固井工程中的流动问题

同井是油气在建过程中的重要工程，一般分下套管和注水泥两个过程．本文结合作者近年来的研究，着重阐述了钻井液、前置液、水泥浆在环形空间中流动的流体力学问题，包括：高温高压下的水泥浆流变性、偏心环形空间中浆液的流动特性、钻井液-前置液和前置液-水泥浆界面的稳定性等，介绍了国内外学者对这些问题的研究进展，提出了今后应深入研究的问题.

Effect Of Load Triaxiality On Polymorphic Transitions In Zinc Oxide

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and first-principles calculations are carried out to analyze the stability of both newly discovered and previously known phases of ZnO under loading of various triaxialities. The analysis focuses on a graphite-like phase (FIX) and a body-centered-tetragonal phase (BCT-4) that were observed recently in [0 1 (1) over bar 0]- and [0 0 0 1]-oriented nanowires respectively under uniaxial tensile loading as well as the natural state of wurtzite (WZ) and the rocksalt (RS) phase which exists under hydrostatic pressure loading. Equilibrium critical stresses for the transformations are obtained. The WZ -> HX transformation is found to be energetically favorable above a critical tensile stress of 10 GPa in [0 1 (1) over tilde 0] nanowires. The BCT-4 phase can be stabilized at tensile stresses above 7 GPa in [0 0 0 1] nanowires. The RS phase is stable at hydrostatic pressures above 8.2 GPa. The identification and characterization of these phase transformations reveal a more extensive polymorphism of ZnO than previously known. A crystalline structure-load triaxiality map is developed to summarize the new understanding. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microstructural evolution and formation of nanocrystalline intermetallic compound during surface mechanical attrition treatment of cobalt

Nanocrystalline intermetallic Co3Fe7 was produced on the surface of cobalt via surface mechanical attrition (SMA). Deformationinduced diffusion entailed the formation of a series of solid solutions. Phase transitions occurred depending on the atomic fraction of Fe in the surface solid solutions: from hexagonal close-packed (<4% Fe) to face-centered cubic (fcc) (4-11% Fe), and from fcc to body-centered cubic (>11% Fe). Nanoscale compositional probing suggested significantly higher Fe contents at grain boundaries and triple junctions than grain interiors. Short-circuit diffusion along grain boundaries and triple junctions dominate in the nanocrystalline intermetallic compound. Stacking faults contribute significantly to diffusion. Diffusion enhancement due to high-rate deformation in SMA was analyzed by regarding dislocations as solute-pumping channels, and the creation of excess vacancies. Non-equilibrium, atomic level alloying can then be ascribed to deformation-induced intermixing of constituent species. The formation mechanism of nanocrystalline intermetallic grains on the SMA surface can be thought of as a consequence of numerous nucleation events and limited growth. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

高压扭转铜试样的微观组织与压缩性能

通过高压扭转对铜试样施加不同程度的变形，研究了样品扭转面（ND面）和纵截面（TD面）上微观组织特征．对ND面，在较小的剪应变下，原始晶粒形貌模糊，晶粒内部形成等轴状的位错胞及亚晶结构；随变形量的增大，亚晶间取向差及亚晶内部的位错密度增大，最后形成亚微米尺度的等轴晶粒．对TD面，变形初期原始晶粒被拉长，晶粒内部为位错墙分割成的层状结构，层内为拉长的位错胞；随变形程度的增大，拉长晶粒的宽度减小，与剪切方向的夹角减小，晶内层状组织间距减小，并逐渐演化成拉长的亚晶组织；进一步增大变形，晶粒拉长痕迹消失，变形组织与ND面相似，为等轴状亚微米晶粒．压缩实验表明，经16圈扭转后，整个试样上的压缩性能基本均匀，σ0．2达到385MPa，应变率敏感性指数增大至0．021．

高压扭转致纯铜晶粒细化及与应变的关系

设计并加工了在材料试验机上使用的高压扭转夹持装置，并用装置获得了不同扭转变形量的纯铜试样．使用电子背散射衍射技术测量了处理后试样品粒尺寸沿径向的分布．对比分析了晶粒细化程度和应变量的关系，提出了一个描述晶粒细化的简单剪切球模型．结果表明，晶粒细化程度随着应变量的增大而增强，平均晶粒尺寸为原始平均尺寸的1／50．当剪切应变小于10对，晶粒尺寸随着剪切应变的增大迅速变小；当剪切应变大于10对，晶粒尺寸的变化趋于缓慢，晶粒细化程度与Stuwe等效应变之间有幂函数关系．依据简单剪切球形晶粒的模型，得到了晶粒细化程度随剪切应变增大而增强的规律，并与实验数据的变化趋势一致。

限定型高压扭转过程变形研究

文章制备了一套限定型高压扭转（HPT）设备。采用HPT处理纯铜试样，对比处理前后试样几何尺寸，观察试样与砧头之间的相对滑动，结果表明，HPT处理前后试样厚度变化小于5％，试样端面和模具不发生相对滑动。用量纲分析和有限元方法分析试样的变形，得到切应变和厚度／直径、压力／材料弹性模量以及模具侧面的摩擦状况相关；直径8mm厚0．86mm纯铜试样上r〈3．2mm区域的变形可以用纯扭转来描述。

Modified Simplified Rate Equation Model of Flowing Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser and its Application

A modified simplified rate equation (RE) model of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL), which is adapted to both the condition of homogeneous broadening and inhomogeneous broadening being of importance and the condition of inhomogeneous broadening being predominant, is presented for performance analyses of a COIL. By using the Voigt profile function and the gain-equal-loss approximation, a gain expression has been deduced from the rate equations of upper and lower level laser species. This gain expression is adapted to the conditions of very low gas pressure up to quite high pressure and can deal with the condition of lasing frequency being not equal to the central one of spectral profile. The expressions of output power and extraction efficiency in a flowing COIL can be obtained by solving the coupling equations of the deduced gain expression and the energy equation which expresses the complete transformation of the energy stored in singlet delta state oxygen into laser energy. By using these expressions, the RotoCOIL experiment is simulated, and obtained results agree well with experiment data. Effects of various adjustable parameters on the performances of COIL are also presented.

The Droplet Group Micro-Explosions, Viscosity and Atomization Characteristics of W/O Emulsions

The spray of emulsified fuel, composed of diesel fuel, water and methanol can make micro-explosion under high temperature conditions, and the viscosity and the atomization characteristics of emulsion have significant effects on the micro- explosion of emulsions. To clarify the combustion mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion sprays, combustion bomb experiments were carried out, and the droplet group micro- explosions in W/O fuel emulsion sprays in a high-pressure, high-temperature bomb were observed clearly by a multi-pulsed, off-axis, image-plane ruby laser holocamera and continuously by a high-speed CCD camera.The viscosity and atomization characteristics of emulsions were also studied experimentally. The experimental results show that the higher concentration of the aqueous phase (water-methanol) (<50%) increases the viscosity of the emulsions, especially for higher agent concentration, and higher aqueous phase concentration and higher viscosity results in lager Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). The experiment results also show that the different kinds of emulsifying agents, with different Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) values, have significant influence on the viscosity of the emulsions.

限定型高压扭转变形分析

利用量纲分析研究限定型高压扭转(HPT)变形的相关因素,在此基础上用有限元分析不同侧边摩擦条件和不同径厚比和不同侧面摩擦约束大小对纯铜试样角位移场的特点,讨论理想高压扭转公式适用的范围.量纲分析揭示,试样上变形与几何位置、径厚比、施加压力、材料弹性参数以及模具侧面的摩擦状况相关.有限元分析结果表明,可用幂函数形式的角位移约束来简化侧面摩擦,当幂指数不小于8时,试样上非HPT变形区域大小趋于稳定;当径厚比不小于5时,试样中心存在一个可用纯扭转变形描述的区域,非理想HPT区域大小不超过试样厚度尺寸;当径厚比不大于2时,试样上不存在理想HPT区域.

Study on the interaction of intense femtosecond laser pulses with nanometre-sized hydrogen clusters

The interaction of intense femtosecond laser pulses with hydrogen clusters has been experimentally studied. The hydrogen clusters were produced from expansion of high-pressure hydrogen gas (backed up to 8x10(6)Pa) into vacuum through a conical nozzle cryogenically cooled by liquid nitrogen. The average size of hydrogen clusters was estimated by Rayleigh scattering measurement and the maximum proton energy of up to 4.2keV has been obtained from the Coulomb explosion of hydrogen clusters under 2 x 10(16)W/cm(2) laser irradiation. Dependence of the maximum proton energy on cluster size and laser intensity was investigated, indicating the correlation between the laser intensity and the cluster size. The maximum proton energy is found to be directly proportional to the laser intensity, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.

Thermodynamic damage mechanism of transparent films caused by a low-power laser

A new model for analyzing the laser-induced damage process is provided. In many damage pits, the melted residue can been found. This is evidence of the phase change of materials. Therefore the phase change of materials is incorporated into the mechanical damage mechanism of films. Three sequential stages are discussed: no phase change, liquid phase change, and gas phase change. To study the damage mechanism and process, two kinds of stress have been considered: thermal stress and deformation stress. The former is caused by the temperature gradient and the latter is caused by high-pressure drive deformation. The theory described can determine the size of the damage pit. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

A novel disintegrin, jerdonatin, inhibits platelet aggregation and sperm-egg binding

A novel disintegrin, jerdonatin, was purified to homogeneity from Trimeresurus jerdonii venom by gel filtration and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. We isolated the cDNA encoding jerdonatin from the snake venom gland. Jerdonatin cDNA precursor,;encoded pre-peptide, metalloprotease and disintegrin domain. Jerdonatin is composed of 72 amino acid residues including 12 cysteines and the tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), a well-known characteristic of the disintegrin family. Molecular mass of jerdonatin was determined to be 8011 Da by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Jerdonatin inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation with IC50 of 123 and 135 nM, respectively. We also investigated the effect of jerdonatin on the binding of B6D2F1 hybrid mice spermatozoa to mice zona-free eggs and their subsequent fusion. Jerdonatin significantly inhibited sperm-egg binding in a concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on the fusion of sperm-egg. These results indicate that integrins on the egg play a role in mammalian fertilization. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Purification, cloning and biological characterization of a novel disintegrin from Trimeresurus jerdonii venom

A novel disintegrin, jerdonin, was purified from the Trimeresurus jerdonii venom by means of gel filtration and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Its coding cDNA was also isolated from the venom gland. The jerdonin coding cDNA is part of

Photodegradation of 2-naphthol in aqueous solutions in the presence of humic acid and ferric ions

In this work, the photodegradation of the carcinogenic pollutant 2-naphthol in aqueous solution containing Aldrich humic acid (HA) and ferric ions (Fe(III)) under 125 W and 250 W high pressure mercury lamp (HPML, lambda >= 365 nm) irradiation was investigated. The photooxidation efficiencies were dependent on the pH values, light intensities and Fe(III)/HA concentration in the water, with higher efficiency at pHs 3-4, and 50 mu mol l(-1) Fe(III) with 20 mg l(-1) HA under 250 W HPML. The initial rate of photooxidation increases with increasing, the initial concentration of 2-naphthol from 10 mu mol l(-1) to 100 mu mol l(-1), while do not change at 50 and 100 mu mol l(-1). However, higher removal efficiency of 2-naphthol is achieved at its lower initial concentration of 10 mu mol l(-1), and initial rate of photooxidation is 0.193 mu mol l(-1) min(-1). Dissolved oxygen (DO) plays an important role in the system containing Fe(III)-HA complexes in which Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions were enhanced in the environment. Hydroxyl radicals produced in HA solution with or without ferric ions were determined by using benzene as free radical scavenger and phenol as scavenging products proportional to hydroxyl radicals. By using UV-Vis and excited fluorescence spectrum techniques, the main photooxidation products, which have higher absorption in the region of 240-340 nm, were found, and the mechanisms for the oxidative degradation is proposed.

Impacts of filter-feeding fishes on the long-term changes of crustacean zooplankton in a eutrophic subtropical Chinese lake

Long-term changes In the crustacean zooplankton community (calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and cladocerans) were studied in Lake Donghu, a shallow and eutrophic Chinese lake. This lake had been earlier stocked with two pump Alter-feeding Ashes, silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). During the 1950s and the mid-1980s, the ratio of copepods to cladocerans was relatively stable but showed a general increase thereafter. From the early-1980s to the 1990s, calanoid/cyclopoid ratios decreased obviously. In the 1990s, Cyclops vicinus, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, and Moina micrura were dominant the abundance of C. vicinus and M. micrura increased significantly; and D, brachyurum showed a substantial decrease. The study shows that under extremely high pressure of Ash predation, the species which could recover rapidly from fish predation would be the most likely to survive and increase their numbers.