Recent advances in the study of biomolecular interactions by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been abundantly used in the study of molecular interactions owing to such advantages as short analysis time, low sample size requirement, high separation efficiency, and flexible applications. The focus of this paper is to 2 review recent studies and advances (mainly from 1998 to now) in biomolecular interactions using CE. Five CE modes: zone migration CE, affinity CE, frontal analysis (FA), Hummel-Dreyer (HD) and vacancy peak (VP) are cited and compared. Quantitative aspects of the thermodynamics and kinetics of biomolecular interaction are reviewed. Several biomolecular binding systems, including protein-protein (polypeptide), protein-DNA (RNA), protein(polypeptide)-carbohydrate, protein-small molecule, DNA-small molecule, small molecule-small molecule, have been well characterized by CE. CE is shown to be a powerful tool for the determination of the binding parameters of various bioaffinity interactions.

Synthesis of NaA zeolite membrane on a ceramic hollow fiber

NaA zeolite membrane was successfully synthesized on a ceramic hollow fiber with an outer diameter of 400 mum, a thickness of 100 mum and an average pore radius of 0.1 mum. The as-synthesized membranes were characterized by XRD, SEM as well as gas permeation. A continuous C NaA zeolite membrane formed after a three-stage synthesis. The membrane thickness was similar to5 mum. Gas permeation data indicated that a relatively high quality NaA zeolite membrane formed on the ceramic hollow fiber support. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of zirconia phase on the synthesis of higher alcohols over zirconia and modified zirconia

The catalytic performances of ZrO2-based catalysts were evaluated for the synthesis of higher alcohols from synthesis gas. The crystal phase structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV Raman. The results indicated that ZrO2 and Pd modified ZrO2 catalysts were effective catalysts in the synthesis of ethanol or isobutanol, and their selectivities basically depended on the crystal phase of ZrO2 surface. The ZrO2 with surface tetragonal crystal phase exhibited a high activity to form ethanol, while the ZrO2 with surface monoclinic crystal phase exhibited a high activity to form isobutanol. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiment indicated that the high activity of isobutanol formation from synthesis gas over monoclinic zirconia was due probably to the strong Lewis acidity of Zr4+ cations and the strong Lewis basicity of O2- anions of coordinative unsaturated Zr4+-O2- pairs on the surface of monoclinic ZrO2. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Direct characterization of bitter acids in a crude hop extract by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The applicability of on-line coupling of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of hop acids mixture from the crude extract of Humulus lupulus was investigated. The solvent system consisting of acetonitrile-aqueous formic acid was used to give proper separation of the six main hop bitter acids within 30 min. Further structural information about the components was acquired by collision-induced dissociation (CID). On the basis of analyses of the fragmentation patterns of the major alpha- and beta-bitter acids respectively, identification of the minor ones was performed using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with a group of qualitatively relevant selected precursor-product ion transitions for each bitter acid in a single high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run. Using this technique, six minor hop acids, including "adprelupulone" observed for the first time in natural resources, were detected along with the six major acids. This hyphenated techniques provides potency for rapid qualitative determination of analogs and homologs in mixtures. (C) 2004 American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Gas permeation performance of cellulose hollow fiber membranes made from the cellulose/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/H2O system

Cellulose hollow fiber membranes (CHFM) were prepared using a spinning solution containing N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as solvent and water as a nonsolvent additive. Water was also used as both the internal and external coagulant. It was demonstrated that the phase separation mechanism of this system was delayed demixing. The CHFM was revealed to be homogeneously dense structure after desiccation. The gas permeation properties of CO2, N-2, CH4, and H-2 through CHFM were investigated as a function of membrane water content and operation pressure. The water content of CHFM had crucial influence on gas permeation performance, and the permeation rates of all gases increased sharply with the increase of membrane water content. The permeation rate of CO2 increased with the increase of operation pressure, which has no significant effect on N-2, H-2, and CH4. At the end of this article a detailed comparison of gas permeation performance and mechanism between the CHFM and cellulose acetate flat membrane was given. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

不同氮水平对高油玉米吉油一号籽粒产量及其营养品质的影响

不同氮营养水平对高油玉米吉油一号籽粒产量、蛋白质、氨基酸和油脂的影响的研究表明,不同氮营养水平对高油玉米籽粒产量影响较大,施氮增产10.5%～22.9%。在本试验条件下的经济最佳施氮(N)量为180.3 kg·ha-1。不同施氮水平较不施氮均能明显增加高油玉米籽粒蛋白质及其组分中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,分别增加7.1%～13.3%(平均10.6%)、22.1%～39.1%(平均29.9%)和25.0%～40.7%(平均35.0%),其中施氮175 kg·ha-1时蛋白质含量最高(10.75%),施氮125 kg·ha-1时蛋白质品质相对较好(谷醇比相对较高,醇溶蛋白占蛋白质比例相对较低)。不同施氮水平较不施氮均能明显增加高油玉米籽粒氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量,分别增加11.9%～20.3%(平均17.3%)和12.4%～20.4%(平均17.1%),其中施氮175 kg·ha-1时氨基酸总量(11.50%)和必需氨基酸总量(4.19%)均相对较高。适量施氮能增加高油玉米籽粒油脂含量及不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸和油酸含量,其中施氮175～225 kg·ha-1时籽粒油分、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸和油酸含量均较高,较不施氮分别增加7.0%～7.5%,7.4%～8.3%、7.0%～8.5%和8.1%～8.4%,而过量施氮会明显降低籽粒油分、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸和油酸含量。

On-line concentration of neutral and charged species in capillary electrochromatography with a methacrylate-based monolithic stationary phase

A method involving self-concentration, on-column enrichment and field-amplified sample stacking for on-line concentration in capillary electrochromatography with a polymer monolithic column is presented. Since monolithic columns eliminate the frit fabrication and the problems associated with frits, the experimental conditions could be more flexibly adjusted to obtain higher concentration factor in comparison with conventional particulate packed columns. With self-concentration effect, the detection sensitivity of benzene and hexylbenzene is improved by a factor of 4 and 8, respectively. With on-column enrichment and ultralong injection, improvement as high as 22 000 times in detection sensitivity of benzoin is achieved. Furthermore, a combination of the three above-mentioned methods yields up to a 24000-fold improvement in detection sensitivity for caffeine, a charged compound. Parameters affecting the efficiency of on-line concentration are investigated systematically. In addition, equations describing on-line concentration process are deduced.

Facile synthesis of ginsenoside Ro

Two concise synthetic routes, being different in the glycosylation sequence, toward ginsenoside Ro (1) are developed. These syntheses feature the elaboration of the glucuronide residue at a later stage via the TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation and the installation of AZMB as a benzoylic neighboring participating group capable of being selectively removed afterward.

Low-temperature heat capacity and standard molar enthalpy of formation of 9-fluorenemethanol (C14H12O)

Low-temperature heat capacities of the 9-fluorenemethanol (C14H12O) have been precisely measured with a small sample automatic adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range between T = 78 K and T = 390 K. The solid-liquid phase transition of the compound has been observed to be T-fus = (376.567 +/- 0.012) K from the heat-capacity measurements. The molar enthalpy and entropy of the melting of the substance were determined to be Delta(fus)H(m) = (26.273 +/- 0.013) kJ (.) mol(-1) and Delta(fus)S(m) = (69.770 +/- 0.035) J (.) K-1 (.) mol(-1). The experimental values of molar heat capacities in solid and liquid regions have been fitted to two polynomial equations by the least squares method. The constant-volume energy and standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the compound have been determined, Delta(c)U(C14H12O, s) = -(7125.56 +/- 4.62) kJ (.) mol(-1) and Delta(c)H(m)degrees(C14H12O, s) = -(7131.76 +/- 4.62) kJ (.) mol(-1), by means of a homemade precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimeter at T = (298.15 +/- 0.001) K. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of the compound has been derived, Delta(f)H(m)degrees (C14H12O, s) = -(92.36 +/- 0.97) kJ (.) mol(-1), from the standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the compound in combination with other auxiliary thermodynamic quantities through a Hess thermochemical cycle. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New chiral ferrocenyldiphosphine ligand for catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation

New chiral ferrocenyldiphosphine ligands (R)-(S)-3 and (R)-(S)-4 were prepared. The ligands were employed in Ru(II) catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones to give corresponding secondary alcohols. Up to 99% conversion with 90% e.e. was obtained on Ru(DMSO)(4)Cl-2/4 in transfer hydrogenation of acetophenones with propan-2-ol. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

长白山阔叶红松林早春植物群落特征研究

研究了长白山阔叶红松林内早春植物群落特征 ,为进一步深入研究其在森林生态系统中物质循环和能量流动等生态功能奠定基础。早春植物主要有12种2变种 ,隶属于8属4科。按Raunkiaer生活型分类标准统计 ,早春植物都属于地下芽植物。分别以相对多度、相对频度、相对显著度和重要值为标准对各种早春植物进行排序 ,重要值排在前5位的植物分别是黑水银莲花、朝鲜银莲花、荷青花、五福花、大人字果。早春植物群落物种多样性的Shannon指数为2.5229,群落均匀度为0.9560,生态优势度为0.3212。

Photodissociation dynamics of the methyl radical at 212.5 nm: Effect of parent internal excitation

Photodissociation dynamics of the CH3 radical at 212.5 nm has been investigated using the H atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method with a pure CH3 radical source generated by the photolysis of CH3I at 266 nm. Time-of-flight spectra of the H atom products from the photolysis of both cold and hot methyl radicals have been measured at different photolysis polarizations. Experimental results indicate that the photodissociation of the methyl radical in its ground vibrational state at 212.5 nm excitation occurs on a very fast time scale in comparison with its rotational period, indicating the CH3 dissociation at 212.5 nm occurs on the excited 3s Rydberg state surface. Experimental evidence also shows that the photodissociation of the methyl radical in the nu(2)=1 state of the umbrella mode at 212.5 nm excitation is characteristically different from that in the ground vibrational state. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

长期不同培肥生态环境下黑土磷酸酶活性动态变化

以东北典型黑土区长期(自1980年)不同培肥试验地土壤为研究对象 ,采用施两种不同用量有机肥、化肥和不施肥4个处理 ,对黑土磷酸酶活性在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究。结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,玉米生长季黑土磷酸酶活性明显高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,生长季磷酸酶保护容量在175g·kg-1·h -1以上 ,季节性变化平稳 ,保持黑土磷酸酶免遭变性和分解作用显著。4种处理磷酸酶活性最大峰值同时出现在玉米大喇叭口期。

城市景观及城市景观生态研究的重点

提出城市景观具有人类主导性、生态脆弱性和景观破碎性3大特点,城市景观的斑块、廊道和本底等结构成分和组成要素,具有显著特点。城市景观中的物质流、能量流、人口流和信息流等,是维持城市景观结构的主要功能流。可以从景观整体、景观结构成分和景观格局、景观功能等多个方面,应用景观生态学原理和方法,开展城市景观生态研究。城市景观异质性,在维持城市结构和功能的可持续性方面,发挥着重要作用,在城市景观生态研究和规划实践中,都应将维护和提高城市景观异质性作为焦点问题之一,给予充分重视。

Study of a high power density sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell

Nickel catalyst supported on carbon was made by reduction of nickelous nitrate with hydrogen at high temperature. Ni/ C catalyst characterization was carried out by XRD. It was found that the crystal phase of NiS and NiS2 appeared in the impregnated catalyst. Ni/ C and Pt/ C catalysts gave high performance as the positive and negative electrodes of a sodium polysulfide/ bromine energy storage cell, respectively. The overpotentials of the positive and negative electrodes were investigated. The effect of the electrocatalyst loading and operating temperature on the charge and discharge performance of the cell was investigated. A power density of up to 0.64 W cm(-2) ( V = 1.07 V) was obtained in this energy storage cell. A cell potential efficiency of up to 88.2% was obtained when both charge and discharge current densities were 0.1 A cm(-2).