141 resultados para GP shortage


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Submitted by zhangdi (zhangdi@red.semi.ac.cn) on 2009-04-13T11:45:31Z

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) is the residue from the kitchen, restaurants, food factories and even human and animal waste which not only harm people's health but also causes environmental pollution. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil to partially substitute petroleum diesel is one of the measures for solving the twin problems of environment pollution and energy shortage. In this project, synthesis of biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in a three-step fixed bed reactor. The reaction solution was a mixture of WCO, water, methanol and solvent (hexane). The main product was biodiesel consisted of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), of which methyl oleate was the main component. Effects of lipase, solvent, water, and temperature and flow of the reaction mixture on the synthesis of biodiesel were analyzed. The results indicate that a 91.08% of FAME can be achieved in the end product under optimal conditions. Most of the chemical and physical characters of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#)diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D-6751).

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为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明:平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。

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具有工程化、科技化、规模化内涵的现代雨水利用技术是现代节水农业技术的重要研究内容,已成为缓解干旱缺水,实现农业高效用水,降低常规农业用水量的有效措施。在分析现代雨水利用技术研究进展及其发展趋势基础上,指出现代雨水利用技术是传统雨水利用技术与新材料技术、现代生物技术、现代信息技术、现代灌溉工程技术等高新技术相结合的产物,具有多学科相互交叉、各单项技术相互渗透的明显特征。在此基础上,提出了近中期现代雨水利用技术研发的重点,即以重大前沿性技术研究为基础,研发与雨水利用相关的重要关键技术与产品,探索建立适宜的现代雨水高效利用技术体系。

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黄土高原半干旱地区在中国旱作农业生产中占有重要地位。干旱缺水与水土流失并存是制约该区域经济发展的两大瓶颈因素。水保农业和径流农业两种旱作农业生产方式已趋于成熟,但对天然降水调控利用能力低下,难于实现农业生产的优质高产高效。集雨补灌生态农业是在继承水保农业和径流农业成功技术基础上,对降雨调控利用方式的进一步发展,它能在时间和空间两个方面实现降雨径流的富集叠加,能充分发挥环境资源与水肥光热因子的协同增效作用,大幅度提高农业生产力,实现同步缓解干旱缺水与水土流失双重目标。集雨补灌是黄土高原半干旱区农业可持续发展的一种综合模式和战略性措施,对黄土高原半干旱区生态型现代农业发展具有重要推动作用。

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降雨径流的调控利用是缓解黄土高原干旱缺水与控制水土流失的有效手段,研究区域降雨径流调控利用潜力的定量评价对黄土高原降雨径流合理利用的宏观决策与规划设计具有重要意义。以黄土高原为例,将可以调控利用的最大降雨径流量作为资源化潜力值,从宏观尺度上,系统分析了影响该潜力的各个因素,确定出黄土高原降雨径流调控利用潜力的各项评价指标,利用GIS技术,建立了降雨径流各个影响因素的专题图层,提取出各个影响因素专题信息。在上述基础上,引入人工神经网络建模方法,建立了黄土高原降雨径流调控利用潜力BP网络模型,并利用实际资料对网络模型进行了训练和预测,取得了较好的结果。评价模型可供黄土高原降雨径流调控利用及其生态与环境保护工作参考。

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为促进宁南半干旱山区产业支柱作物马铃薯的生产,解决马铃薯生产、特别是苗期的干旱缺水问题,采用田间试验方法,进行PAM保水剂、多功能保水剂与一定配方尿素+过磷酸钙的施用对马铃薯生长发育、产量及效益的试验。结果表明,两种保水剂均能促进马铃薯生长发育,增加干物质积累,但是在不同生育时期促进作物生长的效果有所不同。1%PAM保水剂浸种2~3 min处理在前期效果显著,多功能保水剂在后期效果突出。马铃薯以施用多功能保水剂30 kg/hm2效果最好,其产量和商品薯分别比对照高出52.33%、138.29%,增收5 356.8元/hm2。研究表明,施用30 kg/hm2多功能保水剂比用1%PAM保水剂浸种2~3min更适宜宁南半干旱区及其同类地区旱地种植马铃薯。

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稀土对铝及铝合金具有很多良好作用。根据国内外有关铝合金发展趋势的报道,铝合金向中强高工艺高强耐热、超塑、微量元素改善合金性能等方向发展稀土在这些方面对铝合金有着很好的作用效果。因此研制新型铝合金,研究稀土对铝合金组织和性能的影响及稀土作用机现,有着重要的意义。稀土在铝合金中的应用已经引起了国内外研究工作者的关注。近几年此方面研究尤为活跃。我国是一个稀土蕴藏量较大的国家,研究稀土在铝合金中的作用,可以更好地发挥我国的资源优势,对国民经济的发展将起着重要的作用。有关稀土在铝合金中的应用研究,国外开展的较早。我国始于七十年代。合金工作者对稀土在铝合金中的作用进行了大量的研究,确认了稀土可以改善铝合金的组织和性能,改善工艺性能,表面光泽性和耐腐蚀性但是,目前的研究还没有形成系统和全面的理论,由于研究条件和目的不同,很多的研究还处于实验室阶段,对某些问题还研究得不够深入,不够全面。如:1. 稀土对金属铝组织和性能影响;2. 稀土对铝合金枝晶组织细化作用和晶体结构影响;3. 稀土如何改善铝合金的加工工艺性能,提高铝合金的成品率;4. 稀土对提高合金沉淀硬化速度,使GD区快速析出,时效峰提前;5. 铝热还原法,较低温度下制取铝稀土合金,特别是重稀土合金;6. 稀土铝合金的加工硬化过程研究;7. 稀土在变形铝合金中的存在状态和分布规律;基于上述问题和国内对铝合金的需求,本文主要做了如下几个方面的工作:1. 研制了RE-Al-Mg-Si挤压型材合金,稀土是采用向工业电解槽中加入混合稀土化合物同铝一起共电沉积,制取稀土铝合金,然后配制成RE-Al-Mg-Si合金。对其组织,晶体结构,性能,沉淀硬化过程等进行了研究得出如下结论:①. 稀土可使Al-Mg-Si合金强度提高10-20%,硬度提高10%左右;②. 稀土可以改善Al-Mg-Si合金的加工性能,在挤压温度下具有较大的高温塑性。稀土可使铝镁硅合金晶粒细化,再结晶温度和过烧温度提高,允许在较宽温度范围内进行热处理;③. 稀土可使Al-Mg-Si合金表面致密,光亮,改善耐腐蚀性和光学特性;④. 稀土可使铝基体晶胞体积减小,晶胞体积的减小值和强度、硬度提高成很好的直线关系。首次提出稀土对铝合金的“晶胞收缩效应”;⑤. 稀土在铝镁硅合金中分布规律是晶内晶界都有稀土存在,晶界多于晶内。稀土和Si,Fe等共存于晶界。⑥. 稀土可促使GP区快速析出,弥散的第二相质点在位错线上析出,起着钉扎位错,增大位错密度的作用,因而时效硬度提高,时效峰提前;为短时高温时效提供了实验依据;2.研制了RE-Al-Zn-Mg中强合金。稀土的加入是采用对掺法,对合金的组织、性能,加式硬化过程,时效工艺及稀土分布规律进行了研究,得出如下结论:①. 稀土可改善合金加工性能,尤其是高温延伸率,当稀土为0.489%时达到750%,是未加稀土的合金两倍多。该合金具有超塑性。②. 铸态或变形后,稀土对组织都有细化作用;③. 该合金加工硬化过程具有三个阶段,经过线性回归处理成很好的直线关系。④. 稀土可使Al-Zn-Mg合金的时效峰提前约4小时;⑤. 稀土合金的新相在位错密度线上析出,阻碍位错移动,使严结构组织保持较大的位错密度,从而改善合金性能;⑥. 该合金具有满意的强度,可适合挤压,轧制等变形加工。3. 研究了稀土对金属铝组织和性能的影响。用铝热还原法制得Al-RE合金。实现了较低温度下重稀土化合物的铝热还原。采用电解复膜工艺,制得金相样品;使合金的细节组织清晰可见。研究了组织和性能,得出如下结论:①. 稀土对铝的细化作用,枝晶细化更明显,这主要是稀土在铝中的溶质再分配,造成了结晶前沿的过冷区,使铝晶粒以树枝状晶长大,由于稀土元素在铝中的溶质分配系数不同而表现在细化晶粒方面有一定的差异;②. 稀土在铝中主要分布在晶界和枝晶界,晶内也有稀土存在;③. 稀土可以提高纯铝的机械性能和高温塑性;④. 通过铝热还原,可在较低温度不制得Dy、Eu、Gd、Y等重稀土铝合金。

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本论文由六部分组成第一部分文献综述,对近年来碱性染料-元素杂多酸显色反应的研究及其应用的进展情况作了介绍。第二部分研究了乙基罗丹明B与硅钼杂多酸 PVA存在下的显色条件,缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm,在测量波长586nm处,ε_(586) = 3.4 * 10~5lmol·cm~(-1), 缔合物至少可稳定1小时,0~1.3μg Si(IV)/25ml Beer定律,只有P(V)、A(s)、Ge(IV)等离子干扰严重,可采用酒石酸掩蔽之。从而提出了测定硅的高灵敏光度法。本法可不经分离直接用于水样及NaOH、NH_4G、NH_4NO_3等试剂分析,检测下限分别为10ppb(水样,5ml) 1 * 10~(-5)%(试剂,1g)。第三部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-磷钼杂多酸-PVA新的显色体系的光度测定条件,缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm,在工作波长586nm下,ε_(586) = 3.2 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),配合物至少可稳定1小时,0~1.5μgP(V)/25ml服从Beer定律。藉提高酸度和还原剂以消除Si(IV)、As(V)等离子的干扰。本法可不经分离直接用于钢样及硫酸钠、硫酸镁试剂中痕量磷的测定,检测下限达1 * 10~(-5)%(试剂1g)。第四部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-锗钼杂多酸在PVA存在下的显色条件,缔合物最大吸收波长为584nm,在测量波长588nm下,缔合物的表观摩尔吸光系数ε_(588) = 3.8 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),0~1.5μg Ge(IV)/25ml服从Beer定律,缔合物至少可稳定2小时,仅P(V)、As(V)、 Si(IV)等离子严重干扰。第五部分研究了缔合物的形成机理。我们用摩尔比法,等摩尔连续变化法及摩尔吸光系数对比法分别研究呈溶液或结晶状的缔合物组成比,所得结果一致,即Si(或 P、Ge):ERB=1:4。由红外光谱的研究证明,染料ERB~+的结构未受缔合物形成的影响。ERB~+阳离子与杂多酸阴离子是藉离子链力结合成离子对缔合物,并讨论了本类显色反应的历程。第六部分是罗丹明类碱性染料中取代基对缔合的稳定性及萃取率的影响的研究。对用苯萃取罗丹明类碱性染料-高氯酸缔合物体系,进行了吸收光谱、酸度影响、表现摩尔吸光系数、萃取率和萃取平衡常数的测定实验,各种缔合物的最大吸收波长分别为:BRB, 567nm; ERB, 567nm; R6G, 536nm; RB, 563nm。表观摩尔吸光系数分别为(l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1):BRB, 9.86 * 10~4; ERB, 8.82*10~4;R6G, 4·0.3 * 10~4。萃取率分别为:BRB, 91.9%, ERB, 79.2%; R6G, 45.7%。萃取平衡常数分别为:BRB, 1.32 * 10~4; ERB, 1.14 * 10~3; R6G, 6.06 * 10~2。并用平衡移动法测定缔合物组成均为1:1。根据上述实验结果,从离子体积、憎水和亲水基、取代基的酸碱性及染料阳离子的正电性等四个方面对染料分子上不同取代基对缔合物稳定性、可萃性和溶解度影响进行了讨论,得到了一些规律性的认识:随着取代基体积增大、憎水基的引入和加重、碱性减弱、染料阳离子正电性的增加,均能使形成缔合物的稳定性和可萃性增加,其增加顺序为BRB > ERB > R6G > RB。

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裂腹鱼类起源鳃亚科鱼类的观点得到了多数学者的支持。但是,鱼巴亚科鱼类是一个非常庞杂的类群,裂腹鱼类究竟起源于鳃亚科的哪一个小类群或裂腹鱼类与哪个小类群更为接近?这样的小类群又怎样随着急剧隆起的青藏高原峥演化发展成为现今的裂腹鱼类?不同的学者从不同的研究领域出发,得出了较为不一致甚至是相互对立的结论。裂腹鱼类(我国有11属,76种和亚种)均为小型鳞片的鱼类,与鳃亚科中一些具有小型鳞片的属种较为相似,即,妒鲤属(凡rCO~)的3个亚种、似鳃属(Lztciocyprinus)的2个种,金线纪属(Sinocyclocheilus)的26种或亚种,本文将这些具细小鳞片的鳃亚科鱼类统称为细鳞鳃鱼类(small-scaledbarbids)。为了探讨细鳞鱼巴类和裂腹鱼类的系统发育关界本文应用分支系统学的方法和原理,选择小裂腹鱼S.(R)parvus、中甸叶须鱼P.c.chunglienensis、松藩裸鲤。Gp.potanini、单纹似鳡L.langsoni、花妒鲤P.pingiregani、抚仙金线鱼巴s.师分别作为裂腹鱼类和细鳞鱼巴类中各分类:阶元的代,作为内a为了确考险状的进化极向并进一步探讨细鳞鱼巴各分类阶元与其他纪亚科和鲤亚科鱼类的系统关系,又选择了鳃亚科中的保山四须纪B.baoshanensis、云南四作为内群,并以螂鱼C.auratus、祀麓鲤C.(C)chilia作为外类群,用来对裂腹鱼类和细鳞鳃类进行性状的极化和系统发育分析。通过对12种24尾标本的外部形态和骨骼特征的全面观察,选择了63个性状进行描述和比较,并构建了供系统发育分析的特征矩阵。应用PAUP程序对特征矩阵进行运算,得出了包括外类群在内最简约的系统发育分支图。主要研究结论如下:(l)鲤亚科与包括裂腹鱼类在内的鳃亚科鱼类之间在很多特征方面存在着比较明显的差异,除了臀鳍最末一根不分枝鳍条坚硬、具锯齿;背鳍分枝多于1。根;第一椎体横突退化等特征外,还有镖的前后比例、前鳄骨的特征、尾舌骨的形状,基枕骨的骨质盘特征等诸多特征存在着显著差异。支持了陈湘舞等(1984)将鲤亚科和纪亚科分别作为独立亚科的观点。卿通过选取不同的外类群,在各种不同的条件下对特征数据矩阵进行运算和分析,除极少数(1个)结果外(当以祀麓鲤为唯一外群时,由34来看,它们都是第三纪末期以来由原始的鳃亚科鱼类演化而来的,适应过共同的寒冷环境(青藏高原的急剧隆升导致的寒冷气候和河川急流和青藏高原的大幅度隆起,引起了地貌环境的急剧改变,云贵高原一带也发生了差异性的升降运动。同时,全球性气温下降,常年性冰盖由北向南大幅度推进的寒冷气候环境)(曹文宣等,1981;王大忠等,2000)。裂腹鱼类和似鳃、妒鲤的起源时间可能稍晚一些。可以设想,第三纪末期的鳃亚科鱼类物种分化不是很多,相互之间的亲缘关系较近,分布于'青藏高原的原始鳃亚科鱼类和分布于云贵高原的原始鳃亚科鱼类分布经历了各自独特的地质、气候等环境条件,演化成为当今的裂腹鱼类和金线纪鱼类。至于似媳和妒鲤,除了经历与鳃亚科鱼类和金线鳃鱼类共同的寒冷水环境外,它们还向着肉食性的方向进行演化。(3)裂腹鱼类的3个代表种都聚在一起,其内部关系和与其他种的关系都较为稳定,为鳃亚科鱼类中较为特化的一支。与陈湘舞等(1984)、曹文宣等(1981)的观点较为一致,即,裂腹鱼类起源于纪亚科鱼类。晗(4)似媳和妒鲤之间的亲缘关系最近,它们很可能起源于最近的共同祖先。尽管二者作为一个单系的支持率并不是很高(大于50%,小于60%),但它们在个别特征(咽喉齿的排列方式、咽骨的形态特征)上表现其他鲤科鱼类所不具有的独特特征(附图1的。(5:)裂腹鱼类与妒鲤+似鳃的系统关系最近,这意味着裂腹鱼类和妒鲤+似鳃有最近的共同祖先或它们之间的关系较它们与金线鳃鱼类的关系更a(e)应用特征分析和系统发育分析所得的结论,综合对鳃系鱼类染色体特征的分析,认为裂腹鱼类和细鳞鳃鱼类在染色体分组组成、哪值等方面的相似特征,极有可能是在进化过程中经历了类似的寒冷水环境。它们之间的核型特征相似,只是说明了它们之间较近的系统发育关系,不支持妒鲤和金线靶是鳃亚科和裂腹鱼亚科之间的中间演化类型的观点。染色体的进化和外部形态特征的进化在纪系鱼类中存在着不平行的现象。(7)通过国内外鱼类学者对鲤科鱼类和纪亚科鱼类各分类单元定义的比较,结合本文的研究结果,认为国外学者的一些分类系统仍然存在一些尚待解决的问题,故建议目前暂不宜将之引入到我国的鱼类分类系统中。

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本论文研究了从圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(Daboia russellii siamensis)蛇毒中纯化的C一型凝集素样蛋白Dabocetin和L一氨基酸氧化酶DRS一AO的理化性质、生物学活性和分子克隆。Dabocetin是分子量约为28扔。的异二聚体蛋白,它由分子量约为15.0kDa和14.5kDa的两个同源亚基以和p共价结合形成。N-末端氨基酸序列比较显示,Dabocetin与目前已知的蛇毒c一型凝集素样蛋白有很高的同源性。即使在终浓度达50.0。叫而时,Dabocetin也不能直接诱导血小板聚集。此外,在终浓度为40.00μg/ml时,Dabocetin几乎不能抑制由AdP,TMVA和stejnulxin诱导的血小板聚集。但是,Dabocetin呈剂量依赖地抑制瑞斯托霉素诱导的血小板凝集,其半数抑制率ICS。值为10.80ug/ml。流式细胞仪分析表明,Dabocetin显著抑制单克隆抗体522与GPIba的结合,提示Dabocetin很可能是一个GPIb结合蛋白。从圆斑蛙蛇的毒腺中克隆到了7个编码不同蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白亚基的七DNA(命名为DRs一1至DRs一7)。其中,DRsLS编码Dabocetin的a亚基,DRS一6编码Dabocetin的p亚基。DRs一1和DRS一2很可能是圆斑蛙蛇毒腺中表达的X因子激活剂的两条轻链LCZ和LCI的山NA。DRS一3,DRS毛4和DRSL7可能是圆斑蛙蛇毒腺中表达的C一型凝集素样蛋白p亚基的。NA。DRsLAO是一个新的L一氨基酸氧化酶,比活力为1.98U加噶。十二烷基磺酸钠一聚丙烯酞氨凝胶电泳(SDs-PAGE)分析显示,该酶在还原和非还原条件下均呈现一条蛋白带,表观分子量约为58kDa。N-末端氨基酸序列比较显示,DRS一AO与目前已知的蛇毒L一氨基酸氧化酶有很高的同源性。该酶的最适底物为L一亮氨酸,最适pH为8.8。DRs一Ao呈剂量依赖地抑制扔P和仆IvA诱导的血小板聚集,其半数抑制率ICS。值分别为32.8μg/ml和32.3μg/ml。DRS-LAO对金黄色葡萄球菌(灯Cc25923)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抗菌作用。DRs一AO对金黄色葡萄球菌必Tcc25923)的最低抑菌浓度卿C)和最低杀菌浓度耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的孤CS。和呱Cg。值分别为18.。林留时和36.0μg/ml;DRSLAo对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的MBC50和MBCg。值分别为36.0μg/ml和72.0μg/ml。通过对DRS一AO的分子克隆,得到了编码DRS-AO的部分cDNA序列。

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蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白一般是由两个相似亚基组成的异构二聚体或由多个异构二聚体组成的多聚体。烙铁头蛇毒血小板活化素TMVA是一个高分子量的C一型凝集素样蛋白。本文研究了烙铁头蛇毒C一型凝聚素样蛋白的生物活性及其作用机制。同时还从烙铁头蛇毒中分离到一个抗凝蛋白(mucroqucetin)。TMVA呈量效关系地诱导P好和洗涤血小板聚集,提示其活化血小板并不调节v从下或不依赖于vWF。抗人血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ib单克隆抗体HIPI呈剂量依赖性特异性抑制TMVA诱导的血小板聚集。抗人GPllb单克隆抗体PZ也抑制血小板聚集。单克隆抗体和流式细胞术分析显示,FITC一TMVA特异性地、剂量依赖性地结合到福尔马林固定的人血小板上,在FIIC-TMVA4O砚浓度时达到饱和性结合状态,这种结合被HIPI特异性地抑制,并呈剂量依赖性。TMVA不结合血小板GPIX、GPllb、GPllla、GPIa、GPlla和GPIV。Mocarhagin仅能部分阻断TMVA诱导的血小板聚集,然而TMVA却能诱导mocarhagin阻断的血小板聚集。以上结果显示TMVA在GPIbQ上的主要受体位于富含亮氨酸第二次重复区氨基酸残基59一81,除此之外,TMVA可能还有其他结合位点。小鼠体内首次给予TMVA后,在短时间内(15min-30min)引起循环血小板数及网织血小板百分率暂时性减低、血小板膜表面P-seleetin的表达暂时性增加,但循环血液中血小板一白细胞复合物未增加;抗鼠血小板单克隆抗体P一selectin、GPllb、GPlll。免疫组化染色显示脾和肺的组织巨噬细胞呈阴性反应,提示TMVA导致循环血小板减少不是巨噬细胞系统对血小板的清除所致。可能是由于TMVA.通过GPIb活化血小板后使P-selectin暴露于胞浆膜表面,这些脱颗粒的血小板在补体的参与下自身溶破,而导致快速的暂时性血小板减少。给予TMVA.后组织病理学显示,肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、大肠及小肠血管未血栓形成;TMVA不影响内源性和外源性凝血系统;TMVA呈剂量依赖性延长小鼠的出血时间,但在TMvA25p眺g时小鼠的出血时间未延长、仍小于5分钟,是一个安全的剂量。以上结果充分证明TMVA具有体内抗血栓作用,血小板自身溶破导致血小板减少在体内抗血栓中可能也起到重要的作用。体内外实验显示TMVA在动物体内外都具有抗补体活性作用。TMVA上调血小板上DAF和CD59的表达,不同程度地上调白细胞上D胚和CDS夕的表达。TMVA在补体系统中的作用可能与其在异种器宫移植中抗IIAR的发生相关。Mucroqucetin是一个由Q链和p链组成的异二聚体蛋白质,其分子量为25KD。。N一末端氨基酸序列与其它该类蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白有很高的同源性。Mucroqucetin呈量效关系延长部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),几乎不影响凝血酶原时间(PT)。因子IX和X的抑制试验显示,该纯化蛋白呈量效关系抑制工X因子的凝血活性,不影响X因子,提示mucroqucetin的抗凝活性主要通过结合FIX而实现,是一个血液凝固IX因子结合蛋白。

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High performance uncooled 1.55 mu m InGaAsP/InP strained layer quantum well (SL-QW) lasers grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD) were reported in this paper. Whole MOCVD over growth method were applied in this work. The threshold currents of 5mA and the highest lasing temperature of 122 degrees C were obtained.

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本论文由三部分共4 章组成。第一部分阐述了大戟科大戟属传统中药千金子(Euphorbia lathyris L.)化学成分、生物学活性以及千金子化学成分的HPLC、UPLC-MS、GC-MS 分析成果。第二部分介绍了民族药材暖地大叶藓(Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par.)的化学成分研究和结构鉴定。第三部分概述了大戟属 植物中大环二萜酯的研究进展。 第一章包括1-3 节。在第1, 2 节中报道了千金子(Euphorbia lathyris L.)95% 乙醇提取物的化学成分分离鉴定。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、重结晶等各种分离方法,凭借MS、IR、NMR、X-ray 等现代仪器手段,从中共分离鉴定22 个化合物。其中8 个是高活性化合物前体-续随子烷型大环二萜及3 个巨大戟烷型二萜,还有香豆素、生物碱、甾体等类型,其中完成对5 个大环二萜酯构型的确认,对2 个二萜酯构型进行了修正。第3 节中介绍对千金子化学成分的细胞毒性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性、P-gp 表达抑制活性的模型筛选结果。 第二章包括3 节,第1 节报道不同产地千金子高效液相色谱定量分析结果。第2 节介绍了各大环二萜酯的HPLC-MS/MS 的分析结果,并且对其质谱裂解规律、UPLC-MS 快速鉴定方法做了进一步讨论。第3 节介绍了千金子挥发油成分分析。采用传统水蒸气蒸馏方法提取千金子中的挥发油,并经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术共分离鉴定出 49 个化合物,占挥发油总量的90.48%。 第三章包括1, 2 两节,第1 节报道了暖地大叶藓化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶,凝胶柱层析等各种分离方法和MS、IR、NMR 等解析手段,共分离鉴定10个化合物,其中一个环肽化合物为新化合物。第2 节介绍了暖地大叶藓挥发油成分分析,共分离鉴定出 52 个化合物,占其挥发油总量的85.67%。 第四章概述了大戟科大戟属植物中大环二萜酯的研究进展。 This dissertation consists of three parts. In the first part, it is elaborated that the phytochemical investigation from the traditional Chinese medicine: seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L.. Biological activity and constituents analysis by HPLC、UPLC-MS、GC-MS were reported. In the second part, it is discussed that the chemical constituents were isolated and identificated from minority nationalitical herb-Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par.. The third part is a review about the progress of studies on macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia. The first part is composed of 1-3 sections. The section 1and 2 is focused on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from seeds of E. lathyris. 22 compounds were isolated from the seeds of E. lathyris. by isolation methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase) and recrystallisation on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, NMR and X-ray. In 8 macrocyclic and 3 ingenane diterpenes, the relative configuration of 5 macrocyclic diterpenes were confirmed, in which 2 were amended. In the third section, cell cytotoxic activity, restraining activity of α-Glucosidase and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing activity about P-gp were tested. 5 potential revsering reagents were found. The second part is composed of 1-3 sections. In first section it is described that the quality of the chemical constituents of E. lathyris from 5 sources , which were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the fractionation rules of some macrocyclic diterpenes were discussed and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was applied for quick determination of compounds in the second section. In the third section, chemical analysis of the essential oil from seeds of E. lathyris by GC-MS were reported. The essential oil from the seeds of E. lathyris L. in Sichuan was extracted by steam distillation and 49 compounds were isolated and identified from the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These compounds are accounted for 90.46% of the total essential oil. The second part, including section 4 and 5, is about the phytochemical investigation of R. giganteum. In the former section, ten compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, a new peptide was characterized by spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS and NMR. In the other section, 52 compounds were isolated and identified from the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These compounds are accounted for 85.67% of the total essential oil. The third part is a review about the progress of studies on macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia.

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混农季节性放牧(agropastoral transhumance)通过作物种植和畜牧生产相结合的方式对不同海拔高度带上的资源进行相互补充利用,在亚洲兴都库什地区、青藏高原、横断山、东部及南部非洲、南美安第斯地区等具有悠久的历史。这种传统的生计系统几千年以来一直是居住在该地区的人类社会和自然生态系统相互作用的主要形式之一。这种传统的资源利用方式与山地自然植被以及特殊的山地人类文化和社会特征具有密切的协同演变关系。认识和理解这一关系,是山地生态学和人类学的核心科学问题之一。近年来,山地生态系统的多重功能性及动态演变对山区社会经济可持续发展的重要意义受到人们的不断关注。本文通过对云南省德钦县的12个自然村的混农季节性放牧以及对云南德钦、四川壤塘等山地植被格局特别是高海拔地带植被格局的的详细调查,探讨青藏高原东缘地区混农季节性放牧的主要特征、系统构成及相互关系,及其在全球变化、经济全球化和市场化及现代化过程中的变化趋势,分析混农季节性放牧与高山林线格局及生态系统的互动关系,旨在探讨山地地区人类活动与自然生态系统之间的互动关系,从而为山区社会经济可持续发展、环境建设和生物多样性保护等国家战略提供理论依据。 调查结果表明,混农季节性放牧是一种适应青藏高原东部高山峡谷地区环境因子及自然资源呈明显的垂直分布、资源数量稀少而时空分布异质性极高的生存环境的一种传统经济形式。这种传统的畜牧业的主要生产目的仍然是提供当地基本生存所需的产品,饲养牲口的种类和数量取决于农户的当地需求并且受资源的限制,因而维持在比较低的水平的。分布在不同海拔高度的放牧资源在一年中被牲口利用的时间也不同,互为补充,共同构成混农季节性放牧的资源基础。根据各社区永久居住点的位置和该村的土地资源特别是牧草地资源的分布范围,牲口迁移的距离和格局有较大的差异。。天然牧场仍然是最主要的畜牧业生产资源。混农季节性放牧中的农业系统和牧业系统互为补充,共同构成调查地区完整的的生计系统,农耕活动为放牧活动提供精饲料如粮食等和冬季饲料如秸秆, 其数量往往成为家庭畜牧业生产规模的主要决定因子之一。 通过对牲口数量和结构、牲口的时空迁移格局、牧业活动在整个经济活动中的相对重要性以及牧业活动和作物种植的关系方面的研究分析,混农季节性放牧在近几十年发生了深刻的变化。主要表现在牲口数量总体下降,牲口组成发生变化,牲口移动性降低、牧业活动的经济重要性下降以及牧业活动和种植活动之间的相互依存度降低等。上述变化的根本驱动力是发生在当地、地区及全球尺度上的环境、政治、社会经济、技术和文化等的变化,从而造成当地群众畜牧生产目标、土地利用和劳动力的分布等发生了变化。当地生计系统发生的改变可能会带来对方面而深刻的政治、社会经济、文化和生态影响。 混农季节性放牧这种古老的传统生计策略面临着许多挑战,如冬季饲料短缺、草场退化、缺乏市场竞争力、经济重要性降低、对年轻人缺乏吸引力、国家缺乏专门的政策指导等。与此同时,经济全球化、市场经济、新技术的应用、替代生计机会的增加、国家对于山地生态系统的作用的重新定位等也为传统生计系统转型、实现社会与生态共赢创造了机遇。 混农季节性放牧活动对亚高山及树线交错带生态系统系统的互动方式主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)牲口啃食、践踏等影响森林群落更新,改变森林群落的组成和结构,从而影响森林群落的演替进程和植被格局。林线边缘是搭建夏棚的首选地点,因此林线及树线交错地带就成了牲口活动的主要场所之一;(2)利用火烧开辟、维持和改良高山牧场; 3)在亚高山火灾迹地的放牧活动能够阻止火烧迹地的顺向演替; 4)牧民在林线附近获取建材和薪材等活动影响高山林线附近森林的结构和功能。 在调查区域,梅里雪山、白马雪山、甲午雪山的林线海拔高度在4200-4300m之间; 四川雅江、理塘一线,林线位置多在4300-4400m;四川壤塘二林场一带的林线主体在4100-4200m,在个别地区达到4300m; 在贡嘎山的南坡和东坡一带,林线位置在3600-3700m;而在四川松潘一带,林线位置主体在3700-3800米左右。树线高度的分布趋势和林线一致。混农季节性放牧及其有关人类利用活动使研究地区很多地方高山林线降低、树线交错带宽变窄或消失。在研究地区,总体情况是,阳坡和半阳坡(南坡、西南坡等)的林线和树线比阴坡和半阴坡(北坡、东北坡等)低,变化幅度达20-200m。这种差异主要是为了开辟牧场而人为清除了南向坡自然林线及其以上的植被从而使林线位置下降所致。在南坡自然林线保留得比较好的地方,林线和树线依然可以达到甚至超过北坡林线和树线的高度。放牧活动抑制了高山林线带火烧迹地的天然更新,从而使林线位置保持在目前的位置。 放牧活动对高山林线带森林群落更新的影响是显著的。自然林线内的乔木个体密度特别是新生苗和幼苗的密度大大高于非自然林线。没有放牧的自然林线及树线交错带内的I级个体(新生苗)密度达到725-2917株/公顷,而与之相对的处理样地内I级个体的密度只有0-228株/公顷;II级个体(高度10-50cm)也表现出类似的趋势,在没有放牧的自然林线及树线交错带样方内,其密度达到550-5208株/,而在放牧处理样方内只有14-321株/公顷。在非自然林线带样地内,在有正常放牧的样地内,完全缺乏I级个体。 从相对比例来看,没有放牧的样方内的I、II级个体在全部个体中所占的比例显著高于有放牧活动的样方。放牧使林线交错带的乔木幼苗数量显著减少,从而影响林线及树线交错带森林群落的天然更新过程。林线和树线交错带的灌木对乔木幼苗具有重要的保护作用,能够为树线树种如冷杉等幼苗的定居体提供有利的微气候环境,同时保护苗免受牲口的啃食和践踏。火烧以后接着进行放牧能够100%地抑制高山林线带的幼苗更新。 高山牧场放牧强度降低、使用时间缩短而低海拔地带放牧强度增加是研究地区混农季节性放牧系统的一个显著变化。这种变化也必然会引起各海拔带上的生态系统的变化。放牧强度的降低、生产性用火的停止将导致原来通过人工火烧而降低并通过进一步的火烧和放牧活动来维持的林线及其以上地带的灌木盖度和高度的增加,从而为林线森林群落的扩张创造条件。 青藏高原东部高山峡谷地区是我国重要的山地生态系统,在我国的生物多样性保护、生态环境建设、社会经济可持续发展战略中具有举足轻重的作用。正确认识人类特别是当地传统的生计系统与生态环境系统的互动关系是实现上述战略目标的前提。决策者必须以综合、系统的的视角协调促进社会经济可持续发展、保护生物及文化多样性和维持人、牲口和生态系统之间的平衡的多重目标。 Agropastoral transhumance, which makes a complementary exploitation of the natural resources at different altitudinal belts through a combination of migratory animal husbandry and crop cultivation, has a long history in Hindu-Kush Himalaya, Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Ranges, eastern and southern Africa and the Andes region of south America.For millennia, this traditional livelihood strategy has been one of the main forms of interaction between human societies inhabiting in these regions and their natural ecocystems. A close co-evolutionary relationship has been developed between this indigenous resources management systems and the mountain vegetation systems on the one hand and a unique set of cultural values and social features on the other. Understanding this relationship has been one of the core scientific issues in mountain ecology and anthropology. In recent years, the importance of the multiple functions of the mountain ecosystems and their dynamic changes in the sustainable socio-economic development of the mountain regions has gained increasing attention. This paper, which is based on a detailed study on the agropastoral practices of the 12 natural villages in Deqin County of Yunnan, and the mountainnn vegetation patterns in Deqin of Yunnan and Rangtang County of Sichuan, intends to reveal the major characteristics, system composition and the inter-relations of the subsystems of the agropastoral transhumance in Eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the trends of changes of the system within the context of global changes, economic globalization and modernity process of China and analyze the relations between agropastoral transhumance and alpine ecosystem, ao as to understand the interactions between human activities and natural ecosystems of the mountains and provide theoretical basis for the national strategies in eocioeconomic development, environmental reconstruction and biodiversity conservation in the mountain regions. Results of the survey indicate that agropastoral transhumance in the investigated area is a traditional economic form that is highly adapted to the eastern Tibet Plateau where the topography features high peaks and deep gorges and where the highly variable environmental parameters and scanty natural resources exhibit a distinct vertical spectrum of distribution and great temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The main objective of pastoral management is still aimed at the production of basic goods and services of local people and thus the type and size of animals raised for each household mainly depend on local needs and are limited by the availability of natural resources. The scale of production is relatively low. Pastoral resources at different altidudinal belts are complementarily used at different seasons of a year and thus form the resources basis for agropastoral production of the study area. Migration distances and patterns vary with the location of the permanent settlements, the elevational distribution range of the resources of the villages concerned. Natural pastures (rangelands) are the main fodder resources and sumplement feedings only account for less than 5% of the total fodder consumption. Crop cultivation and pastoral activities support each other to form a complete livelihood system. The ability of the farmig lands (crop cultivation) to provide the pastoral activities with concentrates and sumplements often becomes a main factor limiting the scale of livestock production at household level. Agropastoral transhumance is experiencing drastic changes in recent decades as is reflected in the size and composition of animals, the seasonal migration pattern, the relative importance of pastoralism in the household economy and the interplays of agricultural and pastoral elements of the system. In general, there is a decline in animal population and mobility, a shift in animal composition to meet new needs arising from changed macro-economic situation, a decrease in the relative importance in the household economy and an increasing decoupling of agro&pastoral relations. The fundamental divers of these changes can be traced to environmental, social, economic, technological and cultural changes from local to global levels and such changes have further caused local changes in livestock management objectives, land use and distribution of labor forces. Changes in local livelihood systems could have profound political, socioeconomic, cultural and ecological conseuquences. Agropastoral transhumance, as an age-old traditional livelihood strategy, is facing multifacet challenges, such as winter fodder shortage, rangeland degradation, lack of market competitiveness, decrease in economic importance, lack of appreciation among the young generation and adequate policies from the government. At the same time, economic globalization, market economy, intrdoctution of new technologies, increase of alternative income generating opportunities and the national re-oreitation of policies on mountain ecosystems have all brought about new opportunities for the transformation of the traditional livelihood system and the synchronized development of local society and the environment. Agropastoral transhumance interacts with the ecosystems at the timberline and treeline ecotone mainly through the following aspects: 1)Animal browsing and stamping affect the regeneration process of the forest communities and alters the composition and structure of the forest which in turn affect the succession process and vegetation pattern of the forest communities. Forest edges are the priority locations for summer houses and therefore the timeline and treeline area becomes the major venues of aninal activities; (2)herders create, maintain and improve pastures through burning that remove the forest communities at the timeline and treeline ecotone; 3)immediate grazing on the fire sites can significantly prevent the fire sites from perogressive succession; and 4)herders harvesting of construction timber and firewoods affects the structure and functions of the forest communities at the timberline and treeline zone. Timberline position in the survey region shows geographical variations. It is around 4200-4300m in Meilixueshan, Baimaxueshan and Jiawuxueshan in Northwest of Yunnan and rises to 4300-4400m in Yajiang County and Litang County of Sichuan. In Rangtang of Sichuan, it is between 4100-4200m, though reaching 4300m in localized sites. In the southern and eastern slopes of Gongga Mountain, the timberline is only between 3600m and 3700m and in Songpan County at the upper reach of the Minjiang River the timberline is around 3700-3800m.Treeline pattern follows similar trend. In many places, agropastoral transhumance and related human activities have lowered the timberline and treeline and narrowed or removed the treeline ecotone. In the area of survey, generally speaking, timberlines and treelines are lower on the southern slopes than on the northern slopes, with a difference between 20 and 200m. This is mainly because that the use of fires to crerate pastures has removed the forest vegetation at the previous timberline and above. In fact, in many places, well-preserved forests on the south slopes have even high timberline position that the corresponding northern slopes. At subalpine zone, grazing activities could have prohibited the natural regeneration of many forest fire sites and maintained the forest position at the present level. Grazing has a significant impact on the regernation process of forest communities at the timberline zone. Natural timberline and treeline ecotone has much higher density of treeline species individuals especially the emergents and seedlings than the timberlines that are maintained by human activities. In natural timberline and treelien ecotone without grazing interference, the density of the I Class seedlings (less than 10cm in height) ranges 725-2917 /hm2; while that in the treatment plots (with grazing disturbance) is only 0-228//hm2;II Class seedlings (10-50cm)exhibit similar density trends, reaching 550-5208//hm2 in natural timberline without grazing but only 14-321//hm2 in the plots with grazing treatment. In the man-created timberlines, there is no I Class seedling at all in plots with normal grazing activities. In relative terms, in plots without grazing activities, the propotion of I Class and II Class seedlings is much higher than that in plots with grazing. Grazing activities have significantly reduced the number of seedlings in the timberline ane treeline ecotone, and thus affect the natural regeneration process of the forests. Shrubs at the timberline and treeline ecotone can effectively protect the seedlings from severe climate and animal tramping, thus increasing the survival rate of the seedlings. Grazing following fires can completely inhibit forest regeneration process at timberline. Changes in agropastoral transhumance will have great impact on the timberline and treeline pattern of the studied area. The decrease in grazing intensity on alpine pastrues and the cessation of the use of fires will result an increase in the cover and height of shrubs above the present human-maintained treeline, which will create further condition for the expansion of timberline forest communities. Eastern Tibet Plateau harbors some most important mountain ecosystems of China that are of vital importance to the country’s strategy in biodiversity conservation, environmental construction and sustainable sociaoeconomic development. A proper knowledge of the interactions between traditional livelihood systems and the ecosystems in the region is a precondition to the realization of the above strategic goals. Therefore, the decision-makers must have a holistic and systemic perspective so as to integrate the multiple objectives of promoting sustainable socioeconomic development, conserving biological and cultural diversity and maintaining the balances among people, animal population and the ecosystems.