AFLP-based genetic linkage maps of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used for genome mapping in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Seventeen selected primer combinations produced 1106 peaks, of which 384 (34.7%) were polymorphic in a backcross family. Among the polymorphic markers, 349 were segregating through either the female or the male parent. Chi-square analysis indicated that 255 (73.1%) of the markers segregated in a Mendelian ratio, and 94 (26.9%) showed significant (P < 0.05) segregation distortion. Separate genetic linkage maps were constructed for the female and male parents. The female framework map consisted of 119 markers in 11 linkage groups, spanning 1030.7 cM, with an average interval of 9.5 cM per marker. The male map contained 96 markers in 10 linkage groups, covering 758.4 cM, with 8.8 cM per marker. The estimated genome length of the Pacific oyster was 1258 cM for the female and 933 cM for the male, and the observed coverage was 82.0% for the female map and 81.3% for the male map. Most distorted markers were deficient for homozygotes and closely linked to each other on the genetic map, suggesting the presence of major recessive deleterious genes in the Pacific oyster.

青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草抗逆性的比较研究

主要对生长在海拔4000m (大坂山) , 3200m (海北站) 和2200m (西宁) 地区同种矮嵩草的生理生态适应特性进行了比较研究。结果表明：生长在3个不同海拔地区的矮嵩草其生长发育和干物质积累具有明显差异,随着海拔高度的增加, 植株高度明显变低, 叶面积、叶绿素含量和干物质积累减少; 类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量增加; 光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点提高; 光呼吸强度减弱。在花果前期, 海拔4000m 处植株地上组织的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和可溶性总糖含量分别比3200m 处的高65.4% , 110.2% , 121.6% 和84.6%; 地下组织的分别高5.6% , 17.8% , 88.6% 和43.8%。在枯黄前期, 两地地下组织的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和可溶性总糖含量则高于地上组织的含量。同时, 大坂山和海北站地区的植株叶过氧化物酶活性平均比西宁的分别高88.2% 和38.8%。提示青藏高原地区高海拔矮嵩草其所以具有很强的抗逆能力, 这与它结构功能的特异性, 抗寒物质和过氧化物酶活性的明显增加密切相关。

中国北方草本植物及表土有机质碳同位素组成

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems. Among them, δ~(13)C value is mainly determined by the surface vegetation, while vegetation is directly related to climate, therefore, carbon isotope ratio in soil organic matter and pedogenic carbonate has been employed as an important paleoecological indicator. In order to test the paleoecological information extracted from stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems, it is necessary to study the relationships between δ~(13)C value in standing terrestrial plants and today climate, as well as between δ~(13)C value in modern surface soil organic matter and standing vegetation. Thus, these relationships were studied in this paper by means of analysing δ~(13)C in standing plants and modem surface soil organic matter in North China. The main results and conclusions are presented as following: 1. According to their δ~(13)C values, 40 C-4 species represent about 16% of the 257 plant species sarnpled from the North China. C-4 photosynthesis mainly occurs in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Chenopidaceae families, and percentage representation of C-4 photosynthesis is up to 56% in Poaceae family. 2. The δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in North China vary from -21.7‰ to -32.0‰ with an average of -27.1‰, and 93% focus on the range of -24.0‰ ～ -30.0‰; δ~(13)C values of C-4 plant species in North China are between -10.0‰ ～ -15.5‰ with an average of -12.9‰, and 90% concentrate on the range of -11.0‰ ～ -15.0‰. 3. The δ~(13)C composition of C-3 plant species collected from Beijing, a semi-moist district, mainly vary between -27.0‰ ～ -30.0‰, and the average is -28.7‰; the δ ~(13)C values of plants in the semi-arid district, east and west to the Liu Pan Moutain, focus on the range of-26.0‰ ～ -29.0‰ and -25.0‰ ～ -28.0‰, respectively, with the mean value of -27.6‰ and -26.6‰, respectively; the δ~(13)C composition in the arid district dominantly vary from -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.2‰, and among them, the δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in deserts are often between - 22‰ ～ -24‰; the δ~(13)C values in the cold mountain district concentrate on the range of -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.3‰. 4. The main range of δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species, derived from Beijing, a semi-moist district, are -13.0‰ ～ -15.5‰; the semi-arid district, -11.0‰ ～ -14.0‰; the arid district, -11.0‰ ～ -14.0‰. The mean values of them are -14.0‰, -12.4‰,-12.7‰, respectively. 5. From east to west in North China, δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species increase with longitude. The correlation between δ~(13)C ratios of C-3 plant species and longitude is linear. Changing temperate and precipitation and changing atmosphere pressure are spossible explanations. 6. Almost all C-3 plant species have the trends that their δ~(13)C values gradually increase with decreasing precipitation, decreasing temperature and increasing altitude. Our results show the increases of the δ~(13)C value by 0.30 ～ 0.45‰, 0.19 ～ 0.27‰ and 1.1 ～ 1.2‰ per 100 mm, I℃ and 1000 m, respectively, for all C-3 plant species together. 7. The δ~(13)C values of all C-3 plant species together and a part of C-3 species show highly significant linear correlation with the mean annual temperature, the mean annual precipitation and the altitude, and the results suggest that they can be used as proxies of these environmental variables, while, those without highly significant correlation, may be not suitable as the proxies. 8. The extent, which of responses of δ~(13)C composition to environmental variables, is different for each C-3 plant specie. 9. The δ~(13)C variations along altitude and longitude may be non-linear for C-4 p1ant species in North China. The mean annual temperature may be not important influential factor, thus, it suggests that the δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species may be not suitable as the proxy of the mean annual temperature. The influences of summer temperature on δ~(13)C values are much bigger than that of annual temperature, among them, the influence of September temperature is biggest. The mean annual precipitation may be one of the dominant influential factors, and it shows a highly significant non-linear relationship with δ~(13)C values, and the result indicates that δ~(13) C composition of C-4 plant species can be employed as the proxy of the mean annual precipitation. 10. The variations of δ~(13)C ratios do not show systematic trends along longitude, latitude and altitude for modern surface soil organic in Northwest China. ll. The δ~(13)C ratios of modern surface soil organic do not exhibit systematic patterns with temperature and precipitation in Northwest China, it suggests that, unless soil organic is transferred from pure C-3 or C-4 vegetation, the δ~(13)C composition of soil organic may be not used as proxies of climatic variables. 12. The δ~(13)C values of modem surface soil organic are heavier than that of standing vegetation, and the difference ofrnean δ~(13)C between them is -2.18‰. 13. Without considering the δ~(13)C difference between vegetation and soil organic, as well as the δ~(13)C drift in various enviromnent, we may not obtain the valuable information of C-3, C-4 relative biomass in vegetation. 14. The C-4 biomass contribution in vegetation increase with decreasing latitude, increasing longitude and decreasing altitude in Northwest China. The C-4 biomass almost are zero in those regions north to 38 ° N, or west to 100°E, or above 2400 m. 15. The C-4 relative biomass in vegetation increase with growing temperature and precipitation. and, C-4 plants are rare at those regions where the mean annual temperature is less 4 ℃, or the mean annual precipitation is less 200 mm, and their biomass contribution in vegetation are almost zero. Both the mean annual temperature and the mean annual average precipitation may be the important influential factors of C-4 distribution, but the dominant factors.

退耕弃荒洼地土壤有机碳在生态系统转化过程中的动态变化

在贵州喀斯特区域一块典型的退耕弃荒洼地中央和周边坡面采集了4个土壤剖面,研究土壤有机碳（SOC）含量和δ^13Corg值的变化.结果表明,坡面不同土壤层次SOC的变化范围为6.0-92.3 mg·kg^-1,并沿着土壤层次的加深迅速降低,变化幅度远远大于洼地土壤剖面（6.3-26.7 mg·kg^-1）.坡面土壤δ^13Corg介于-25.103‰和-23.666‰之间,但各剖面土层内部δ^13Corg变化趋势不一致.洼地土壤δ^13Corg介于-23.495‰和-20.809‰之间,并随着土壤层次的加深δ^13Corg逐渐增加.洼地土壤剖面层次内C4-C占SOC的比例随土壤层次的加深逐渐增加,与林-农生态系统转变过程中的变化趋势相反;土壤δ^13Corg与C3-C之间呈显著相关性（R^2=0.7806,n=7）,对δ^13Corg起到主要影响作用的是退耕弃荒后新加入的C3-C.

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床C、O同位素地球化学

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多，预示其成矿环境较为特殊。本文分析该矿床矿石中脉石矿物方解石和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成，结果表明矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一，不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别，其δ^13CPDB值和δ^18 OSMOW值分别为-2．1‰～-3．5‰(均值-2．8‰)和16．7‰～18．6‰(均值17．7‰)，在δ^13CPDB-δ^18OSMOW图上集中于岩浆碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间的狭小范围内。多方面的证据表明：矿床成矿流体为壳一幔混合流体，其中壳源组分可能主要由矿区(或区域)碳酸盐地层提供，而幔源组分则可能与区域大面积峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动过程中的去气作用有关。

Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of bimetallic cluster complexes [{Cd(phen)(2)}(2)V4O12]center dot 5H(2)O and [Ni(phen)(3)](2)[V4O12]center dot 17.5H(2)O

The hydrothermal reactions of vanadium oxide starting materials with divalent transition metal cations in the presence of nitrogen donor chelating ligands yield the bimetallic cluster complexes with the formulae [{Cd(phen(2))(2)V4O12].5H(2)O (1) and [Ni(phen)(3)](2)[V4O12] . 17.5H(2)O (2). Crystal data: C48H52Cd2N8O22V4 (1), triclinic. P (1) over bar, a = 10.3366(10), b = 11.320(3), c = 13.268(3) Angstrom, alpha = 103.888(17)degrees, beta = 92.256(15)degrees, gamma = 107.444(14)degrees, Z = 1; C72H131N12Ni2O29.5V4 (2), triclinic. P (1) over bar, a = 12.305(3), b = 13.172(6), c = 15.133(4), alpha = 79.05(3)degrees, beta = 76.09(2)degrees, gamma = 74.66(3)degrees, Z = 1. Data were collected on a Siemens P4 four-circle diffractometer at 293 K in the range 1.59degrees < theta < 26.02degrees and 2.01degrees < 0 < 25.01degrees using the omega-scan technique, respectively. The structure of 1 consists of a [V4O12](4-) cluster covalently attached to two {Cd(phen)(2)}(2+) fragments, in which the [V4O12](4-) cluster adopts a chair-like configuration. In the structure of 2, the [V4O12](4-) cluster is isolated. And the complex formed a layer structure via hydrogen bonds between the V4O12](4-) unit and crystallization water molecules.

Synthesis, structure characterization and biological activity of a novel amino acid salt (HAla)(8)(H3O)(10)[PMo12O40](6) center dot 22H(2)O

A novel compound was synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and UV spectra, TG, CV and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallized in an orthorhombic space group C222 with a=1. 622 4(3) nm, b=3. 498 4(7) nm, c=1. 301 5(3) nm, V=7. 387 (3) nm(3), Z=6, R-1= 0. 037 3, wR(2)=0. 114 0. The Ala (Ala = alanine) molecules were protonated at the amino nitrogen N (1) and the C (2) of Ala group with the terminal oxygen atom O(15), O(14), O(26) and O(27) of the polyoxometalates participating in the hydrogen bond network. The anti-tumor activity of the title compound was estimated against Hela and Pc-3m cancer cells.