101 resultados para 1995_01270355 TM-56 4302606


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大范围、实时、准确地监测典型草原地区草场退化或健康状况对于草原生态系统的保育、农牧业的可持续性发展具有非常重要的意义。比起传统的群落学研究方法,遥感技术对于监测大尺度的植被状况具有无可争议的优越性,并且已经被广泛引入监测植被覆盖变化的研究中。本项研究系统地分析、综述了过去用非遥感手段对放牧和草场退化的关注和研究,介绍了遥感技术应用于植被研究的理论基础、主要途径(植被指数)、有关领域的研究进展。特别是本文提出草场退化状况或整体健康状况可以由基干相互独立的层面表示,而过去监测植被变化主要依赖的NDVI等植被指数只能监测草原植被的个别层面(总量层)。 本文以草场放牧退化比较典型的内蒙古锡林河流域为研究对象,在进行了大量的野外样方调查的基础上,提出一种结合群落样方调查和遥感技术的监测草场健康状况的新方法。本文引入主成份分析方法(PCA),从包含12个反映群落各方面信息的变量中提取出3个有特定生态学意义的主成份,并进一步对其进行分析组合,得出一个能比较敏感、全面反映群落健康状况的新指标-草场健康指数(GHI)。 从6波段的植被光谱反射数据中比较理想地提取出2个主成份:可见光因子和红外光因子。表征群落总量、放牧退化的主成份和GHI与样方光谱反射值有相当的相关性,由此得到GHI与可光、红外光因子的回归模型。 应用此模型到卫星遥感数据(TM),得到GHI影像,并与同一数据的NDVI影像作对比研究,发现GHI在反映放牧等人为干扰对草原植被的影响效应方面比NDVI有明显的优点。此外,GHI影像对植被分布格局,特别是斑块结构有更好的显示效果。应用GHI到历史TM数据,对所研究地域的植被覆盖变化、农牧业的变迁模式等进行了定性研究。研究还发现有较长放牧史的过度放牧区的植被类型没有沿牧压梯度的规律性分布,而是呈随机斑块分布模式。

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AIM: To investigate the interaction between human CCR5 receptors (CCR5) and HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (HIV-1 gp120) and HIV-1 receptor CD4 antigens (CD4). METHODS: The structurally con served regions (SCR) of human CCR5 was built by the SYBYL/Biopolymer module using the corresponding transmembrane (TM) domain of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) as the template. The coordinates for amino-ter minal residue sequence, and carboxyl-terminal residue sequence, extracellular and cytoplasmic loops were generated using LOOP SEARCH algorithm. Subsequently the structural model was merged into the complex with HIV-1 gp120 and CD4. RESULTS: Human CCR5 interacted with both an HIV-1 gp120 and CD4. The N-terminal residues (especially Met1 and Gln4) of human CCR5, contacted with CD4 residues, mainly 7Nith one span (56 - 59) of CD4 in electrostatic interaction and hydrogen-bonds. The binding sites of human CCR5 were buried in a hydrophobic center surrounded by a highly basic periphery. On the other hand, direct interatomic contacts were made between ? CCR5 residues and 6 gp120 amino-acid residues, which included van der Waals contacts, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonds. CONCLUSION: The interaction model should be helpful for rational design of novel anti-HIV drugs.

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Submitted by zhangdi (zhangdi@red.semi.ac.cn) on 2009-06-04T08:36:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dspace.cfg: 33388 bytes, checksum: ac9630d3fdb36a155287a049e8b34eb7 (MD5)

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Mode characteristics of three-dimensional (3-D) microsquare resonators are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation for the transverse electric (TE)-like and the transverse magnetic (TM)-like modes. For a pillar microsquare with a side length of 2 pin in air, we have Q-factors about 5 X. 103 for TM-like modes at the wavelength of 1550 run, which are one order larger than those of TE-like modes, as vertical refractive index distribution is 3.17/3.4/3.17 and the cororresponding center layer thickness is 0.2 mu m. The mode field patterns show that TM-like modes have much weaker vertical radiation coupling loss than TE-like modes. TM-like modes can have high Q-factors in a microsquare with weak vertical field confinement.

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Three known standards, including at least one transmission standard, are normally required for the full two-port calibration of test fixtures. Based on the triple-through method, a new general-purpose calibration procedure using only one known reflection standard is proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that our method call provide a simple and accurate approach to fall two-port calibration of the asymmetric test fixtures. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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We present a generation condition for realizing high-Q TM whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in semiconductor microcylinders. For microcylinders with symmetry or weak asymmetry vertical waveguiding, we show that TM WGMs can have a high Q factor, with the magnitude of 10(4) at the radius of the microcylinder of 1 mu m, by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The Q factor of TE WGMs is much less than that of TM WGMs in the semiconductor microcylinders due to a vertical radiation loss caused by mode coupling with the vertical propagating mode. The results open up a possible application of TM WGMs in semiconductor microcylinders for efficient current injection microlasers and single photon sources.

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We have investigated the mode characteristics for three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor microresonators by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The results show that the quality-factors (Q-factors) of TM-like modes are much larger than those of TE-like modes as the vertical waveguidng formed by semiconductor materials.

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It is predicted that large and opposite generalized Goos-Hanchen (GGH) shifts may occur simultaneously for TE and TM light beams upon reflection from an asymmetric double-prism configuration when the angle of incidence is below but near the critical angle for total reflection, which may lead to interesting applications in optical devices and integrated optics. Numerical simulations show that the magnitude of the GGH shift can be of the order of beam's width.

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对于稀土与非稀土所组成的二元复合氧化物的研究国外已有较多的报导。但是,对于稀土和锑的复合氧化物只是近年来才开始有些研究工作。含锑与稀土的多元复合氧化物的报导就更少。本文在我们实验室张静筠等人三元复合氧化物研究的基础上,开展Mo—Sb_2O_5—R_2O_3—R'_2O_3—Bi_2O_3多元体系的研究工作,这对于我国丰产元素稀土和锑的应用以及利用Bi~(3+)的激活与敏化将是有益的。本文按Thornton等人的方法合成了Ba_2BiSbO_6,Ba_2GdSbO_6,按EγΦECEHKO等人的方法合成了M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca, R = La Y)。并以M_2RSbO_6为基质,掺Sm~(3+)、Eu~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)、Er~(3+)、Tm~(3+)和Bi~(3+),研究它们的化学组成,晶体结构与发光性能的关系及规律,Bi~(3+)的荧光和敏作用。同时研究了它们的磁学和热学性能。化学组成的分析结果表明,计算的含量与实验测得的含量符合较好,说明化学反应是按化学计量比进行的。通过X-射线粉沫物相分析和晶胞参数的理论计算确定M_2RSbO_6(M = Ba、Sr、R = La、Y、Gd、Bi)复合氧化物是属于立方钙钛太型化合物。空间群为Fm3m,点群为Oh。用计算机计算了Ca_2YSbO_6的晶胞参数并结合荧光光谱分析确定它属于畸变的单斜钙钛矿,空间群为P_(21)。用磁天平测量了样品M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca; R = Gd、Y、Bi)的磁化率。除Ba_2GdSbO_6是顺磁性物质外共余的都是反磁性的物质。按所用原料Sb_2O_5计算的磁化率与测量值符合较好,表明在所研究的M_2RSbO_6化合物中锑是正五价的。用热重热差分析仪测量了样品在反应中的热性能,观察到在化合物形成的过程中所用原料Sb_2O_3大约在520 ℃左右氧化变为Sb_2O_5。除所用原料碳酸盐分解外没有挥发性的物质,这就进一步证明化学组成分析和磁化率测量的结果是正确的。光学测量的结果表明,所有的磷光体随着激活离子浓度的不同其光谱都发生规律性的变化。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Br_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用254nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰325nm激发时,明显地看到敏化剂Bi~(3+)到Eu~(3+)的能量传递,使Eu~(3+)于595nm的发射大大增强,我们认为Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)的敏化作用是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的~1S。→ 3P_1的跃迁吸收了激发的能量,然后无辐射弛豫到Eu~(3+)的激发态~5D_0,产生~5D_0 → 7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用245nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰335nm激发时,观察到基质和Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递。敏化作用机理与上述的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系相同。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用396nm激发时,均能观察到Eu~(3+)于613nm很强的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰313nm激发时,见到Bi~(3+)和基质对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递,这种敏化作用主要是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的3P_1 → ~1S_0的400nm的宽带发射和Eu~(3+)的~7F_0 → ~5L_6的396nm的吸收相匹配产生~5L_6→~5D_0→~7F_2的跃迁。通过对激发光谱和荧光光谱的分析给出了Ca_2Y_(0.96)Eu_(0.04)SbO_6的能级图,从实验上可见,Eu~(3+)的发光强烈地依赖于钙钛矿的结构,当Eu~(3+)在空间群为Fm3m 的Ba_2YSbO_6和Sr_2YSbO_6中处于Oh点对称性时,主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。当Eu~(3+)在空间群为P_(21)的单斜钙钛矿中时,主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_2的电偶极跃迁。对于不同掺杂浓度M_2YSbO_6:R~(13+)(M = Ba、Ca; R' = Sm、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm)体系,通过激发和荧光光谱的研究,合理地确定了谱项。发现基质对Sm~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)具有敏化作用。对不同Bi~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Bi~(3+),由激发和荧光光谱可见Bi~(3+)具有二个激发带,第一激发带位于240nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~1P_1的跃迁,第二激发带位于315nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~3P_1的跃迁。有一个很强的兰紫色发射位于400nm处相当于~3P_1 →~1S_0的跃迁。

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林火,作为森林生态系统不可或缺的生态干扰因子,通过改变森林景观的组成与结构,影响森林生态系统的物质循环与能量流动,进而影响森林景观生态功能的发挥。火后森林景观结构变化及其生态功能的恢复,不仅是森林经营管理所关注的关键内容,也是景观生态学与火生态学研究的重要课题。本文以1987年大兴安岭“5,6”特大森林火灾的过火区为研究区,利用TM数据、森林资源清查图件资料,结合大量的野外调查,以GIS为核心技术,利用空间代时间、空间分析和多种数学统计方法,对研究区1987年火烧前与2000年的景观格局与主要生态功能的恢复状况进行了多尺度的研究,并探讨了影响森林景观恢复的主要因子,旨在为火干扰后的森林恢复提供科学依据。主要结论如下: ① 从较大尺度上看,整个火烧迹地景观已基本恢复,植被生长状况良好。与未火烧区相比,针叶林所占比重降低,混交林比重升高,阔叶林的比重变化不大,沼泽面积明显增加。以上结果显示,森林景观正处于由初期向中期演替的过渡阶段。沼泽面积的增加应引起重视,应采取相应对策以防止森林的逆行演替。NDVI 值的等级分布显示,针叶林在火烧区的生长状况不如未火烧区,而阔叶林的生长状况则好于未火烧区,这主要是由于喜阳的阔叶林更能适应了火后环境所致。 ② 中等尺度上,森林景观总体格局的破碎化程度明显增加;针叶树种仍是森林景观的基质树种。森林景观质量得到了初步恢复,但由于恢复时间尚短,林龄结构以幼龄林为主,无统计蓄积量的林地比重大幅增加,而郁闭度等级也下降了一位。多变量回归分析显示,火烧强度、更新类型、海拔以及地形因子(坡度、坡位、坡向)对森林郁闭度的恢复均产生了显著影响。海拔与火烧强度影响较大,坡位与坡向影响微弱。其中,海拔梯度与郁闭度恢复状况呈正相关,即海拔越高,恢复越好,这可能与火干扰强度随着海拔的升高而降低有关;而火烧强度与郁闭度恢复则呈显著负相关。 ③ 研究区的森林水文调节能力已得到了基本恢复,平均水平略有提高。从调节能力的等级构成来看,由于恢复时间较短,具有较高调节能力的林地比例仍然较低。湿地面积由火烧前的11544 hm2增加到2000年的20498 hm2,增幅达77.56%;湿地的破碎化程度降低,湿地格局由分散趋向于集中连片分布。将森林水文调节能力分布图与湿地分布变化图叠加发现,95 %以上的新增湿地来源于火前水文调节能力较低的地区,火烧后立地条件的恶化,随着水分截流能力的进一步下降,加之缺乏有效的植被蒸腾作用,使这部分地区演变为湿地。 ④ 通过将火前条件相似的火烧区与未火烧区的冻土活动层厚度进行T检验后发现,两者的均值存在着显著性差异,火烧区平均厚度为102.6 cm,而未火烧区仅为61.9 cm。冻土活动层的变化又对生态环境产生了显著影响。如,冻土融化可能导致低洼地区积水形成新生沼泽,从而改变森林植被的演替方向。 ⑤ 野生动物(以紫貂为例)的适宜生境的规模与质量远未恢复到火前水平,其生存条件不容乐观。火烧区适宜生境的面积比重从火前的37%下降为2000年的29%,而未火烧区仅下降6%。火烧区适宜生境和最适宜生境面积变化幅度不大,而未火烧区则明显降低,降幅达68%和82%,1987年火后采伐集中于未火烧区是出现这种状况的主要原因。相反,火烧区的勉强适宜和中等适宜生境面积明显减少,而未火烧区则有较大幅度增加。火烧区与未火烧区适宜生境破碎化程度均明显加剧。可见,林火干扰与人类活动均对动物生境产生了负面影响。