that the resulting graft polymers can not be separated by acetone precipitation technique in most cases. The Dalian nitrogen(containing 0.7% oxygen) is a good protective gas for CAN-initiated PVAL-AA graft polymerization.

INSITU CONDUCTIVITY ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS - POLY(3-METHYLTHIOPHENE) AND POLYTHIOPHENE

In situ monitoring of conductivity and potential response of conductive polymers during electrochemical process had been described. A renewable carbon fibre array ring-glassy carbon disk electrode was used for this purpose. Poly(3-methylthiophene) and polythiophene were investigated with this method, and some 5 orders in magnitude of conductivity changes were observed during the electrochemical redox process.

RADIATION-INDUCED CROSS-LINKING OF AROMATIC POLYMERS WITH A CARDO GROUP

The effects of irradiation on some members of the family of aromatic polymers with a cardo group, such as polyetherketone with a cardo group (PEK-C) and polyethersulfone with a cardo group (PES-C), were studied. It was found that PEK-C and PES-C can be crosslinked by irradiation under vacuum. Moreover, it was also found that the intensity of the shake-up peak of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for PEK-C and PES-C varies with irradiation dose. Gelation doses (Rg) of PEK-C and PES-C were estimated from the XPS shake-up peak.