67 resultados para 622, WAST
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Through leaching experiments and simulated rainfall experiments, characteristics of vertical leaching of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus (P) and their losses with surface runoff during simulated rainfall in different types of soils (terra nera soil, cinnamon soil, red soil, loess soil, and purple soil) were investigated. Results of the leaching experiments showed that vertical transports of REEs and P were relatively low, with transport depths less than 6 cm. The vertical leaching rates of REEs and P in the different soils followed the order of purple soil > terra nera soil > red soil > cinnamon soil > loess soil. Results of the simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h(-1)) revealed that more than 92% of REEs and P transported with soil particles in runoff. The loss rates of REEs and P in surface runoff in the different soil types were in the order of loess soil > terra nera soil > cinnamon soil > red soil > purple soil. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in runoff were significantly correlated.
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In this work, two industrial bimodal high density polyethylene resins, resin A and resin B having similar molecular weight (M-w), molecular weight distribution (M-wD), and short-chain branching (SCB) content but different mechanical properties, were fractionated through cross-fractionation. The fractions were further, characterized by GPC, C-13 NMR, DSC AND FT IR techniques. These two resins were firstly fractionated into two franctions, i.e. high-temperature and low temperature fractions, via preparative solution crystallization fractionation. Resin A with much better mechanical properties contains more high-temperature fractions with longer crystalizable sequences. The SCB content in the low temperature fraction of resin A is lower than the of resin B. Both low-temperature fractions were then further fractionated using solvent gradient fractionation (SGF). The characterization of SGF fraction indicates that most of the branches fall into the high molecular weight chain in both low-temperature fractions.
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The morphological development and crystallization behavior of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) in miscible mixtures of PCL and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were investigated by optical microscopy as a function of the mixture composition and crystallization temperature. The results indicated that the degree of crystallinity of PCL was independent of the mixture composition upon melt crystallization because the glass-transition temperatures of the mixtures were much lower than the crystallization temperature of PCL. The radii of the PCL spherulites increased linearly with time at crystallization temperatures ranging from 42 to 49 degrees C. The isothermal growth rates of PCL spherulites decreased with the amount of the amorphous PVME components in the mixtures. Accounting for the miscibility of PCL/PVME mixtures, the radial growth rates of PCL spherulites were well described by a kinetic equation involving the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and the free energy for the nuclei formation in such a way that the theoretical calculations were in good agreement with the experimental data. From the analysis of the equilibrium melting point depression, the interaction energy density of the PVME/PCL system was calculated to be -3.95 J/cm(3).
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在三维投影的基础上 ,对投影的边缘进行了描述 ,并以其进行了定量结构活性相关研究 .实验结果表明 ,与 Am指数、指示变量和量化参数相结合 ,可使其数学模型得到明显提高 .通过人工神经网络对硝基苯类化合物的毒性进行预测 ,结果令人满意.
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无水三氯化钕与环戊烷基环戊二烯钠、溴化锂(1:2:1摩尔比)反应,除去不溶物和溶剂后,产物在己烷/四氢呋喃溶剂中冷冻得到兰紫色晶体(C5H9C5H4)3NdBrLi(THF)3(配合物1)。其中心金属Nd3+的配位数为10,以η5与3个环戊二烯基相连,并通过单溴原子桥连锂原子,形成双核结构。该晶体属三斜晶系,P`1空间群。晶体学参数为a=12.048(2)、b=13.498(3)、c=13.831(3);α=104.16(3)、β=104.07(3)、γ=95.96(3); V=2083.3(7)3、Z=2、Dc=1.35Mg/m3、Mr=847.01gmol-1、F(000)=874。无水三氯化钐与环戊烷基环戊二烯钠(1:3)反应,产物在-30oC下的己烷溶剂中结晶得桔红色晶体(C5H9C5H4)3SmTHF(配合物2)。该晶体属正交晶系,Fdd2空间群。晶胞参数a=28.175(5) 、b=46.24(2)、c=9.167(4);V=11943(8)3、Z=16、Dc=1.38Mg/m3、 Mr=622.11 g·mol-1、F(000)=5136。10配位的金属Sm3+与3个环戊二烯基以η5相连,并结合...
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A novel compound was synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and UV spectra, TG, CV and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallized in an orthorhombic space group C222 with a=1. 622 4(3) nm, b=3. 498 4(7) nm, c=1. 301 5(3) nm, V=7. 387 (3) nm(3), Z=6, R-1= 0. 037 3, wR(2)=0. 114 0. The Ala (Ala = alanine) molecules were protonated at the amino nitrogen N (1) and the C (2) of Ala group with the terminal oxygen atom O(15), O(14), O(26) and O(27) of the polyoxometalates participating in the hydrogen bond network. The anti-tumor activity of the title compound was estimated against Hela and Pc-3m cancer cells.
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Molecular dynamics is applied to the system of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). The simulation shows that for the block copolymer system, a layered structure, which reflects microphase separation, is obtained and this structure is stable. In order to elucidate that the formation of the layered structure is reasonable, some static properties such as the radial distribution function and the dipole moment are analyzed in some detail.
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The effect of Li content in a series of multicomponent oxides LixLa0.5Ti0.5 For methane oxidative coupling has been studied. The catalytic activities of LiLa0.5Ti0.5 catalyst before and after washing with boiling water have been compared. The surface and
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考察了不同Li含量对LixLa0.5Ti0.5系氧化物催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联催化性能的影响;比较了水洗前后LiLa0.5Ti0.5氧化物催化剂的催化活性,并通过XRD、IR、XPS和BET等方法时催化剂进行表征。确认了Li在含稀土、过渡金属多元氧化物中的作用。其中,表面Li的作用是缩小催化剂的比表面积,覆盖表面深度氧化活性位,提高C2选择性;体相Li的作用是部分取代Ti3+进入LaTiO3晶格形成LaTi1-yLiyO3-λ活性相,产生甲烷氧化偶联Li+-O--Ti3+缺陷簇。(注:LixLa0.5Ti0.5和LiLa0.5Ti0.5表示该系列氧化物催化剂制备时的各金属元素的配比。用来表示催化剂的名称,并不表示实际存在的物相,以下类同,下面出现时,不再加以说明。
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经γ辐照后所有样品的储能模量(E′)都有所增加,从阻尼因子(tanδ)的温度谱上所观察到β和α转变温度随辐照剂量的增加向高温方向移动。热分析结果表明,辐照后样品的热学参数T_m、ΔH_m和T_d随剂量的增加而降低。
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采用低温技术,用 X 射线单晶衍射法测定了标题化合物的结构.晶体属 P4/mnc 空间群,a=12.515(3),c=17.636(7),Z=2.用788个独立可观测反射精修所有结构参数得 R=0.061.钼钒磷杂多酸阴离子中,PO_4四面体是无序的,P—O 键长1.54.M(Mo,V)是6配位,M—O 键长1.62—2.48.K 是7配位,K—O 键长2.84—3.10.
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In our screening of marine actinomycetes for bioactive principles, three novel antibiotics designated as chandrananimycin A (3c), B (3d) and C (4) were isolated from the culture broth of a marine Actinomadura sp. isolate M045. The structures of the new antibiotics were determined by detailed interpretation of mass, 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra.
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海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)不连续分布于美国大西洋沿岸和墨西哥湾沿岸,自1982年以来北部亚种(A. i. irradians)和南部亚种(A. i. concentricus)被先后引进到中国,由于其生长速度快、繁殖周期短和适宜温度范围广的特点,迅速成为我国海水养殖的重要品种。近年来飞速发展的分子标记技术为优良品种的选育注入了新的活力,相对于传统的表型选择来说,标记辅助选择不易受环境的影响,尤其是对于低遗传力性状和后期表达的性状,能增强选择效率,提高选择的准确度,缩短育种周期。本文通过构建海湾扇贝微卫星富集文库获得大量的微卫星DNA序列,筛选多态的微卫星标记构建了海湾扇贝的遗传连锁图谱,并应用复合区间作图法对生长相关性状进行了QTL定位。 本研究利用富集文库-菌落原位杂交法筛选海湾扇贝微卫星DNA,吸附(AC)15和(AG)15探针的尼龙膜捕捉并富集含有微卫星序列的片段,菌落原位杂交结果显示阳性克隆率达到40%,测序比对后获得521个独立的阳性克隆,其中微卫星506个,小卫星15个。微卫星中,完美型248个,占49.0%,非完美型216个,占42.7%;复合型42个,占8.3%;AG/TC重复占大多数(356个,70.4%),AC/TG重复有150个(29.6%)。设计合成了382对引物,利用38个海湾扇贝个体对其中15个微卫星位点进行了遗传多样性评价,不同位点扩增得到的等位基因数从3到7个不等,期望杂合度和观测杂合度的范围分别为0.198~0.813和0.083~0.833,实验结果表明富集文库-菌落原位杂交法适合大规模筛选微卫星标记。 利用8个微卫星标记对海湾扇贝1个野生种群和3个养殖群体的遗传多样性与分化进行了比较和分析。8个位点共扩增得到35个等位基因,平均每个位点4.38个等位基因,平均有效等位基因数为2.30,平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.41和0.46。相比于野生群体(美国),养殖群体(北卡罗来那、浙江和胶南)的等位基因数和杂合度都有所降低,在封闭环境下养殖19代的浙江群体等位基因数丢失最严重,共有9个等位基因丢失(25.7%)。经过多代人工养殖后,海湾扇贝养殖与野生群体之间和养殖群体之间出现了明显的遗传分化,胶南群体与野生群体的遗传距离最大,而胶南群体与浙江群体的遗传距离已经超过了胶南群体(北部亚种)和北卡罗来那(南部亚种)群体的遗传距离,这种分化将有利于海湾扇贝的杂交选育。 利用167个微卫星标记和1个壳色标记,以海湾扇贝2个全同胞F1代为作图群体,构建了海湾扇贝的性别遗传连锁图谱。整合的雌性连锁图谱含有118个标记,覆盖了16个连锁群,每个连锁群含有的标记数目从4到16个不等,平均每个连锁群上有7.4个标记,图谱总长度为761.0 cM,标记间的平均间隔为8.55 cM,图谱的覆盖率为73.5%;整合雄性连锁图谱含有126个标记,覆盖了17个连锁群,每个连锁群含有的标记数目从2到11个不等,平均每个连锁群上有7.4个标记,图谱总长度为729.1 cM,标记间的平均间隔为6.75 cM,图谱的覆盖率为74.7%。雌性亲本的重组率高于雄性,雌雄亲本共享标记间的重组率比值为1.18:1。偏分离标记在性别间呈现不对称分布,雄性亲本的偏分离高于雌性亲本,可能与雄性亲本来源于亚种间杂交的遗传背景相关。 利用海湾扇贝微卫星遗传连锁图谱在两个作图家系中对5个生长性状的QTL进行了定位,5个生长性状的表型相关均达到极显著水平(P < 0.01),Pearson相关系数均超过0.781,总重、壳长、壳宽、壳高和壳重的QTL(LOD > 2.0)的数目分别为8、6、6、7和6个。这些QTL成簇分布于CC5家系的LG1、LG3、LG4、LG8和CC10家系的LG1、LG3、LG6、LG8、LG9连锁群,单个QTL可解释的表型方差为5.5%到29.2%,QTL成簇分布现象说明这些生长相关的性状可能具有共同的遗传基础,家系特异性QTL暗示在不同的遗传背景和环境下存在不同的主效QTL。本研究定位的QTL,尤其在两个家系中共享的QTL为下一步分子标记辅助选择提供了参考区间。
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本研究以双壳纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠贝目、扇贝超科的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri )、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和牡蛎超科巨蛎属(Crassostrea)的长牡蛎(C. gigas)、葡萄牙牡蛎(C. angulata)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)、香港巨牡蛎(C. hongkongensis)和近江牡蛎(C. ariakensis)5种牡蛎及异齿亚纲、帘蛤目、帘蛤科的紫斑文蛤(Meretrix pethechialis)为研究对象,系统的研究了以上物种的线粒体基因组全序列的特点。并以线粒体12个蛋白质编码基因的序列,在氨基酸和核苷酸水平上构建了软体动物的分子系统发生树。本研究旨在为利用线粒体基因组全序列全面构建软体动物分子系统发生树,为软体动物的系统发生和进化研究提供一种新的思路和前期基础工作,本研究主要内容分为以下三个部分: 一、栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体基因组序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR技术扩增了栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组,利用步移法结合文库构建的测序策略获得了线粒体基因组的序列。海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组长度为16,211 bp,栉孔扇贝接近全序列长度为20,789 bp。两个基因组都编码35个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和21个tRNA。与典型的动物线粒体基因组相比,两个基因组都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和2个trnS, 在海湾扇贝基因组中有1个trnF的重复,而在栉孔扇贝基因组中有1个trnM的重复。基因排列比较显示,尽管海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和巨扇贝分类学上属于同一扇贝科,但是它们的线粒体基因排列非常不同。在四种扇贝中,虾夷扇贝与栉孔扇贝的基因排列顺序非常相似;即使排除tRNA的比较,栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝基因组仅仅共享三个小的基因块;而海湾扇贝与巨扇贝仅有一个相同的基因块。在所有的系统发生分析中,四种扇贝稳定的系统发生关系得到强有力的支持,海湾扇贝较其他三种扇贝较早的分化出来;栉孔扇贝比其他两种扇贝与虾夷扇贝亲缘关系更近。贝叶斯法和最大似然法分析都支持扇贝超科的单系发生。 二、巨蛎属牡蛎线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了巨蛎属C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis 5种牡蛎线粒体全基因组序列,并于GenBank已公布的美洲牡蛎C.virginica序列进行比较研究。C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis线粒体全基因组长度分别为18,225 bp、18,225 bp、18,243 bp、18,622 bp和18,414 bp,都长于C. virginica基因组17,244 bp的长度。本研究的5种牡蛎线粒体基因组都编码39个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和25个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比,都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8,有trnM、trnK和trnQ 3个tRNA基因的重复,更特别的是基因组中的rrnL分为两段,这在其它线粒体基因组中未见报道,有一个重复的rrnS;而C. virginica基因组编码37个基因,与其他牡蛎相比,没有trnK和trnQ重复,只有一个rrnS。基因排列比较显示,巨蛎属的5种牡蛎C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis基因排列完全一致,而与C. virginica的基因排列相比仍然有较大的差别,有多个tRNA发生易位。系统发生分析显示,C. gigas和C. angulata首先聚在一起,然后与C. sikamea聚为一支。C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis聚成一支。C. virginica为单独的一支。系统树清楚的显示出C. gigas和C. angulata以及C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis非常近的亲缘关系,这也是长期以来,牡蛎分类学上的经典问题,有学者认为C. gigas和C. angulata为同一物种,线粒体基因组的数据显示C. gigas和C. angulata可能达到不同物种的差异。传统分类上的“近江牡蛎”的“白蚝”和“赤蚝”,线粒体序列差别明显,完全支持两种牡蛎新种名的制定。 三、紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列。该基因组全长19,567 bp,编码36个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和22个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比,缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和1个trnS, 有1个trnQ基因的重复。基因排列比较显示,双壳类的基因排列在低的分类阶元时相对保守。在帘蛤科中,紫斑文蛤M. petechialis和菲律宾蛤仔V. philippinarum共享四个完全一致的基因块,两个大的基因块是cox1-L1-nad1-nad2-nad4L-I 和 cox2-P-cob-rrnL-nad4-H-E-S2-atp6-nad3-nad5,另两个小基因块只包括tRNA基因。在以氨基酸序列构建的分子系统树中,帘蛤科紫斑文蛤与菲律宾蛤仔首先聚在一起,然后,它们与A. tuberculata形成一个进化枝。这一枝与H. arctica结合起来,支持异齿亚纲单系发生。