ORDERED ARRAYS OF MYOGLOBIN ADSORBED ON THE SURFACTANT MODIFIED SURFACE BY SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY

Myoglobin molecules were deposited on a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate modified HOPG surface and imaged in air with a high resolution scanning tunneling microscope (STM) for the first time. STM images exhibit not only ordered arrays of the surfactant m

SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY (STM) AND LATERAL FORCE MICROSCOPY (LFM) INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND CHARACTER OF CONDUCTIVE POLYPYRROLE FILM

Polypyrrole doped with p-toluenesulfonate was electropolymerized onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), glassy carbon (GC) and Pt electrode surfaces under the same experimental conditions. The resulting films were studied by scanning tunneling m

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TIPS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY

We report a new technique for preparing tips for electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) with particular consideration of its simplicity and reproducibility. In preparing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips by electrochemical etching, w

DIRECT OBSERVATION OF NATIVE AND UNFOLDED GLUCOSE-OXIDASE STRUCTURES BY SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY

Native and unfolded glucose oxidase (GOD) structures have been directly observed with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) for the first time. STM images show an opening butterfly-shaped pattern for the native GOD. When GOD molecules are extended on anodi

ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY

An ECSTM apparatus with an ideal tip using a homemade SSX-1A STM instrument has been constructed. STM and ECSTM tips were made by electrochemical etching and insulating with paraffin, silicon rubber or epoxy resin under an optical microscope. In situ imag

Electrochemical, spectroscopic and SPM evidence for the controlled formation of self-assembled monolayers and organised multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols on Au(111)

Organised multilayers were formed from the controlled self-assembly of ferrocene alkyl thiols on Au(111) surfaces. The control was accomplished by increasing the concentration of the thiol solutions used for the assembly. Cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry, scanning probe microscopy (STM and AFM) and in situ FTIR spectroscopy were used to probe the differences between mono- and multilayers of the same compounds. Electrochemical desorption studies confirmed that the multilayer structure is attached to the surface via one monolayer. The electrochemical behaviour of the multilayers indicated the presence of more than one controlling factor during the oxidation step, whereas the reduction was kinetically controlled which contrasts with the behaviour of monolayers, which exhibit kinetic control for the oxidation and reduction steps. Conventional and imaging ellipsometry confirmed that multilayers with well-defined increments in thickness could be produced. However, STM indicated that at the monolayer stage, the thiols used promote the mobility of Au atoms on the surface. It is very likely that the multilayer structure is held together through hydrogen bonding. To the best of out knowledge, this is the first example of a controlled one-step growth of multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols using self-assembly techniques.

Si doping effect on self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots

In situ ultra high vacuum scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and low-temperature :photoluminescence (PL) studies have been performed on Si-doped self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots samples to investigate the Si doping effects. Remarkably, when Si is doped in the sample, according to the SPM images, more small dots are formed when compared with images from undoped samples. On the PL spectra, high-energy band tail which correspond to the small dots appear, with increasing doping concentration, the integral intensity of the high-energy band tail account for the whole peak increase too. We relate this phenomenon to a model that takes the Si atom as the nucleation center for QDs formation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Micro-fabricated Al0.3Ga0.7As pyramids for potential SPM applications

A novel technique of manufacturing Al0.3Ga0.7As pyramids by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) sensors is reported Four meticulously designed conditions-partial oxidation, deficient solute, air quenching and germanium doping result in defect-free homogeneous nucleation and subsequent pyramid formation. Micrometer-sized frustums and pyramids are detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sharp end of the microtip has a radius of curvature smaller than 50 nm. It is believed that such accomplishments would contribute not only to crystal growth theory, but also to miniature fabrication technology.

DNA结构的扫描探针显微学研究

1．利用原子力显微镜，我们研究了DNA与邻菲咯琳钻之间的反应。乙醇溶液中DNA复合物的形貌改变很好地说明了静电力在引起DNA凝集中的重要地位。随着醇浓度增加，对应更低的介电常数，静电反应增强。当介电常数降低，平衡离子就会在DNA的磷酸骨架上聚集，并中和负电荷到能引起凝集的程度。2，为了深入认识DNA-表面活性剂复合物的形貌特征，我们对阳离子表面活性剂CTAB引起的DNA凝集体进行了研究。由环状凝集体的体积分析，我们认为DNA发生单分子凝集。除环状体之外，许多不规则的环状体有助于说明DNA环状体的形成过程。部分绕转体和核小体状环状体对应于绕转模型而棒状中间体显示DNA分子也可能采取棒状体到环状体的转化模型。3．DNA分子在形成稳定的凝集体之前会经过一系列的中间体。因为温度是DNA结构的一个重要的决定因素，在其他凝集条件一定时，我们观察了DNA凝集中间体在温度升高时的结构转变。AFM分析得出质粒DNA pBR322的凝集结构受温度的影响很大。低温时，单个分子花束体是DNA分子采取的主要凝集结构。较高温度时，分子变得舒展，但链上有许多可能利于多分子凝集的小环。继续升高温度，DNA分子大范围地发生分子间的单中心、交联。4．在Mg2+，Ca2＋，Sr2和Ba2+分别作为DNA在云母表面的平衡离子时，我们观察了DNA分子在云母表面扩散平衡或被动力俘获的形貌特征。末端距和伸展长度可由原子力显微镜的数据分析结果得到。实验结果表明当Mg2＋，Ca2+和Sr2+为平衡离子时，DNA分子能够在云母表面扩散平衡。然而Ba2+作用时，严重交接的DNA结构说明DNA分子不易在云母表面反应平衡，俘获的程度也随实验条件而改变。在醇溶液中，我们还观察了B-A构象转变对平衡离子种类的依赖关系。四种碱土金属引起B-A构象转变的能力不同，其中Sr2-导致B-A构象转变的程度最大。

DNA、纳米微粒及其相互作用的扫描探针显微学研究

1．采用改进的蒸发液滴中流体毛细流动法，用于展开和固定适于AFM研究的大环状DNA。对长达148.9 kbp的人类基因组3号染色体上一个完整的酵母染色体DNA分子和pB孙22质粒DNA进行了展开固定研究，长度测定显示偏差小于3.5％，结果优于其它展开线性DNA的方法。对其相应的展开机理进行了初步探讨：利用AFM考察了不同长度的DNA分子在云母基底上的分子级分形图案。实验证明DNA分子级的分形图案与DNA的浓度、长度和其它辅助因素相关。我们认为DLA理论或许更适合描述DNA分子在云母基底上形成不同分形图案的体系。2．我们利用阳离子的桥合作用，将质粒DNA固定并展开在云母基底上制得了DNA网络结构。结合实验数据，对质粒DNA形成的机理和可控的参数：离子种类、离子浓度、网孔大小和网孔高度进行了讨论，提出了相应的模型进行解释。我们在半透明的云母基底以及玻璃和蓝宝石等透明基底上构建了不同结构的DNA网络。结合实验数据，讨论了在各种固体基底上形成DNA网络的影响因素，我们认为，固体基底表面的亲水性对于构建DNA网络起重要作用。我们通过控制乙醇的浓度与温度结合原子力显微镜样品定位技术发现，云母基底上形成DNA膜的DNA分子是否移动与处理DNA样品的乙醇浓度有直接关系。对于纯乙醇溶液无论是高温（6O℃）或常温，均未引起DNA分子的移动（无论是吸附在云母基底上的，还是吸附在DNA分子链上的）；如果用混合有水的乙醇溶液（无论其中水的含量多少），不管是高温（60℃）或常温，都会引起DNA膜结构发生变化，即DNA分子发生了移动。热乙醇水溶液对DNA分子的作用比常温情况下更明显1可能是热力学上的因素导致的。3．通过控制银纳米微粒在云母基底上的聚集行为，而非直接通过化学合成的方法，构建了一种新的银结构一纳米银盘。详细阐述了如何得到这种结构的过程，通过原子力显微镜、紫外可见光光谱和X一射线电子能谱技术等工具对其性质也作了相应的表征。这种由纳米粒子组成的银盘与文献报道的单晶纳米银盘相比具有更大的比表面积，在纳米催化等方面有更广阔的应用前景。通过自聚集方式构建纳米银盘结构的方法，对于人们通常认为在溶液中合成的纳米结构与在各种固体基底上表征的纳米结构是一致的观点提出了新的理解。利用戊二醛试剂与发光的纳米微粒萘酰亚胺通过醛胺加成反应形成酰胺键，组装形成二维发光粒子网络。结合原子力显微镜高度形貌图和光谱数据，发现粒子间形成了两种典型的网络结构即，实心六方堆积和空心六方堆积结构。对此我们提出了相应的模型给予解释。4，利用展开的质粒DNA为模板诱导形成了环状的氯化镁纳米结构。原子力显微镜考察表明，这些纳米结构的高度是6.2±1.3-8.2±1.80nm，长度为1.35±0.18到2.93±0.25um。我们以CTAB包裹18nm纳米金和3.5nm纳米银使之形成带正电荷的外壳，利用。NA磷酸骨架带负电荷特性，通过静电自组装方式形成了金属化的纳米网络结构。通过AFM、UV-vis光谱和XPS谱的表征说明，带正电荷外壳的纳米金和纳米银被DNA模板高度地组装形成有序的二维网络结构。5．利用自制的样品定位系统，重复性地对整个基底范围内的样品实行定位，定位的精确度达400nm。这种方法对于样品旋转角度或取出后进行进一步处理都适用。该定位方法依赖于一台个人电脑，一个样品定位仪，一个CCD相机和一套可视光学系统，用于监测透明或半透明基底如，云母、玻璃、蓝宝石、石英和钦酸银等原子力显微镜广泛使用的基底表面或背面特征。作为对这种定位方法的应用，我们用不同的灯M操作模式，不同的针尖对单个的DNA分子、单个的DNA-蛋白质复合物和DNA网络在样品移动或拿出样品台后进行了定位实验。这种方法的精度和分辨率，对于一般的商用或自制SPM（AFM,STM，sNOM）系统都可以适用。

DNA-聚苯胺体系的电化学及扫描探针显微学研究

DNA-聚苯胺复合物在低维纳米材料制作、生物传感器、DNA杂交反应检测以及生物芯片开发等方面具有潜在的应用价值。鉴于此，我们在本论文中着重研究了以下两方面内容：1．利用循环伏安法研究了DNA的存在对聚苯胺电化学行为的影响。研究发现，虽然，苯胺的循环伏安聚合过程不受DNA的影响，但是DNA的存在会显著降低聚苯胺修饰电极在HCl空白溶液中循环伏安扫描时的峰电流值。初步推测可能是由于DNA分子在聚苯胺膜上的吸附阻碍了电极上电子的传递而造成的。2．通过自组装方法从水溶液中构造出了分散性良好的苯胺-DNA复合物纳米线，并以此为前驱体构造出了以DNA为模板的聚苯胺纳米线。另外，利用改进后的气流展开法可以将所得到的纳米线有序排列到基底上。用原子力显微镜对所得到的纳米线进行了表征，结果显示纳米线形貌规整、排列有序、背景清晰。

Effects of Thickness on Properties of ZnO Films Grown on Si by MOCVD

High quality ZnO films are successfully grown on Si（100） substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition at 300℃. The effects of the thickness of the ZnO films on crystal structure, surface morphology,and optical properties are investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy,and photoluminescence spectra, respectively. It is shown that the ZnO films grown on Si substrates have a highly-preferential C-axis orientation,but it is difficult to obtain the better structural and optical properties of the ZnO films with the increasing of thickness. It is maybe due to that the grain size and the growth model are changed in the growth process.

Immobilization of the nanoparticle monolayer onto self-assembled monolayers by combined sterically enhanced hydrophobic and electrophoretic forces

The immobilization of surface-derivatized gold nanoparticles onto methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surface was achieved by the cooperation of hydrophobic and electrophoretic forces. Electrochemical and scanning probe microscopy techniques were utilized to explore the influence of the SAM's structure and properties of the nanoparticle/SAM/gold system. SAMs prepared from 1-decanethiol (DT) and 2-mercapto-3-n-octylthiophene (MOT) were used as hydrophobic substrates. The DT SAM is a closely packed and organized monolayer, which can effectively block the underlying gold and inhibit a variety of solution species including organic and inorganic molecules from penetrating, whereas the MOT monolayer is poorly packed or disorganized (because of a large difference in dimension between the thiophene head and the alkylchain tail) and permeable to many organic probes in aqueous solution but not to inorganic probes. Thus, the MOT monolayer provides a more energetically favorable hydrophobic surface for the penetration and adsorption of organic species than the DT monolayer.