Studies of effect of phase volume ratio on transfer of ionizable species across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface by a three-electrode setup

The electrochemical behavior of pyridine distribution at the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface with variable phase volume ratios (r=V-0/V-W) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The system was composed of an aqueous droplet supported on a Ag/AgCl disk electrode covered with an organic solution or an organic droplet supported on a Ag/AgTPBCl disk electrode covered with an aqueous solution. In this way, a conventional three-electrode potentiostat can be used to study an ionizable compound transfer process at a liquid/liquid interface with a wide range of phase volume ratios (from 0.0004 to 1 and from 1 to 2500). Using this special cell we designed, only very small volumes of both phase were needed for r equal to unity, which is very useful for the investigation of the distribution of ionizable species at a biphasic system when the available amount of species is limited. The ionic partition diagrams were obtained for different phase volume ratios.

The chemical resolution of racemic cis-2-hydroxymethyl-5(cytosine-1 '-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane (BCH-189)-one direct method to obtain lamivudine as anti-HIV and anti-HBV agent

Racemic cis-BCH-189 can be resolved to (-)-enantiomer (lamivudine) and (+)-enantiomer by esterification of cis-2-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-4(')-acetylcytosine-1'-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane and (+)-menthyl chloroformate in CH3CN with pyridine as base. The two diastereomers of ester were seperated by recrystallization in methanol at 0degreesC. Lamivudine was obtained by deprotection of (-)-diastereomer with high yield.

Influence of capping ligands on the self-organizations of gold nanoparticles into superlattice from CTAB reverse micelles

Gold nanoparticles with size 3-10 nm (diameter) were prepared by the reduction of HAuCl4 in a CTAB/octane + 1-butanol/H2O reverse micelle system using NaBH4 as the reducing agent. The as-formed gold nanoparticle colloid was characterized by UV/vis absorption spectrum and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Various capping ligands, such as alkylthiols with different chain length and shape, trioctylphosphine (TOP), and pyridine are used to passivate the gold nanoparticles for the purpose of self-organization into superstructures. It is shown that the ligands have a great influence on the self-organization of gold nanoparticles into superlattices, and dodecanethiol C12H25SH is confirmed to be the best ligand for the self-organization. Self-organization of C12H25SH-capped gold nanoparticles into 1D, 2D and 3D superlattices has been observed on the carbon-coated copper grid by TEM without using any selective precipitation process.

Preparation and characterization of PSt-b-PHEMA metal hybrids

The block copolymer polystyrene-b-poly[2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethylene methacrylate] (PSt-b-PTMSEMA) was synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The hydrolysis of PSt-b-PTMSEMA led to the formation of an amphiphilic block copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate) (PSt-b-PHEMA), which was characterized by GPC and H-1-NMR. TEM showed that the PSt-b-PHEMA formed a micelle, which is PSt as the core and PHEMA as the shell. Under appropriate conditions, the nickel or cobalt ion cause chemical reactions in these micelles and could be reduced easily. ESCA analysis showed that before reduction the metal existed as a hydroxide; after reduction, the metal existed as an oxide, and the metal content of these materials on the surface is more than that on the surface of the copolymer metal ion. XRD analysis showed that the metal existed as a hydroxide before reduction and existed as a metal after reduction.

Recent progress in the studies of endohedral metallofullerenes

This overview presents the recent progress in the area of endohedral metallofullerenes in the past several years. The important results have been summarized as follows: (1) Many metals including Group 3 metals, most of the lanthanide series elements, and Group 2 metals have been encapsulated into a fullerene cage to form mono-, di-, and trimetallofullerenes by using the arc-evaporation technique. (2) Some endohedral metallofullerenes such as Group 3 metals, most of the lanthanide series elements, Group 2 metals, and some of their isomers have been successfully isolated and purified by a two-step or several-step HPLC technique. By using high-temperature and high-pressure extraction with pyridine, Ln@C-80, Ln@C-82, and Ln2@C-80 for most rare-earth metals have been selectively extracted in high yield (about 1% of the saw soot) from fullerenes and other size metallofullerenes. (3) The endohedral nature of metallofullerenes such as Y@C-82, Sc2@C-84, and Sc@C-82 has been finally confirmed by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The symmetries and the structures of metallofullerenes such as Ca@C-82(III), La-2@C-80(I-h), Sc-2@C-84(D-2d), and Sc-2@C-84(C-s) have been confirmed by NMR measurements. (Lb) The information on the electronic structures and properties of endohedral metallofullerenes has been obtained by various spectrometric means Such as EPR, W-vis-MR, XPS, CV. It is generally accepted that three-electron transfer is favorable when M = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Lu but Sc, Eu, Sm, Yb, Tm, Ca, Sr, Ba prefer to donate two electrons to the fullerene cages. (5) Several chemical reactions of endohedral metallofullerenes have been reported in which reagents are disilacyclopropane, digermacyclopropane, diphenyldiazomethane, and trifluoroacetic acid. (6) Mass spectrometry provided the crucial evidence that led to the discovery of metallofullerenes in 1985 and has always played a key role in their identification and characterization, Ion-mobility measurements of gas-phase ions have obtained the information of structures and the formation mechanism of endohedral metallofullerenes. till Theoretical calculations on the endohedral metallofullerenes have made an important contribution to the studies on the symmetry of the cage, the position of metal atom(s) inside the cage, the number of electronic transfer between metal atom(s) and fullerene cage, etc. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

The development in oxidation of olefins to ketones catalyzed by palladium compounds

The development in the oxidation of olefins to ketones catalyzed by palladium compounds was reviewed. Some improved methods for the oxidation of olefins catalyzed by Wacker-type catalyst systems are also summarized. For this reaction, some new catalyst systems and the reaction mechanism are described. Emphasis has been given to the applications of Pd(I)/HPA(heteropoly acid), Pd(I)/FePc (iron phthalocyanine), Pd (I)/HQ (hydroquinone)/FePc, Pd (I)/HQ/HPA, Pd (I)/CuSO4/HPA catalyst systems in the oxidation of olefins to ketones; the application of Pd(I)/LCoNO2, PdCl2 (MeCN)(2)/CuCl, Pd(OAc)(2)/ pyridine, fluorous biphasic catalyst systems in the oxidation of olefins to ketones is also surveyed.

Electroluminescence of a novel europium complex

Electroluminescent devices using a ternary europium complex Eu(DBM)(3)(hhpy)(2) (dibenzoylmethane, DBM; hexahydro pyridine, hhpy) as an emitting layer, poly(vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) as a hole-transporting material and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) as an electron-transporting material have been fabricated. When only using Eu(DBM)(3)(hhpy)(2) as the emitting layer, luminance of 2.52 cd/m(2) with pure Eu3+ EL emissions from devices is achieved. Introducing a hole transporting material PVK and an electron transporting material 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazole (PBD) in the emitting layer, luminance of 100cd/m(2) is achieved, and the eletroluminescence efficiency is enhanced by about two orders of magnitude. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mass spectrometric studies of metallofullerene

The endrohel metallofullerene, Gd@C-82, Gd@C-80, Gd-2@C-80 were synthesized by using K-H method. The technique of two-step of high pressure and high temperature extraction with 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene (first step) and pyridine(second step) has been successfully utilized to extract metallofullerene of Gd@C-82 The gas-phase negative ions of fullerenes C-n(n= 60, 70, 78, 82, 84...) and metallofullerene (Gd@C-82) have been studied by the ESI-MS, REC-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. The differences among the mass spectra of ESI-MS, REC-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS have been observed and explained. In contrast to the empty fullerene C-82 , the metallofullerene Gd@C-82 should have a larger HOMO-LUMO gap. Experimental results suggest that Gd@C-82 is polarized and Gd3+ located in the off-center position of C-82 cage after Gd3+ is trapped into C-82 cage.

Na_3Eu(DPA)_3-PC树脂的制备及其发光性能

根据稀土有机配合物 Na3Eu(DPA) 3(DPA:2 ,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid)的发光强和热稳定性高的特点 ,采用加热方法将 Na3Eu(DPA) 3掺入 PC树脂中 ,制成发光塑料树脂 .其发光性能结果表明 ,Na3Eu(DPA) 3掺入 PC树脂后 ,仍保持稀土有机配合物原有的发光特性 ,制成的 Na3Eu(DPA) 3-PC树脂复合材料具有良好的发光性能 ,其发光强度与稀土有机配合物 Na3Eu(DPA) 3掺入的比例量有关 ,但没有一定的线性关系 .

Synthesis and characterization of optically active aromatic polyimides derived from 2,2 '-bis(2-trifluoro-4-aminophenoxy)-1,1 '-binaphthyl and aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides

Optically active 2,2'-bis(2-trifluoro-4-aminophenoxy)-1,1'-binaphthyl and its corresponding racemate were prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol with 2-chloro-5-nitrotrifluorotoluene and subsequently by the reduction of the resulting dinitro compounds. a series of optically active and optically inactive aromatic polyimides also were prepared therefrom, These polymers readily were soluble in common organic solvents such as pyridine, N,N'-dimethylacetamide, and m-cresol and had glass-transition temperatures of 256 similar to 278 degrees C. The specific rotations of the chiral polymers ranged from 167 similar to 258 degrees, and their chiroptical properties also were studied. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Optically active poly(amide-imide)s containing axially dissymmetric 1,1 '-binaphthyl moieties

Novel optically active aromatic poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) were prepared from newly synthesized 2,2'-bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzamido)-1,1'-binaphyl dianhydride ((+/-)-, (S)-, and (R)-BNDADA). PAIs based on dianhydride monomers with different ee % were investigated with respect to their structures and chiroptical properties. These polymers were highly soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, pyridine, etc., and showed high glas s transition temperatures of 287-290 degrees C and 5% weight loss temperatures of 450-465 degrees C in nitrogen. Optically active PAIs exhibited high specific rotations, excellent optical stabilities, and a dependence of optical activities on temperature. Investigations on chiroptical properties indicated that chiral conformation was possessed by optically active PAIs. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Compatibilization of blends of polystyrene and zinc salt of sulfonated polystyrene by poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer

The compatibilizing effect and mechanism of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer, P(S-b-4VPy), on the immiscible blend of polystyrene (PS)/zinc salt of sulphonated polystyrene (Zn-SPS) were studied. SEM results show that the domains of the dispersed phase in the blend become finer. DSC experiments reveal that the difference between the two T-g's corresponding to the phases in the blends becomes larger on addition of P(S-b-4VPy), mainly resulting from dissolving of the poly(4-vinylpyridine (P4VPy) block in the Zn-SPS phase. FTIR analysis shows that compatibility of P4VPy and Zn-SPS arises from the stoichiometric coordination of the zinc ions of Zn-SPS and pyridine nitrogens of P4VPy. SAXS analysis indicates the effect of the P(S-b-4VPy) content on the structure of the compatibilized blends. When the content of the block copolymer is lower than 4.1 wt%, the number of ion pairs in an aggregate in the Zn-SPS becomes smaller, and aggregates in ionomer in the blend become less organized with increasing P(S-b-4VPy). When the P(S-b-4VPy) content in the blend is up to 7.4 wt%, a fraction of P(S-b-4VPy) form a separate domain in the blend. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies on blends of LLDPE and polar polymers compatibilized by a random copolymer

Compatibilization of blends of Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and LLDPE-copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 4-vinylpyridine (poly(MMA-co-4VP) with poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) have been studied. Mechanical properties of the LLDPE-PMMA blends increase upon addition of EMAA. In order to further improve interfacial adhesion of LLDPE and PMMA, 4-vinyl pyridine units are introduced into PMMA chains, or poly(MMA-co-4VP) is used as the polar polymer. In LLDPE-poly(MMA-co-4VP)-EMAA blends, interaction of MAA in EMAA with 4VP of poly(MMA-co-4VP) causes a band shift in the infrared (IR) spectra. Chemical shifts of N-1s binding energy in X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) experiments indicate a transfer of proton from MAA to 4VP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures show that the morphology of the blends were improved upon addition of EMAA. Nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) fluorescence results attest that there exists interdiffusion of chromophore-labeled LLDPE chains and chromophore-labeled poly(MMA-co-4VP) chains in the interface. Based on experimental results, the mechanism of compatibilization is studied in detail. Compatibilization is realized through the interaction between MAA in EMAA with 4VP in poly(MMA-co-4VP). (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Polymer-supported zirconocene catalyst for ethylene polymerization

The use of crosslinked poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) having functional groups as the support for zirconocene catalysts in ethylene polymerization was studied. Several factors affecting the activity of the catalysts were examined. Conditions like time, temperature, Al/N (molar ratio), Al/Zr (molar ratio), and the mode of feeding were found having no significant influence on the activity of the catalysts, while the state of the supports had a great effect on the catalytic behavior. The activity of the catalysts sharply increased with either the degree of crosslinking or the content of 4-vinylpyridine in the support. Via aluminum compounds, AlR3 or methylaluminoxane (MAO), zirconocene was attached on the surface of the support. IR spectra showed an intensified and shifted absorption bands of C-N in the pyridine ring, and a new absorption band appeared at about 730 cm(-1) indicating a stable bond Al-N formed in the polymer-supported catalysts. The formation of cationic active centers was hypothesized and the performance of the polymer-supported zirconocene was discussed as well. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 37-46, 1999.

Isobutane/butene alkylation over supported heteropoly acid catalysts: I. Influence of the structure of silica

Catalysts consisting of heteropoly acids (HPAs) supported on different silica and mesoporous molecular sieves have been prepared by impregnation and the sol-gel method, respectively, and their catalytic behavior in fixed-bed alkylation of isobutane with butene has been investigated. The activity, selectivity and stability of the supported-HPA catalysts could be correlated with the surface acidity of the catalysts, the structure of supports as well as the time on stream (TOS). In the fixed-bed reactor, the acidity of the heteropoly acid is favorable to the formation of dimerization products (C-8(=)); especially, the pore size of supports was seen to have an important effect on activity and product distribution of the catalysts. Contrary to the traditional solid-acid catalysts, the supported-HPA catalysts own an excellent stability for alkylation, which makes it possible for these supported catalysts to replace the liquid-acid catalysts used in industry.