Relationship between the allelopathic activity and molecular structure of hydroxyl derivatives of benzoic acid and their effects on cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The antialgal activities of benzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) were studied on the growth of two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (toxic FACHB 942 and non-toxic 469). The results showed that the sequence of 50% growth inhibition concentration (ErC50) of 6- compounds for both strains of M. aeruginosa followed the same order: gallic acid > 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid > 4-hydroxybenzoic acid > salicylic acid > 3-hydroxybenzoic acid > benzoic acid. The position and the numbers of hydroxy groups between the hydroxy group and carboxyl influenced the antialgal effects of phenolic acids. We also investigated the joint effects of benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid on the growth of M. aeruginosa ( toxic FACHB 942). The mixture of phenolic allelochemicals showed the synergistic effects.

Structure of the phytoplankton community and its relationship to water quality in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China

The phytoplankton community structure, in terms of species composition, total standing crop, and abundance of the dominant algal species, at four stations in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China, was investigated monthly from January 1994 to December 1996. A total of 260 taxa was observed, of which Chlorophyta (106 taxa) contributed the highest portion of the total number of taxa, followed by Bacillariophyta (82 taxa) and Cyanophyta (32 taxa). The total standing crop measured by means of chlorophyll a content, cell density, and cell biovolume, as well as the abundance of the dominant species, declined in the order of Station I to Station IV. Seasonal changes of the standing crop varied greatly among the four stations. Although the cell density at the four stations showed a single peak within a year, the peak density varied from July to November, dependent on the sampling year and the station. For chlorophyll a content and cell biovolume, multiple peaks were observed at Stations I and II, but a single peak was found at Stations III and IV. The phytoplankton community structure indicated that the trophic status was the highest at Station I (most eutrophic), followed by Station II; Stations III and IV were the least trophic areas. The long-term changes in phytoplankton community structure further suggested that changes in phytoplankton community structure were correlated with water quality, and eutrophication of Donghu Lake had been aggravated since the 1950s.

A topography/chemical composition gradient polystyrene surface: Toward the investigation of the relationship between surface wettability and surface structure and chemical composition

In this paper, we have prepared of a topography/chemical composition gradient polystyrene (PS) surface, i.e., an orthogonal gradient surface, to investigate the relationship between surface wettability and surface structure and chemical composition. The prepared surface shows a one-dimensional gradient in wettability in the x, y, and diagonal directions, including hydrophobic to hydrophilic, superhydrophobic to hydrophobic, superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic gradients, and so forth.

Integrated processing-structure-property analysis on rubber in-mold vulcanization

On the basis of the quantitative relationship among rubber processing, structure and property, the methodology of the integrated processing-structure-property analysis on rubber in-mold vulcanization is presented, and then the temporal evolution and spatial distribution characteristics of silicone rubber hot processing parameters, crosslinking structure parameters and mechanical property parameters are obtained by means of the finite element method. The present work is helpful for optimizing curing conditions, and then the design of rubber vulcanization processes according to certain requirements can be done.

Relationship between structure and gas permeation properties of polyimides prepared from oxydiphthalic dianhydride

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyimides, which were prepared from oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) with various aromatic diamines, with respect to H-2, CO2, O-2, N-2, and CH4 were measured under 10 atm and in the temperature range from 30 to 150 degrees C. A significant change in gas permeability and permselectivity resulting from systematic variation of the chemical structure of the polyimides was found. Among the polyimides which were prepared from phenylenediamine and its derivatives as well as bridged diamines without side groups on the benzene rings of the diamine residues, the increase of the gas permeability is accompanied by a decrease of the permselectivity. However, both the gas permeability and the permselectivity of the polyimides which were prepared from bridged diamines with methyl or methoxy groups on the benzene rings of the diamine residues simultaneously increase.

Structure/permeability and permselectivity relationship of polyetherimides from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride .2.

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyetherimides, which were prepared from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) with various aromatic diamines, to H-2, O-2 and N-2 have been measured under 7 atm and at the temperature range 30-100 degrees C. A significant change in the permeability and permselectivity resulting from the systematic variation in chemical structure of the polyetherimides was found. Among the polyetherimides, that were prepared from phenylenediamine and methyl substituted phenylenediamines, the increase of permeability is accompanied by a decrease of permselectivity. The polyetherimides that were prepared from 3,5-diaminobenzoic esters have lower permselectivity than the others. However, the polyetherimide from 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid possesses much higher permselectivity than the others due to cross-linking. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Structure/permeability and permselectivity relationship of polyetherimides from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride .1.

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyetherimides, which were prepared from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) and various aromatic diamines, to H-2, CO2, O-2, N-2 and CH4 have been measured under 7 atm pressure and over the temperature range 30-150 degrees C. A significant change in permeability and permselectivity, which resulted from a systematic variation in chemical structure of the polyetherimides, was found. Generally, increases in permeability of the polyetherimides are accompanied by decreases in permselectivity. The order of decrease of the permeability coefficients is as follows: HQDPA-IPDA > HQDPA-DDS > HQDPA-MDA > HQDPA-ODA > HQDPA-DABP > HQDPA-BZD. However, HQDPA-DMoBZD and HQDPA-DMoMDA, with bulky methoxy side-groups on the aromatic rings of the diamine residue, display both high permeability coefficients and high permselectivity. The favourable gas separation property, excellent thermal and chemical stability, and high mechanical strength make HQDPA-DMoBZD and HQDPA-DMoMDA promising candidates for membrane-based gas separation applications.

Relationship between the structure and catalytic activity of La2-xSrxNiO4-lambda(0<=x<=1) mixed oxides for NH3 oxidation

A series of samples having the composition of La2-xSrxNiO4(0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1) were prepared and used as catalysts for NH3 oxidation. It was found that the La and oxygen vacancies exist in the La2-xSrxNiO4-lambda(0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1). The unit cell volume decreases with the increase of x. For bath c and a parameters there appeared a turning point at x = 0.5. Doping with a lower valence cation Sr2+ in the case of La2NiO4 resulted in an increase of Ni3+, consequently the formation of oxygen vacancies, the increase of reducing ability and the increase of catalytic activity. In the oxygen TPD of La2-xSrxNiO4(0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1) appeared three peaks, the alpha' peak at about 400K was attributed to the surplus oxygen desorption, the a peak at 700K which approaches to a maxium at x = 0.6 was attributed to the oxygen adsorbed at oxygen vacancies. The beta peak at about 1000K which depends closely on the x and favors the catalytic activity was attributed to the reduction of Ni3+. The catalytic activity of La-2-x SrxNiO4 mixed oxides in the NH3 oxidation in general could be attributed to the extent of the redox reaction: 2Ni(2+) + O-2 + V-0(..) reversible arrow 2Ni(3+) + 20(-) where V-0(..) representes the oxygen vacancies and O- the oxygen species adsorbed at the vacancies.

Structure/permeability and permselectivity relationship of polyetherimides from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride .3.

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyetherimides prepared from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) and four (methylene dianiline)s with a methyl side group to H-2, CO2, O-2, N-2, and CH4 were measured under 7 atm and within a temperature range from 30 to 150 degrees C. The gas permeabilities and permselectivities of these polymers were compared with those of the HQDPA-based polyetherimides from methylene dianiline (MDA) and isopropylidene dianiline (IPDA). The number and position of the methyl side groups on the benzene rings of the diamine residues strongly affect the gas permeabilities and permselectivities of the HQDPA-based polyetherimides. The gas permeability of the polyetherimide progressively increases with an increase in the number of the methyl side groups. Both the gas permeability and permselectivity of the polyetherimides with methyl side groups are higher than those of HQDPA-MDA. The polyetherimide prepared from 3,3'-dimethyl 4,4'-methylene dianiline (DMMDA1) possesses both higher permeability and permselectivity than the polyetherimides prepared from 2,2'-dimethyl 4,4'-methylene dianiline (DMMDA2). However, two of the polyetherimides prepared 2,2',3,3'-tetramethyl 4,4'-methylene dianiline (TMMDA1) or 2,2', 5,5'-tetramethyl 4,4'-methylene dianiline (TMMDA2) possess almost the same gas permeability and permselectivity.

STUDIES ON STRUCTURE-CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS

The electronic parameters of 12 N-nitroso compounds have been computated with semiempirical quantum chemical calculation, and the study on the relationships between the structures of these compounds and the carcinogenic activities have been performed by using multivariate regression analysis and neural network with satisfactory results.

Relationship between differential retention of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis and variations in enzyme activity in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

Uptake of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis and variations of trypsin amylase activity acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase in tissue of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis were detected. The results showed that P. yessoensis accumulated E. faecalis in larger numbers and more rapidly than E. coli, both with the highest concentration in the digestive tract and lowest in hemolymph. Compared to E. coil, all scallops exposed to E. faecalis showed significantly higher trypsin and AMS activity. SOD activity in hemocytes and ACP activity in hemolymph was significantly higher in the treatments with 5 log(10)CFU/ml E. colt than with E. faecalis. But no significant differences in ACP activity of P. yessoensis exposed to a 3 log(10)CFU/ml inoculum of both bacteria were recorded. In conclusion, the mass retention of gut microflora in P. yessoensis is positively correlated with digestive enzymes activity and negatively correlated with ACP activity in the hemocyte. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A new method of predicting of gas chromatographic retention indices for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

A new method has been developed to describe the quantitative relationship between molecular structures of PCDFs and their gas chromatographic retention indices on a 30-m fused silica column coated with DB-5 stationary phase. The regression equation is derived with a multiple correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995. The highest residual is 20 index units. The standard deviation is less than 7 index units. Using this regression equation, the retention indices of PCDFs for which data is not available have also been predicted. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.