不同保墒耕作方法在旱地上的保墒效果及增产效应

采用田间试验研究了留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖、免耕补充灌溉和传统保墒耕作 3种方法对旱地土壤水分及小麦产量的影响。结果表明 ,留茬少耕秸秆覆盖增加了夏闲期农田的蓄水量 ,为旱地小麦播种出苗提供了水分保证。小麦收获时的土壤水分含量 ,0～ 60 cm的土壤有效蓄水量传统保墒方法为 6.4mm,免耕补充灌水的为 6.7mm,留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖方法为 1 5 .3 mm,留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖方法的蓄水量多 ;60～ 1 0 0 cm的土壤有效蓄水量传统保墒方法为 3 0 .9mm,免耕补充灌水为 2 0 .3 mm,留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖方法为 3 3 .5 mm,也是留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖方法的蓄水量多。留茬少耕秸秆全程覆盖比传统耕作保墒技术增产 6.7%～ 5 4.8%。留茬少耕秸秆覆盖技术 ,提高了小麦播种时的底墒、灌浆时的土壤水含量 ,是一种有效的蓄水保墒、提高旱地小麦产量的方法

黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地苹果优质丰产栽培技术体系

确立了黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地为优质苹果生产地带 ,建立起沟坡道路防蚀体系 ,春栽改秋栽 ,量化施肥、灌水、修剪 ,生态防治病虫害 ,加强优果生产和采后处理等是黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地带优质苹果生产的主要技术措施。

燕沟基本农田粮食稳产高产综合配套技术及试验示范

提出了以新修梯田耕作栽培技术和作物抗旱节水技术为中心的燕沟流域基本农田粮食高产综合配套技术体系 ,并在燕沟流域经过 3年试验示范 ,使粮食生产潜力实现率由原来的 2 3%～ 48% ,平均已达到 5 4 %～ 64% ,典型的抗旱节水综合试验示范地块的潜力实现率提高到 78%～ 87% ;作物平均单产和水分利用效率较原来分别提高了 63%和 5 9.1 % ,粮食单产平均较 1 997年翻了两番 ,粮食产量较 1 997年提高了 33.7%～ 62 .1 % ,人均产粮达到了 5 0 0 kg以上 ,基本实现了减地不减产和增产增效的效果

栽培模式、施氮和品种对冬小麦冠层结构和产量的影响

在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区土垫旱耕人为土上进行大田试验,研究氮肥、品种和栽培模式对冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)和透光率(DIFN)及产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长过程中LAI先增大后减小,在开花期最大,成熟期最小,施氮能够显著增加LAI;DIFN的变化规律与LAI相反。不同品种间LAI和DIFN差异显著。全程覆膜和覆膜150 d的LAI极显著大于常规栽培、集雨面栽培和三密一稀栽培模式,DIFN与此相反;施氮后籽粒产量极显著增加。在不同栽培模式下,以全程覆膜、覆膜150 d和集雨面栽培模式的产量较高,但从维持土壤质量角度考虑,则覆膜150 d和集雨面2种栽培模式优于其它几种栽培模式;从冠层结构特征分析,这2种栽培模式更有利于增加群体光合能力。

Soluble neodymium chloride 2-ethylhexanol complex as a highly active catalyst for controlled isoprene polymerization

Soluble NdCl3 center dot 3EHOH (2-ethyl hexanol) in hexane combined with AlEt3 is highly active for isoprene polymerization in hexane. The NdCl3 center dot 3EHOH/AlEt3 has higher activity than the typical binary catalyst NdCl3 center dot 3(i)PrOH (isopropanol)/AlEt3 and ternary catalyst NdV3 (neodymium versatate)/AlEt2Cl/Al(i-Bu)(2)H. The molecular weight of polyisoprenes can be controlled by variation of [Nd], [Al]/[Nd] ratio and polymerization temperature and time. The NdCl3 center dot 3EHOH/AlEt3 catalyst polymerized isoprene to afford products featuring high cis-1,4 stereospecificity (ca. 96%), high molecular weight (ca. 10(5)) and relatively narr ow molecular weight distributions (M-w/M-n = 2.0-2.8) simultaneously. More importantly, some living polymerization characteristics were demonstrated: (a) absence of chain termination; (b) linear correlation between M-n and polymer yield; (c) increment of molecular weight in the 'seeding' polymerization. Though some deviation from the typical living polymerization such as molecular weight distribution is not narrow enough and the line of M-n and polymer yield does not extrapolate to zero, controlled polymerization with the current catalyst can still be concluded.

New process for the preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene

A new process for the preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene, which is used as medicinal intermediate and raw material for the synthesis of HIV restrainer, is proposed in this paper. Technical 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid reacted with lithium hydride to form a salt (I) which acylated n-butyllithium directly to give 1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-pentanone (II) in 85.06% yield. Then (II) was reduced through a Wolff-K-Huangminglong reaction at 210 degrees C to give 3,5-dimethoxy-1-pentylbenzene (III). Finally, (III) refluxed with melt pyridine hydrochloride at 200 degrees C for 2 h to afford the target product 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene (IV). The total yield of (IV) amounted to 61.50% and its mass percentage was 98.22%. The products were characterized by means of IR, H-1-NMR, GC and HLPC-MS. The results indicated that this synthetic route was feasible, characterized by simple process and higher yield, and superior to the published ones.

Modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) using hydrogen bonding monomers

Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were significantly modified by a hydrogen bonding (H-bond) monomer-bisphenol A (BPA). BPA lowered the T-m of PHBV and widened the heat-processing window of PHBV. At the same time, a dynamic H-bond network in the blends was observed indicating that BPA acted as a physical cross-link agent. BPA enhanced the T, of PHBV and reduced the crystallization rate of PHBV. It resulted in larger crystallites in PHBV/BPA blends showed by WAXD. However, the crystallinity of PHBV was hardly reduced. SAXS results suggested that BPA molecules distributed in the inter-lamellar region of PHBV. Finally, a desired tension property was obtained, which had an elongation at break of 370% and a yield stress of 16 MPa. By comparing the tension properties of PHBV/BPA and PHBV/tert-butyl phenol blends, it was concluded that the H-bond network is essential to the improvement of ductility.

Brittle-ductile transition of particle toughened polymers: influence of the matrix properties

It was theoretically pointed out that the product of the yield stress and yield strain of matrix polymer that determined the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of particle toughened polymers. For given particle and test condition, the higher the product of the yield stress and the yield strain of the matrix polymer, the smaller the critical interparticle distance (IDc) of the blends was. This was why the IDc (0.15 mum) of the polypropylene (PP)/rubber blends was smaller than that (0.30 mum) of the nylon 66/rubber blends, and the IDc of the nylon 66/rubber blends was smaller than that (0.60 mum) of the high density polyethylene (HDPE)/rubber blends.

Lattice energy estimation for inorganic ionic crystals

An empirical method based on chemical bond theory for the estimation of the lattice energy for ionic crystals has been proposed. The lattice energy contributions have been partitioned into bond dependent terms. For an individual bond, the lattice energy contribution made by it has been separated into ionic and covalent parts. Our calculated values of lattice energies agree well with available experimental and theoretical values for diverse ionic crystals. This method, which requires detailed crystallographic information and elaborate computation, might be extended and possibly yield further insights with respect to bond properties of materials.

Catalytic oxidization polymerization of aniline in an H2O2-Fe2+ system

Polyaniline is prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline in an acidic solution using H2O2 as an oxidant and ferrous chloride as a catalyst. A wide variety of synthesis parameters are studied, such as the amount of the catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, initial molar ratio of oxidant, monomer and catalyst, and aniline and HCl concentrations. The polymerization of aniline can be initiated by a very small amount of catalyst. The yield and the conductivity of product depend on the initial molar ratio of the oxidant and monomer. The polyaniline with a conductivity of about 10 degrees S/cm and a yield of 60% is prepared under optimum conditions. The process of polymerization was studied by in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and open-circuit potential technology. Compared to the polymerization process in a (NH4)(2)S2O8 system, the features of the H2O2-Fe2+ system are pointed out, and the chain growth mechanism is proposed. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Stereospecific polymerization of styrene using a homogeneous lanthanide catalyst

Stereospecific polymerization of styrene was catalyzed by homogeneous neodymium phosphonate [Nd(P-507)(3)]-H2O-Al(i-Bu)(3) catalytic system. The polymer was separated into isotactic polystyrene and atactic polystyrene by extracting the latter with boiling 2-butanone. The conversion of styrene and the yield of isotactic polystyrene (IY) were influenced by the [H2O]/[Al(i-Bu)(3)] mole ratio and the solvent polarity. The reaction is first order with respect to monomer at 70 degrees C.

Purification of High-quality Plastid DNA from the Brown Alga Laminaria japonica Sporophytes

Extracting DNA from a variety of algae is rather difficult because of high levels of polysaccharides, tannins, and phenolics as these interfere with DNA isolation and downstream applications. High-quality plastid DNA (ptDNA) purification is particularly difficult because of its small proportion in total genomic DNA. This report describes an improved protocol for ptDNA purification that efficiently produces high-quality ptDNA from sporophytes of Laminaria japonica and several other algae. This improved protocol simplifies procedures for ptDNA purification and improves yield to 150-200 mu g of ptDNA per 100 g of frozen algal tissue. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of conserved sequences has been used to verify purity of the ptDNA product.

Large-scale recovery of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis using expanded bed adsorption chromatography

C-phycocyanin was purified on a large scale by a combination of expanded bed adsorption, anion-exchange chromatography and hydroxyapatite chromatography from inferior Spirulina platensis that cannot be used for human consumption. First, phycobiliproteins were extracted by a simple, scaleable method and then were recovered by Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography in an expanded bed column. The purity (the A(620)/A(280) ratio) of C-phycocyanin isolated with STREAMLINE (TM) Column was up to 2.87, and the yield was as high as 31 mg/g of dried S. platensis. After the first step, we used conventional anion-exchange chromatography for the purification steps, with a yield of 7.7 mg/g of dried S. platensis at a purity greater than 3.2 and with an A(620)/A(650) index higher than 5.0. The fractions from anion-exchange chromatography with a level of purity that did not conform to the above standard were subjected to hydroxyapatite chromatography, with a C-PC yield of 4.45 mg/g of dried S. platensis with a purity greater than 3.2. The protein from both purification methods showed one absolute absorption peak at 620 nm and a fluorescence maximum at 650 nm, which is consistent with the typical spectrum of C-phycocyanin. SDS-PAGE gave two bands corresponding to 21 and 18 kDa. In-gel digestion and LC-ESI-MS showed that the protein is C-phycocyanin. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Suitability of extractants for predicting available sulfur in natural grassland in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China

It was the objective of this study to compare the suitability of different extractants for predicting the availability of sulfur (S) in natural grassland in a sulfur response trial on three different soil types in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. For soil analysis, seven different extractants have been employed. The inorganic SO4-S concentration was determined by ion chromatography. Additionally, in the Ca(H-2-PO4)(2) extract the total soluble S was determined employing turbidimetry. Weak salt solutions (0.15% CaCl2, Ca(H2PO4)(2), and KH2PO4) extracted similar amounts Of SO4-S. Extraction with 0.025 M KCl provided the lowest SO4-S values. Deionized water dissolved significantly more SO4-S in the control plots than most weak salt extractants. The concentration of soluble organic S decreased in the control plots after 100 days of plant growth, indicating that the organic S pool contributed significantly to the S nutrition of the forage crops. Significant relationships among the SO4-S in the soil determined in different extracts and crop yield, sulfur content in the forage, and total sulfur uptake were only found for the Ca(H2PO4)(2) extract. In general, the correlation coefficients proved to be unsatisfactory for field experimentation.