内蒙古典型草原地上净初级生产力估测及模型模拟的研究

地上净初级生产力（ANPP）是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分，但由于估测ANPP的方法不同使得对ANPP的估测值存在很大的不确定性。本文采用3种方法（群落中所有种群当年最大地上生物量之和（ANPPC1）、当年群落最大地上生物量（ANPPC2）以及每年固定日期（8月30日）的地上生物量（ANPPC3））在种群、功能群和群落水平上分别对连续19年（1980～1998）的内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原生态系统功能（如ANPP、植物多样性和水分利用效率（WUE））的动态变化进行了比较分析，同时探讨了不同估测方法下气候和放牧对ANPP的影响，在此基础上利用DNDC模型进行了ANPP的模拟和敏感性分析研究，主要结果包括： 在羊草和大针茅草原群落中，不同主要植物种群或功能群多年平均地上最大生物量出现的时间不同，而同一植物种群或功能群的年地上最大生物量出现的时间存在年际间的变化。采用当年最大地上生物量和8月30日固定日期的地上生物量作为群落ANPP的这两种方法高估了建群种或禾草功能群在群落中的作用。 羊草草原群落多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是257.5、190.1和166.0 g.m-2;相应的大针茅草原多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是180.4、132.8和122.5 g.m-2。就群落生产力而言，后两种常用的方法二和方法三分别低估了草原群落ANPP 14.2%～40.0%和15.5～59.0%。本文研究表明尽管ANPPC1与ANPPC2和ANPPC3之间存在显著的差异，但二者之间存在极显著的相关性:羊草草原的ANPPC1= 59.587+1.061×ANPPC2（r2＝0.865, p＜0.001），ANPPC1= 92.329+1.017×ANPPC3（r2＝0.569, p＜0.001）;大针茅草原的ANPPC1= 32.918+1.114×ANPPC2（r2＝0.814, p＜0.001），ANPPC1= 76.120+0.875×ANPPC3（r2＝0.499, p＝0.001）。 种群、功能群和群落地上净初级生产力与气候因子间的关系因不同的估测方法而异。羊草草原的建群种羊草种群仅ANPPS3与8月和11月份的平均温度间存在显著相关性，而大针茅草原群落的建群种大针茅种群的ANPPS1和ANPPS2与3月份平均最高气温间呈负相关关系。在羊草草原群落，杂类草功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份气温呈负相关关系;而灌木半灌木功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份降水呈负相关关系。在大针茅草原群落，禾草功能群ANPPF1与5月份最高平均气温呈显著负相关关系。羊草草原群落ANPPC1和ANPPC3分别与11月份最低温度和平均温度存在显著负相关关系;大针茅草原群落ANPPC1与2和6月份月降水量间相关性显著，ANPP2与5月和11月份月平均最低温度呈显著负相关关系，而4～9月份，1和4月份平均最低温度对群落ANPPC3起决定作用。 在羊草和大针茅草原群落，由方法一得到的群落水分利用效率、Shannon植物多样性指数和均匀度指数与方法二或方法三得到的相应的指数间存在显著的差异，方法二和方法三得到的值间差异不显著。群落地上净初级生产力与相应估测方法的植物Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数之间相关性不显著。 放牧条件下羊草或大针茅草原群落中的建群种羊草和大针茅在群落中的相对地上生物量较围栏内的相应植物种群的降低，而糙隐子草种群在群落中的比例上升。不同的放牧管理条件下，群落中植物种群地上现存量的季节动态发生变化。群落的植物组成及植物种群地上生物量在群落中总生物量的比例发生了明显的变化。利用遥感来估测地上净初级生产力时，分别低估了羊草和大针茅草原ANPP 52％和27％。 DNDC模型可以很好地模拟内蒙古典型草原生态系统的地上生物量，通过敏感性分析表明降水是草原植物生长的主要限制因子，在降水量增加或降低至日降水的30%时，模拟的地上生物量显著地高于或低于实测地上生物量值。在多年平均降水量为347mm的情况下，随着土壤粘粒含量的增加，地上生物量逐渐降低，与北美草原一致。

Cloning of novel bombesin precursor cDNAs from skin of Bombina maxima

Amphibian skin is a rich resource of bioactive peptides like proline-rich bombesin from frog Bombina maxima. A novel cDNA clone encoding a precursor protein that comprises proline-rich bombesin and a novel peptide, designated as bombestatin, was isolated from a skin cDNA library of B. maxima. The predicted primary structure of the novel peptide is WEVLLNVALIRLELLSCRSSKDQDQKESCGMHSW, in which two cysteines form a disulfide bond. A BLAST search of databases did not detect sequences with significant similarity. Bombestatin possesses dose-dependent contractile activity on rat stomach strips. The differences between cDNAs encoding PR-bombesin plus bombestatin and PR-bombesin alone are due to fragment insertions located in 3'-coding region and 3'-untranslational region, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enriched environment treatment counteracts enhanced addictive and depressive-like behavior induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause many long-term behavior changes in offspring, but whether prenatal stress can alter addictive behavior in offspring and postnatal enriched environment treatment (EE) can restore these changes are unknown. We reported here that pr

Actions of two serine proteases from Trimeresurus jerdonii venom on chromogenic substrates and fibrinogen

Jerdonobin and jerdofibrase are two serine proteases purified from the venom of Trimeresurus jerdonii. The Michaelis constant K-m and the catalytic rate constant K-cat of jerdonobin or jerdofibrase on three chromogenic substrates, H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA (S2302), H-D-Phe-pipecolyl-Arg-pNA (S2238), and H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S2251) were obtained from lineweaver-Burk plots. Jerdofibrase could hydrolyze all three substrates, but jerdonobin had no detectable activity on S2251, suggesting a relatively broader substrate specificity for jerdofibrase than jerdonobin. By SDS-PAGE, jerdofibrase preferentially degraded Bbeta-chain of fibrinogen. It also degraded Aalpha-chain of fibrinogen with relatively slow activity, but did not act on the gamma-chain. In contrast, jerdonobin did not degrade fibrinogen within 12 h. Fibrinopeptides liberation test, identified by HPLC, showed jerdonobin released fibrinopeptide A and a small amount of fibrinopeptide B. Unlike jerdonobin, jerdofibrase mainly released fibrinopeptide B. These results indicate that the two enzymes differ in their ability to hydrolyze chromogenic substrates and in their actions on fibrinogen. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

A novel short neurotoxin, cobrotoxin c, from monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom: isolation and purification, primary and secondary structure determination, and tertiary structure modeling

A novel short neurotoxin, cobrotoxin c (CBT C) was isolated from the venom of monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and FPLC. Its primary structure was determined by Edman degradation. CBT C is composed of 61 amino acid residues. It differs from cobrotoxin b (CBT B) by only two amino acid substitutions, Thr/Ala11 and Arg/Thr56, which are not located on the functionally important regions by sequence similarity. However, the LD50 is 0.08 mg/g to mice, i.e. approximately five-fold higher than for CBT B. Strikingly, a structure-function relationship analysis suggests the existence of a functionally important domain on the outside of Loop III of CBT C. The functionally important basic residues on the outside of Loop III might have a pairwise interaction with alpha subunit, instead of gamma or delta subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

青海土族、撒拉族HLA2DQA1 和2DQB1 基因多态性探讨

　目的:检测青海土族和撒拉族健康个体HLA2DQA1 和2DQB1 等位基因频率,了解和分析这两个民族的HLA2 DQA1 和2DQB1 基因多态性。方法:用PCR2SSO 方法检测132 名土族和80 名撒拉族健康个体的HLA2DQA1 和2DQB1 的基因多 态性,并将所得结果与国内其他民族的同类资料进行比较。结果:土族和撒拉族在HLA2DQA1 和2DQB1 高频率等位基因分布 上有共同点,也有一定的独特性。这两种民族HLA2DQA1 3 0102 和3 0501 以及DQB1 3 0201、3 0301、3 0402 和3 0602 基因分 布频率上具有显著性差异。结论:土族和撒拉族与北方诸民族的等位基因频率接近,而与其他南方诸民族的差异相对较大。

藏绵羊线粒体DNA遗传多样性研究

用ApaI、AvaII、BamHI、BclII、ClaI、EcoRV、HindIII、HpaI、KpnI、PstI、PvuII、XbaI、XhoI等14种内切酶,分析了12头藏绵羊mtDNA的限制性片断长度多态性,共检测出35个酶切位点,发现AvaII、ClaI、PvuII三种酶切类型具有多态性。根据不同个体的mtDNA的酶切类型,发现藏绵羊存在三种mtDNA单倍型,计算mtDNA多态度#phi#值为0.0012,表明藏绵羊mtDNA多态性比较贫乏。

Evolution of the DRD2 gene haplotype and its association with alcoholism in Mexican Americans

The human D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) plays a central role in the neuromodulation of appetitive behaviors and is implicated in having a possible role in susceptibility to alcoholism. We genotyped an SNP in DRD2 Exon 8 in 251 nonalcoholic, unrelated, healthy controls and 200 alcoholic Mexican Americans. The DRD2 haplotypes were analyzed using the Exon 8 genotype in combination with five other SNP genotypes, which were obtained from our previous study. The ancestral origins of the DRD2 polymorphisms have been determined by sequencing the homologous region in other higher primates. Twenty DRD2 haplotypes, defined as H1 to H20 based on their frequency from high to low, were obtained in this major minority population. The ancestral haplotype "I-132-G-C-G-A1" and two one-step mutation haplotypes were absent in our study population. The haplotype H1, "I-B1-T-C-A-A1", with the highest frequency in the population, is a three-step mutation from the ancestral form. The first five or eight major haplotypes make up 87% or 95% of the entire population, respectively. The prevalence of the haplotype H1+ (H1/H1 and H1/Hn genotypes) is significantly higher in alcoholics and alcoholic subgroups, including early onset drinkers and benders, than in their respective control groups. The Promoter -141C allele is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with five other loci in the nonalcoholic group, but not in the alcoholic group. All of the other five loci are in LD in both the alcoholic and control groups. The DRD2 TaqI B allele is in complete LD with the allele located in intron 6. Five SNPs, Promoter -141C, TaqI B (or Intron 6), Exon 7, Exon 8, and TaqI A, are sufficient to define the DRD2 haplotypes in Mexican Americans. Our data indicate that the DRD2 haplotypes are associated with alcoholism in Mexican Americans. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Polymerase chain reaction based C4AQ0 and C4BQ0 genotyping: association with systemic lupus erythematosus in southwest Han Chinese

Objective: To investigate the association of complement C4 null genes (C4QO, including C4AQO and C4BQO) and C2 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in southwest Han Chinese; 136 patients with SLE and 174 matched controls were genotyped. Methods: C4 null genes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). The 2 bp insertion in exon 29, which was previously identified in non-Chinese populations and caused defective C4A genes, was directly typed by sequencing the whole exon 29 using exon specific primers. The exon 6 of complement C2 was also sequenced in both the patients and controls. Results: The frequency of homozygous C4AQO allele was 12.5% (17/136) in patients with SLE compared with 1.1% (2/174) in controls (p<0.001, odds ratio (OR)=12.286, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.786 to 54.170). There was no significant difference for homozygous C4BQO allele between patients with SLE and controls (p=0.699). Patients with the C4AQO gene had an increased risk of acquiring renal disorder, serositis, and anti-dsDNA antibodies compared with those without C4AQO (for renal disorder, p=0.018, OR=8.951, 95% Cl 1.132 to 70.804; for serositis, p=0.011, OR 4.891, 95% CI 1.574 to 15.198; for anti-dsDNA, p=0.004, OR 7.630, 95%Cl 1.636 to 35.584). None of the patients or controls had the 2 bp insertion in exon 29 of the C4 gene. The type I C2 deficiency was not detected in the 3 10 samples. Conclusion: It is suggested that deficiency of C4A (not due to a 2 bp insertion in exon 29), but not C4B or C2, may be a risk factor for acquiring SLE in south west Han Chinese; this results in increased risk of renal disorder, serositis, and anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with SLE. Racial differences seem to be relevant in susceptibility to SLE.