128 resultados para SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
Resumo:
报道了在20 TW皮秒激光器上完成的p偏振激光与等离子体相互作用过程中产生的快电子的角分布和能谱测量结果.实验得到:当激光功率密度小于1017 W/cm^2时,电子发射没有明显定向性,在激光入射面内多峰发射;当激光功率密度大于1017 W/cm^2,小于1018 W/cm^2时,电子主要沿靶面法线方向发射;当激光功率密度达到相对论强度时,电子主要沿激光传播方向发射;激光功率密度未达到相对论强度时,靶后表面法线方向快电子能谱拟合平均温度符合共振吸收温度定标率;激光功率密度达相对论强度以上时,靶后表面法线方向
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Large ruby with the size of circle divide75 x 45 mm was grown by temperature gradient technique for the first time. Absorption spectrum was carried out in the range of 190-800 nm by spectrophotometer, and the concentration spatial distribution of Cr3+ in ruby was calculated from the absorption coefficient that based on the Beer-Lambert's Law. Cr3+ ions gradually increase alone both the growth axis and the radial direction. The shape and ingredient of the inclusions were measured by means of Leitz ride field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lane photos and X-ray omega scan show the good quality of as grown ruby. The optimized growth conditions were pointed out based on the observation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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在千焦拍瓦高功率啁啾脉冲放大系统设计中,为了尽量消除增益窄化和增益饱和效应的影响,同时尽可能提高高功率激光输出脉冲信噪比参数,激光脉冲时空和光谱的整形问题备受关注.提出一种光谱整形新方法,利用特定结构的多层介质膜反射镜,可实现对大能量高功率啁啾脉冲钕玻璃放大系统中啁啾脉冲的光谱整形.研究结果表明,只要合理选择多层介质膜系的结构参数,可有效地控制其反射率分布,且在保证反射相位基本不变的条件下其调制度可超过60%.针对钕玻璃1053nm波长设计而成的光谱整形反射镜,反射带宽可达到196nm,色分辨率约为0.1nm,在几十纳米波长范围所对应的相位偏差小于12mrad,相当于λ/524,能够满足"神光Ⅱ"千焦拍瓦改造的技术指标要求.
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本报告对木根麦冬的生态、遗传与进化等方面进行了综合研究,分析了木根麦冬居群内个体育性变异与基因流的模式与强度,研究了木根麦冬居群遗传变异在时间与空间的动态变化过程,深入探讨了该物种的适应策略、自然选择与进化模式。同时对生物进化中的一些基本问题进行了尝试性探讨。 一、影响有性繁殖生物居群中交配与繁殖成功的行为、生态与遗传现象最终决定等位基因与基因型的相对频率及其在世代间的变化。植物的交配系统不仅决定了居群未来世代的基因型频率,而且还影响到植物居群的有效大小、基因流和选择等其它进化因素。我们利用等位酶多态性,采用似然性方法与计算机模拟为木根麦冬三个居群的种子确定父本。共有90.1%的种子可以在居群中找到唯一的最可能父本。在这些种子中,56.1%在0.95的显著水平上可以确定唯一亲本。并且还发现:1.个体自交越多,产生的种子就越多;2.个体提供 给自己的有效花粉比提供给别的植株的有效花粉多,3.只接受花粉而不提供花粉的植株产生的种子少;4.只接受花粉而不提供花粉的植株产生种子的机会也少,综合我们以前的研究结果,可以认为,木根麦冬的交配系统正在或已经发 生了转变,从以异交为主到以自交为主。 二、点模式分析的结果表明在所研究的三个居群中,木根麦冬个体都表现出相对随机的分布。空间自相关分析却发现开花个体在空间聚集分布,呈斑块状开花。这个结果也表明个体空间分布模式与开花状态没有直接关系,集团性开花可能是一个促进花粉传播的适应特征:开花个体的聚集可能对传粉者形成强有力的吸引。空间自相关分析表明木根麦冬居群中大多数等位基因都聚集成一定大小的斑块。基因的聚集突出的说明了木根麦冬居群内基因流动的状况,花粉与种子的传播受到限制。传粉能力弱的传粉者以及种子的近距离的散布使基因局限于一定的小范围内,从而形成基因斑块,而斑块的大小由传粉者的活动范围及种子的传播距离决定。 三、基因纯合导致有害的隐性基因或部分致死的基因表达,使纯合子适合度降低,因此纯合子频率在世代间的变化将是衡量近交衰退的一个较好的指标。木根麦冬中亲代居群的观察杂合度大大高于子代居群,这个结果表明大量的纯合子在从种子到成株的过程中被淘汰。大量的纯合子被淘汰可能时由于隐性致死或有害等位基因纯合的结果,自交以及有亲缘关系的个体之间交配使有害等位基因与致死等位基因纯合,从而使一个远交种中出现自交衰退,过量的纯合子被淘汰是自交衰退的直接后果。
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疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora(Franch.)P.Y.Zhang et Y.J.Zhang)是我国三峡特有植物,是目前发现的唯一一种三峡水库蓄水后将被全部淹没的高等植物物种。本文结合前人的研究,通过详细的野外调查,摸清了疏花水柏枝的野生种群的分布及自然环境状况,较为全面、系统地研究了其生物学、群落学、种群学、生殖生态学等各方面的特征。最后,对其繁殖技术进行了着重研究,并提出了疏花水柏枝的的保护对策。 疏花水柏枝分布于我国亚热带长江三峡地区,位于东经109-0 32’~110-042、北纬30-0 59’~ 31-05’,海拔70 - 150米的范围内。疏花水柏枝为常绿灌木,具有很强的耐水淹的特性。其群落的植物区系组成中,以北温带分布和世界分布属为主,在各群落中疏花水柏枝均为建群种。在较小的尺度上(间距1m或更小),各群落中的疏花水柏枝种群均表现为聚集分布;在较大的尺度上(间距1.44m或更大),砾质地表的几个群落中疏花水柏枝种群表现为聚集分布,而沙质地表的群落中则表现为随机分布;幼苗在各种尺度上均表现为强烈的聚集分布。不同的群落中,疏花水柏枝种群的生物量有很大差异,变化范围为2,13 lt/hm2~5.340t/hm2,平均值为3.976t/hm2。疏花水柏枝的种群总体年龄结构比较稳定,但在不同的群落中差异较大。疏花水柏枝的的结实率高达95.12%,单位面积出种量平均为1.242×1()9粒/hm2。种子细小,寿命较短,新鲜饱满种子发芽率可达100%。冬季干旱和夏季水淹导致幼苗大量死亡。疏花水柏枝的扦插繁殖可获得较高的生根率,一年生插条的生根率明显高于多年生的插条。扦插苗移栽的成活率较高,并于第二年即可开花结实。种子繁殖也可获得较高的出苗率,但幼苗的死亡率很高。为保护这个物种,首先应加强宣传力度,进一步加强繁殖技术的研究,各北京植物园应大量引种栽培,并对其进行全面深入的研究,最终将其完全回归大自然。
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本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、景观生态学理论和方法、分形理论以及统计分析方法对北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征进行了分析,并对景观格局和景观多样性的分析方法进行了探讨,结果表明: (1)对几乎所有的斑块类型,其斑块大小的分布都不是对称的,而是右偏的。4种概率分布(Г—分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布和(负)指数分布)都只能刻划部分斑块类型,并且服从对数正态分布的斑块类型最多,服从(负)指数分布的斑块类型最少。 (2)随着斑块面积的增加,边界效应越来越小,而斑块形状越来越不紧凑。 (3)分形分析识别出本地区植被景观中的两个尺度域:一个是斑块面积小于(大约)2.7km2,另一个是斑块面积大于(大约)2.7km2。两个域中的斑块复杂程度有很大差异,后一个域中的斑块明显比前一个域中的斑块复杂,并且随着斑块面积的增加,斑块形状越来越复杂。 (4)用斑块数作为多度指标时,该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从(截断)对数正态分布和(截断)负二项分布,不服从对数级数分布和几何分布。用斑块面积作为多度指标时,该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从对数正态分布、Weibull分布和Г—争布,不服从正态分布。从而该景观的斑块类型一多度分布不是对称的,也是右偏的。在4个优势度/多样性模型中,“生态位优先占领”模型和Zipf-Mandelbrot模型可以较好地刻划该景观的斑块类型一多度关系。 (5)样本大小对多样性测度有直接的影响。如果这种影响比较小,就说明测度指标比较稳定。三个丰富度指数中,Ri比R2和R3更稳定;五个多样性性指数中,D和Di最稳定,OD最不稳定,因此,OD是用于景观多样性监测的理想指标;五个均匀度指数中,Jgi最稳定。根据设计的3种计算临界样方数量(即多样性测度指标达到稳定时的样方数量)方法的计算结果,上述几个最稳定的测度指标在通常情况下只需要几个样方(即总抽样面积为数百km2)就达到稳定状态。 (6)斑块类型数目随面积的增加而增加。根据四个评价指标的评价结果,认为双曲线对该景观的斑块类型一面积关系的拟合效果最好。 (7)样本较大(对于一阶刀切估计,大于30个样方;对于二阶刀切估计,大于60个样方)时,刀切法能够给出斑块类型数目(NPT)较好的估计;样本较小(小于30个样方)时,Mingoti和Meeden提出的经验贝叶斯方法能够对NPT给出比刀切法和自助法更好的估计。斑块类型一面积曲线外推虽然也能给出NPT较好的估计,但这种方法需要慎重使用,不能外推得很远。 (8)列联表分析表明,该植被景观中的斑块类型与土壤类型、岩石类型、海拔高度和坡向各因子之间均存在显著的相关性。植被景观多样性与岩石类型多样性和地形多样性之间也均呈显著的正相关关系,即植被景观多样性随岩石类型多样性和地形多样性的增加而增加。但植被景观多样性与土壤类型多样性之间不存在显著的线性相关或秩相关关系,这可能是由于二者的分类体系不吻合。植被景观多样性与总的道路密度和第二类道路密度之间均呈显著的负相关关系,而与第一类和第三类道路密度之间的关系都不显著。这反映出景观样本单元(10kmxlOkm)的尺度对应于第二类道路的影响尺度。而道路密度在一定程度上反映了人类活动的强度,因此,在10kmxlOkm这个尺度上,人类活动愈剧烈,景观多样性就愈小。
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近年来,种群空间分布格局日益为生态学家所重视,已成为生态学发展最快的领域和生态学理论发展的核心之一,群落的植被盖度和生物多样性是生态学研究的常用指标。植物种群分布格局及群落特征是种群和群落对环境条件长期适应和选择的结果,一方面决定于植物自身的生物学特性,另一方面与种群和群落分布的生境密切相关,对于揭示植被对环境的适应规律及它们之间的相互关系具有十分重要的意义。 本文以油蒿种群为研究对象,沿着鄂尔多斯高原从东至西的降水梯度(336~249mm),应用传统的分布格局检验法以及点格局方法进行油蒿种群分布格局的研究;采用Gleason 指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数、Pielou 指数和Simpson 指数分析比较油蒿群落的生物多样性。从格局分析的尺度问题、严密性以及聚集程度变化趋势等几个方面,对本文采用的种群分布格局分析方法进行比较,为种群分布格局分析方法的选择提供参考。 种群分布格局分析结果表明沿着降水递减的梯度,在小尺度上油蒿种群分布格局表现为由均匀分布向随机分布转变的趋势;在大尺度上则表现为由随机分布向聚集分布转变的趋势。沿降水逐渐减弱的梯度上,油蒿种群的聚集程度逐渐增强。降水梯度对油蒿种群分布格局的影响一方面由油蒿本身的生物学特性决定,在降雨量小的地区,油蒿母株周围幼苗的存活率高,呈现聚集分布格局,而降雨量大的地区,油蒿幼苗存活概率比较平均,形成随机分布格局;其次,降雨量较大的地区,土壤水分资源较充足,油蒿个体较大,个体之间以竞争关系为主,聚集程度较低,降雨量少的地区,油蒿个体较矮小,个体之间为共同抵御恶劣生境,呈现聚集分布的格局。 群落FPC 和生物多样性指数与年平均降水量的回归分析结果显示,降水量越大,植被盖度越高,物种丰富度越大,群落物种分布均匀程度和优势度越低。充足的降雨促进油蒿群落的发育,草本层植物长势更好,生物量增加,群落的结构趋于复杂。 传统的分布格局检验方法和点格局方法在油蒿种群分布格局分析应用中得到的结果具有高度一致性,然而在实际工作中,这些方法之间具有各自的优劣和适应性。 建议在选取种群分布格局的分析方法时,要充分考虑研究目的,根据具体的物种和实验环境确定采用的方法。需在各细微尺度上做种群分布格局分析时,点格局方法优于传统的分析方法;在大范围取样及对工作效率要求较高时,方差均值比率法和聚集强度指数法更适合。由于聚集强度指数法在进行结果判定时比较模糊,建议优先选择方差均值比率法,将聚集强度指数法作为参考。降雨的减少显著改变了植物种群的空间分布格局和群落结构及物种组成,在进行生态恢复时可以参照本文的分析结果进行恢复植被的合理配置。
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Microorganisms play an important role in removing pollutants from constructed wetlands. We investigated the microbial characteristics in a novel integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW), which has been in operation in Wuhan, China since 1998. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and amoA gene to analyze the structure and diversity of the microbial community within the IVCW. PLFA results suggested that the amount of bacterial PLFA was significantly higher than that of fungal PLFA, but the total microbial biomass represented by PLFA index was low in the system. Microbial spatial distribution showed significantly higher bacterial (both G(+) and G(-)) and fungal biomass in the surface than in the subsurface layers. The ratios of monounsaturated to branched PLFA demonstrated that an anaerobic layer sandwiched by two aerobic layers existed in the IVCW, consistent with the redox potential results. Analysis of the amoA revealed the presence of Nitrosomonas-like sequences in the surface substrate of the downflow chamber and apparent diversities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the system. These results suggest that microorganisms, despite their relatively low biomass, have inhabited the IVCW, and the results will offer some valuable information on microbe to system designers and managers.
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Blooms of cyanobacteria, or blue-greens, are known to produce chemicals, such as microcystins, which can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Although previous studies have examined the fate of microcystins in freshwater lakes, primary elimination pathways and factors affecting degradation and loss have not been fully explained. The goal of the present study was to explore sources of algal toxins and investigate the distribution and biodegradation of microcystins in water and sediment through laboratory and field analyses. Water and sediment samples were collected monthly from several locations in Lake Taihu from February 2005 to January 2006. Samples were analyzed for the presence of microcystin. Water and sediment were also used in laboratory studies to determine microcystin degradation rates by spiking environmental samples with known concentrations of the chemical and observing concentration changes over time. Some water samples were found to efficiently degrade microcystins. Microcystin concentrations dropped faster in water collected immediately above lake sediment (overlying water). Degradation in sediments was higher than in water. Based on spatial distribution analyses of microcystin in Lake Taihu, higher concentrations (relative to water concentrations) of the chemical were found in lake sediments. These data suggest that sediments play a critical role in microcystin degradation in aquatic systems. The relatively low levels of microcystins found in the environment are most likely due to bacterial biodegradation. Sediments play a crucial role as a source (to the water column) of bio-degrading bacteria and as a carbon-rich environment for bacteria to proliferate and metabolize microcystin and other biogenic toxins produced by cyanobacteria. These, and other, data provide important information that may be applied to management strategies for improvement of water quality in lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The paper studied two estrogenic pollutants, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments in urban eutrophic lakes. The concentrations of NP ranged from 1.94 to 32.85 mu g/l, 0.876 to 31.13 mu g/l and 3.54 to 32.43 mu g/g dry weight (dw) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively, and that of OP from 0.027 to 1.44 mu g/l, 0.008 to 1.777 mu g/l and 0.058 to 1.245 mu g/g dw in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively. An increasing trend in the concentration was noticed in all matrices close to the sewage inlets, which was found to be the major factor affecting the spatial distribution of alkylphenols (APs) in the lakes. Due to restoration of submerged macrophytes, which might accumulate APs, the contaminations of APs in the Little Moon Lake (LML) and the Little Lotus Lake (LLL) were lower than those in the Big, Moon Lake (BML) and the Bier Lotus Lake (BLL). A reasonable correlation of NP and OP was obtained among water, suspended particle and sediment. The possible environmental stress of APs concentration on aquatic organisms in Wuhan urban lakes was also discussed.
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Polyurethane foam unit (PFU) systems were collected from 11 lakes and three rivers in the Yunnan Plateau, China and, the PFU extrusion liquids, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GCECD). The concentrations of pp'-DDE, HCB and HCHs were undetectable to 1.86 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.27 mu g l(-1)), undetectable to 0.72 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.11 mu g l(-1)), and 0.24-21.95 mu g l(-1) (mean 7.39 mu g l(-1)) respectively in lakes; and those in rivers were undetectable to 0.23 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.08 mu g l(-1)), 0.68-2.93 mu g l(-1) (mean 1.70 mu g l(-1)), and 2.71-37.56 mu g l(-1) (mean 17.01 mu g l(-1)) respectively. Notably, some residue levels of OCPs exceeded the US National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, implying Yunnan has levels of OCPs potentially harmful to human health. Further, the contamination by OCPs showed an obvious spatial distribution pattern. Amongst the lakes, Dianchi, Xingyun, Lugu and Yangzonghai had the highest OCP levels dominated by beta-HCH, whereas among rivers, Nujiang and Lancang Rivers had the highest contents of OCPs dominated by alpha-HCH. This demonstrates that HCHs are the predominant contaminants and some point sources of HCHs may still exist in Yunnan. The pollution levels in Yunnan were compared with other studies, suggesting the PFU method is suitable for long-term on-line monitoring of trace OCPs in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, continuous studies monitoring OCPs in lakes and rivers are needed to further understand the future trend of contamination. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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We investigate the electronic structures of the inhomogeneous quantum dots within the framework of the effective mass theory. The results show that the energies of electron and hole states depend sensitively on the relative magnitude 77 of the core radius to the capped quantum dot radius. The spatial distribution of the electrons and holes vary significantly when the ratio eta changes. A quantum-confinement-driven type-II-type-I transition is found in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs-capped quantum dot structures. The phase diagram is obtained for different capped quantum dot radii. The ground-state exciton binding energy shows a highly nonlinear dependence on the innner structures of inhomogeneous quantum dots, which originates from the redistribution of the electron and hole wave functions.
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降雨侵蚀力是反映流域降雨侵蚀能力的综合指标之一。根据辽河流域10个气象站的日降雨量资料,利用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算辽河流域的降雨侵蚀力。结果表明:辽河流域降雨侵蚀力的空间变异与降雨量的空间分布趋势基本一致,由东南向西北递减,变化于1 000~3 800 MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a)之间;降雨侵蚀力年内集中度高,6—8月3个月约占全年的80%;降雨侵蚀力年际变化大,年际变率Cv在0.367~0.649之间,采用时序系列的Mann-Kendall检验表明,降雨侵蚀力并无显著变化趋势;特别是在流域水土流失严重的西辽河地区,年降雨侵蚀力较小,但年内集中程度大,年际变化更突出。
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土壤pH值是影响土壤养分有效性和化学物质在土壤中行为的主要因素,研究土壤pH值的空间分布特征对于土壤养分管理和土壤污染预测具有重要意义。该文用地统计学方法研究了环境因素复杂的黄土高原小流域土壤pH值空间分布特征。结果表明,黄土沟壑区小流域土壤pH值具有球形—指数套合模型的空间结构特征,其空间异质性主要来源于流域内土地利用和土壤侵蚀等随机因素。与有机质协同的Kriging法能较好地对土壤pH值进行估值,其估值范围小于实测数据,估值误差来源于复杂的环境因素。序贯高斯条件模拟的土壤pH值范围与实测数据接近,模拟的平均值低于实测数据,模拟误差来源于模拟过程中独特的Kriging算法及高斯特性。
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基于1975年的LandsatMSS影像,1986年、1997年和2006年的Landsat TM影像,利用遥感影像的计算机自动分类和目视解译,得到这4a的土地利用信息。利用ERDAS中的GIS分析模块和统计方法对这4a的土地利用图进行统计分析,得到1975-1986年、1986-1997年和1997-2006年这3个时间段的土地利用变化的数量、速度、幅度、空间格局特征。结果表明:耕地经历了一个先增加后减少的过程,草地、林地先减少后增加,居民地一直处于增加状态,未利用地从整体上来说处于减少状态,只不过在中期有一定数量的波动;在前期和中期土地利用类型间的相互转化基本一致,后期土地利用类型间的相互转化有所增强;耕地、草地、林地和未利用地是该地区土地利用变化的主导类型,主要是耕地、草地与其它土地利用类型间的相互转化。