渭南地区末次冰期以来的蜗牛化石记录及古气候古环境研究

In this study, 172 mollusk assemblages from the Weinan loess section in the southeast of Loess Plateau, China, were identified quantitatively at relative high resolution. The results show: 1) the history and processes of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in Weinan since the last 70 ka; 2) the characteristics of climatic changes during the period of the last glacial maximum (LGM); 3) the spatial pattern of paleoclimate variations at the south and middle parts of the Loess Plateau during the LGM period; 4) the timing of the last deglaciation and the return event of rapid climate change during the last deglaciation. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) 172 mollusk samples taken from the uppermost 9 m deposits cover the past 70 ka, which were sampled at the internals of 5 cm for S_0, 3 cm for L_(1-1) and L_(1-2), and 10 cm for L_(1-3), L_(1-4) and L_(1-5). Author analyzed quantitatively all individuals including broken pieces of snail shells, percentages of 15 species identified from 172 samples. Three main groups were determined according to the ecological requirement of each taxon. Based on the variations of three ecological groups and typical ecological species, The author intended to reconstruct the history of and processes of climate and environment since the last 70 ka in the Weinan region. The climate and environment in this region experienced the following changes: relative warm and humid stage from 67.5-20.3 cal. ka B.P., a period of forest-steppe or steppe developed; cold and arid stage from 20.3-15.5 cal. ka B.P., a dry steppe period, later wetter and colder; cold and humid period once time from 15.5 to 12.3 cal. ka B.P., a typical steppe or forest-steppe stage; cold and humid again from 12.3 cal. ka B.P. to 8.2 cal. ka B.P., a tropical steppe stage; warm and humid climate, a forest-steppe developed. 2) The climate during the period of the last glacial maximum (LGM) in Weinan was characterized by a general cold-humid condition, represented by occurrence of a number of the cool-humidiphilous mollusk species such as Gastocopta amigerella and Vallonia cf. pulchella in the section. 3) Comparison of the variations in abundance of Puncture orphana at Weinan with those at Luochuan and Changwu sections suggests that the summer monsoon intensity influenced differently at the three regions during the LGM period. The Weinan was weaker summer monsoon impact during all the period, the Luochuan was influenced occasionally, and Changwu was only a very short time affected, which indicated it might be located at the western margin of the summer monsoon influence during that period. 4) The ratio of thermo-humidiphilous mollusk group to cold-aridiphilous one shows an increase tendency at about 15 cal. ka B.P., reflecting the climate warming after the deglaciation in Weinan, which is approximately corresponding to the timing of warming period of the last deglaciation, found in the East Atlantic Ocean, the South China Sea and the Loess Plateau (indicated by the phytolith study). 5) A remarkable decrease in the number of thermo-humidiphilous and cool-humidiphilous mollusk species from 12.7 - 11.6 cal. ka B.P. indicates a cooling in climate and might be the reflection of the Younger Dryas event in Weinan. 6) Variations in the ratios of thermo-humidiphilous mollusk species to cold-aridiphilous ones reflect the climate instability in Holocene. There were four warm-humid periods (10-8.1 cal. ka B.P., 6.9-6.1 cal. ka B.P., 5.2-2.6cal. ka B.P., 1.6cal. ka B.P. to the present ) and three relative cold-arid periods (8.1-6.9 cal. ka B.P., 6.1-5.2 cal. ka B.P., 2.6-1.6 cal. ka B.P.), showing about a 1,000 year climatic oscillation.

喀斯特石灰土-灌丛系统主要养分含量分布特征研究---以贵阳花溪杨中石灰土-灌丛系统Ca、Mg、 K 、P为例

本论文通过对贵州贵阳花溪杨中喀斯特山区的植被调查与土壤样品分析, 研究土壤-植被中Ca、Mg、 K、P分布特征、变化规律及其影响因素，并在此基础上尝试Ca同位素的预处理研究，以期为喀斯特地区土壤-植被中Ca、Mg、 K、P（尤其是Ca）的生物地球化学循环研究奠定基础，同时为植被演替、物质循环研究和退耕还林还草的人工恢复提供植物自身的营养依据。本次研究取得如下认识： 1.受石灰岩母岩控制，土壤样品元素含量的特征为：CaO>MgO>K2O> P2O5。同一元素沿海拔变化有一定的相关性，并且相关性随元素的不同存在差异：随海拔高度的增加CaO含量有升高的趋势，而MgO 、K2O、Na2O含量都有所降低。表层土壤中K2O-Na2O含量正相关变化，CaO-K2O含量负相关变化。并且从土壤表层到底层在剖面-1中随深度增加，CaO、MgO、K2O含量升高，而P2O5的含量则有上升的趋势。土壤中元素的上述分布特征主要与石灰岩的风化成土作用过程中不同分化程度土壤Ca的淋失和来自高处的富钙雨水输入有关。 2.喀斯特生态环境富钙的这一特点对喀斯特灌丛植物的种类成分和营养元素含量有很大影响。地貌部位、海拔高度对植物Ca、Mg 、K、P含量也有不同程度的影响。植物Ca、Mg 、K、P含量由高到低依次为：Ca > K > Mg >P。苔藓与其它植物比较， Ca、Mg、 K、P的含量都小于其它三类较高等的植物，这一现象与其自身的生物学特性有关：苔藓植物组织结构简单，不具备发达的输导组织，不具备真正的根系，不利于从土壤等基质中吸收营养。在、灌草、灌木、藤本三类植物营养元素之间Ca –P含量具有负相关变化，Mg –P含量具有正相关变化；在所分析的植物种，P- K含量变化呈正相关，并且植物叶片Ca/K比值随着P含量的增加而显著地以指数形式减小。这是因为植物体内的K和P对于Ca来说起着平衡离子（counter ion）的作用。 3. 生境中基岩裸露和土体浅薄的特点，极大地制约了喀斯特灌丛的发育，喀斯特生境的富含钙的特点对喀斯特灌丛植物的种类成分和元素含量有很大的影响。但是杨中灌丛群落植物Ca、Mg、K、P含量和对应土壤CaO、MgO、K2O和P2O5含量相关性不明显。植物Ca、Mg、K、P元素虽主要来源于土壤，但因其含量受元素地球化学性质、植物种类、土壤元素对植物有效态的含量等因素的制约，而使植物元素含量和土壤元素的含量没有明显的相关性． 4.从Ca同位素的预处理研究来看，离子交换分离法对去除样品中的杂质效果较好。在以后测定过程中，有利于增强离子流稳定性和强度, 提高测量精度和准确度，与沉淀法相比较，此法适宜作为钙同位素样品的前处理方法。 关键词： 喀斯特 石灰土-灌丛系统 Ca、Mg、K、P含量分布 钙同位素 环境地球化学

喀斯特石漠化区植物水分利用的时空变化研究----以贵州清镇王家寨小流域为例

本研究以西南喀斯特地区的王家寨小流域为研究对象，以植物叶片δ13C值为植物水分利用效率的指示值，结合利用氢氧同位素对植物的水分来源进行确认，通过研究小流域中不同土壤类型石漠化样地、不同季节、不同等级石漠化样地及喀斯特不同小生境中常见植物种水分利用效率及水分来源的差异，旨在从小生境、植物种、植物群落等不同尺度上探讨石漠化发生过程对植物长期水分利用的影响，了解不同水源的利用对植物水分利用效率的影响，了解喀斯特生态系统特有生境中植物对水分的竞争和利用策略，以加深对生态系统水分平衡的认识。通过研究，得出了以下几点认识： 1 喀斯特石漠化区植物叶片δ13C值的时空变化 （1）在本研究区，不同土壤类型区域植物群落δ13C值均随着石漠化的进行趋正，方差分析结果显示黄壤序列植物群落叶片δ13C值存在显著差异（F（3，80）0.01=2.720.05)。整个生长季中，常见种叶片δ13C值与土壤含水量的相关关系研究表明大多数种在大多数时间随土壤水分的减少其WUE提高。 （4）本研究区小生境类型主要有石面、石沟、石缝、及土面。各小生境内植物叶片δ13C值基本上随石漠化进行趋正，即小生境尺度上植物叶片δ13C值随石漠化进行趋正。基于石漠化梯度和小生境类别的双因素方差分析表明，生长于不同石漠化等级及不同小生境的植物叶片δ13C 值总体差异显著。土面上生长的植株叶片δ13C值最负，说明较厚的土层、较多的土量能供给植物较为充足的水分、养分，避免或减小了植物的水分胁迫。对各小生境植物叶片δ13C值与各小生境主要环境因子进行相关分析，结果表明植物叶片δ13C值与小生境土壤厚度、0-10cm土壤平均含水量以及日均大气相对湿度呈显著负相关，而与日均光照强度呈显著正相关。 （5）石漠化过程中常见植物种叶片解剖结构中的栅栏组织厚度、上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度、最大导管直径均呈现逐渐增大的趋势，而海绵组织厚度则呈现逐渐减少的趋势，方差分析结果显示各解剖结构均呈现显著性差异（p<0.05）。另外，对叶片解剖结构指标与叶片δ13C值的相关分析表明，所研究的植物种叶片上述解剖形态结构中除下角质层厚度与叶片δ13C值相关关系不显著（p>0.05）外，其余指标均与其叶片δ13C值呈现显著的正相关关系（p<0.05），说明植物的WUE与植物叶片解剖结构的变化存在着内在的相关关系。 2 喀斯特石漠化区植物水分来源的时空变化 （1）由于07年降雨丰富，其喀斯特皮下水显著低于06年，但是06年喀斯特皮下水的季节变化却不大，这是由于06年为特大欠水年，观测期内降雨仅721mm，为正常年份的60%，“活塞效应”不明显。2006年对各等级石漠化样地植物水分来源研究结果表明：（12月）土壤水及小枝木质部水分的δD及δ18O值明显高于夏季（7、9月）。降雨较多的7月，强、中度石漠化大多数植物主要利用土壤水，轻、无石漠化样地植物则利用土壤水和喀斯特皮下水。9月，由于干旱严重，各石漠化样地大多数植物均不同程度的利用了喀斯特皮下水。 （2）对研究区各小生境植物水分来源的研究表明：各小生境土壤水分δD、δ18O各不相同，石缝小生境土壤水分δD、δ18O最负，石面土壤水分δD、δ18O最正，土面、石沟居中。强度石漠化土壤剖面水分δD、δ18O值>中度石漠化样地>轻度石漠化样地>无石漠化样地，显示随着石漠化的进行，样地蒸发越强烈。整体上，石缝中植物比其他生境更容易利用喀斯特皮下水，无石漠化样地的植物比石漠化样地的植物更容易利用喀斯特皮下水，常绿植物比落叶植物利用更多的喀斯特皮下水，乔木比灌木利用更多的喀斯特皮下水。 3 植物稳定性氢氧同位素与碳同位素耦合 通过对研究区植物叶片δ13C值和不同水源和植物木质部δD、δ18O值的测定，结果表明无石漠化样地植物具有更负的δ13C值，即其水分利用效率（WUE）低于石漠化样地，这是由于无石漠化样地喀斯特水赋存的二元结构，植物除了可以利用浅薄土层的水分，还拥有稳定的浅层地下水即喀斯特皮下水，这已通过植物木质部水分δD、δ18O值的测定得到佐证。落叶种具有比常绿种更正的δ13C值，即其水分利用效率（WUE）高于常绿种，这是由于常绿种比较稳定的利用了浅层地下水，具有稳定的水分来源，使得常绿种的水分利用效率（WUE）较低。土面生境植物具有比其他生境更负的δ13C值，是因为较大的土面面积、较厚的土厚，较多的土量提够给植物较多的水分，养分，土壤水分较充足，避免或减少了植物的水分胁迫，植物WUE较低。

Effect of pore ring number of zeolites on catalytic performance of Mo/Zeolite in methane aromatization under non-oxygen condition

The catalytic behavior of Mo-based zeolite catalysts with different pore structure and size, particularly with 8 membered ring ( M R), 10 M R, coexisted 10 and 12 M R, and 12 M R, was studied in methane aromatization under the conditions of SV=1500 ml/(g.h), p=0.1 MPa and T = 973 K. It was found that the catalytic performance is correlated with the pore structure of the zeolite supports. The zeolites that possess 10 MR or 10 and 12 MR pore structure with a pore diameter equal to or slightly larger than the dynamic diameter of benzene molecule, such as ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZRP-1 and MCM-22, are fine supports. Among the tested zeolite supports, MCM-22 exhibits the highest activity and selectivity for benzene. A methane conversion of 10.5% with benzene selectivity of 80% was achieved over Mo/MCM-22 catalyst. The Mo/ERS-7 catalyst with 8 MR (0.45 nm) does not show any activity in methane dehydro-aromatization, while Mo/JQX-1 and Mo/SBA-15 catalysts with 12 MR pore exhibit little activity in the reaction. It can be concluded that the zeolites with 10 MR pore or coexisted 10 and 12 MR, having pore size equal to or slightly larger than the dynamic diameter of benzene molecule, are fine supports for methane activation and aromatization.

中老年危机热线来电者的应激源与自杀危险性

Objective: Psychosocial crisis and psychiatric disorders are two stressors for suicide action. This study will explore the differences on demographic characteristics, severity of depression, and suicidality of middle-aged and elder crisis line callers under the influences of psychosocial crisis or psychiatric disorders or two simultaneously-mixed stressors, in order to develop effective intervention strategies for crisis line. Methods: Analysis data of 1,092 cases selected from national crisis line callers aged 45 and over who were assessed with “Suicide risk assessment” during the period from December, 2002 to December, 2008. The sample were divided into three groups of psychosocial crisis, mental health problems, and mixed-stressors of three types of general callers (48.2%, 32.3%, 19.5%), callers with current suicide ideation (43.7%, 33.0%, 23.3%) and callers attempted suicide 2 weeks prior to the call (33.6%, 42.3%, 24.1%) respectively according to the operators’ judgments of the callers’ claimed difficult situations and classification system of crisis line database. X2 test and Tukey-type and Multinomial Logistic Regression multiple comparison methods are applied to analysis the differences of the three groups. Results: In agreement with previous studies, more females (71.3%, X2=13.45, P<0.001), especially females influenced by relationship stressors (76.8%, X2=25.12, P<0.001) made the call for crisis. Among general callers, the check-out rates of Major Depression Episode of mixed-stressor callers (78.5%, P<0.001) and problem callers (68.7%, P<0.05) were significantly higher than that of crisis callers (57.1%). The check-out rates of suicide ideation of mixed-stressor callers (71.4%) were significantly higher than that in crisis callers (53.8%, P<0.001) and problem callers (60.9%, P<0.05). The check-out rates of prior suicide attempts of mixed-stressor (16.6%, P<0.05) and problem callers (18.5%, P<0.01) were significantly higher than that of crisis callers (9.8%). More than half of the mixed-stressor callers (51.8%) reported over 50% degree of hopelessness, which was significantly higher than that of crisis callers (35.6%, P<0.01) and problem callers (38.2%, P<0.05). Fewer crisis callers sought medical help than problem and mixed-stressor callers among three types of callers (X2=241.35, 146.56, 50.87; P<0.001). Compare to non-compound crisis callers, the proportion of minor, severe depression and prior depression diagnosis (14.0% vs. 17.4%; 54.9% vs. 65.2%; 0 vs. 2.2%; X2=14.35，P<0.01), suicide ideation (51.1% vs. 64.0%, P<0.05) and prior suicide attempts (8.4% vs. 15.0%, P<0.05) in compound crisis callers were significantly higher. There were more compound crisis callers with over 50% hopelessness (51.9% vs. 31.0%，X2=11.96，P<0.01). Conclusion: As predicted, among middle-aged and elderly participants, mixed-stressor and compound crisis callers were higher in degree of severity of depression and suicidality. Intervention strategies should be developed addressing to specific stressor or stressors. The promotions of crisis callers’ medical help seeking behavior need to be emphasized.

汶川地震后青少年创伤后应激障碍症状及其相关因素研究

The present paper studies focus on the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents post-disaster. 482 students from 6 secondary schools and 17 primary schools in the extremely severe disaster areas in Mianzhu, Sichuan province and 785 students from 3 primary schools and 9 secondary schools in the severe disaster areas in Baoji, Shaanxi respectively were surveyed on the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder and the extent of disaster exposure after the Wenchuan earthquake. Self-compiled background information questionnaire and CRIES were used for the investigation. In this study, we contrast the extent of disaster exposure in the two areas in order to explore the related factors about the post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescent post-disaster. The main results of this paper can be summarized as follows： 1. There are significant positive corrections between the post-traumatic stress disorder and the extent of disaster exposure(get trapped in the earthquake、relatives and friends have been injured in the earthquake、look at relatives and friends dying in the earthquake).The more exposed in the disaster, the more serious symptom of the post-traumatic stress disorder. The trauma exposure indicators (get trapped in the earthquake, relatives and friends have been injured in the earthquake、look at relatives and friends dying in the earthquake)were all significant predictors for PTSD severity. 2. There are significant sex difference in the extent（F=8.750, p <0.05） and the incidence rate of PTSD（χ =20.735, df=5,p =0.001）, the extent and the incidence rate of girls in Mianzhu is significantly higher than that of boys. 3. The age is also an influence factor of PTSD. The extent （F=7.246, p <0.001）and the incidence rate （χ =20.735, df=5,p =0.001）of PTSD get higher as adolescent in Mianzhu get older. 4. As the extremely severe disaster areas, the extent of disaster exposure of Mianzhu areas significantly higher than that of the severe disaster areas Baoji. However, there are not difference in the extent of PTSD between two areas（t=0.181，df=1265,p=0.857）, there are only significant difference in the incidence rate of PTSD between two areas（χ =8.766，df=1,p=0.003）, the incidence rate of PTSD in Mianzhu areas significantly higher than that of Baoji areas.