Utilization of several plant proteins by gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Six isonitrogenous (gross protein content 35%) and isoenergetic (gross energy content 17 kJ g(-1)) diets were formulated to investigate the effects of inclusion of plant proteins on the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio L.). The plant proteins tested were: soybean cake (SBC), potato protein concentrate (PPC), peanut cake (PNC), cottonseed cake (CSC) and rapeseed cake (RSC). Fish meal (FM) was used as control. In each diet, 27% of the protein was supplied by fish meal, and the rest supplied by the plant protein tested. Each diet was fed to three groups of gibel carp for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed the control diet was significantly higher than those in the other groups, and SGR in fish fed the PPC was significantly lower than in fish fed other plant proteins. There was no significant difference in SGR among the other groups. Feeding rates were ranked in the order: RSC > CSC > FM > PNC > SBC > PPC. Conversion efficiency was highest in groups fed FM, SBC and PNC, followed by groups fed CSC and RSC, and was lowest in the group fed PPC. The fish fed PPC showed lower protein retention than those fed FM and SBC. FM showed highest energy retention while PPC showed lowest, There was no significant relationship between SGR and intake of digestible protein (g g(-1) day(-1)), digestible lysine (g g(-1) day(-1)), digestible methionine (g g(-1) day(-1)) or digestible total essential amino acids (g g(-1) day(-1)), suggesting that the differences in SGR could not alone account for any of these variables.

Hydrogen production characteristics of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes by anaerobic mixed culture fermentation

The hydrogen production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by anaerobic mixed culture fermentation was investigated using batch experiments at 37 degrees C. Seven varieties of typical individual components of OFMSW including rice, potato, lettuce, lean meat, oil, fat and banyan leaves were selected to estimate the hydrogen production potential. Experimental results showed that the boiling treated anaerobic sludge was effective mixed inoculum for fermentative hydrogen production from OFMSW. Mechanism of fermentative hydrogen production indicates that, among the OFMSW, carbohydrates is the most optimal substrate for fermentative hydrogen production compared with proteins, lipids and lignocelluloses. This conclusion was also substantiated by experimental results of this study. The hydrogen production potentials of rice, potato and lettuce were 134 mL/g-VS, 106 mL/g-VS, and 50 mL/g-VS respectively. The hydrogen percentages of the total gas produced from rice, potato and lettuce were 57-70%, 41-55% and 37-67%. 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.

宁南山区施肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%~73.31%。马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质。在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案。

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持耕作及施肥下农田土壤种子库特征

为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0～20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)～(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...

保水剂对宁南山区马铃薯产量及土壤水分利用的影响

在宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区探讨大田施用PAM、沃特保水剂对马铃薯产量和土壤水分利用的影响。结果表明:PAM、沃特均可促进马铃薯生长、提高块茎产量,其中PAM 9.0 kg/hm2(P3)和沃特15 kg/hm2(W1)、沃特30kg/hm2(W2)、沃特60 kg/hm2(W3)处理马铃薯生物量和块茎产量显著高于CK(P<0.05),增产效果最明显。幼苗期、块茎形成期和块茎生长期各处理耗水量无显著差异,淀粉积累期CK耗水量极显著高于施用保水剂处理(P>0.01)。保水剂处理耗水量随着马铃薯生物量的增加而增大,降雨对土壤水分的补充随生物量的增大而减少。利用有序聚类分析得出,淀粉积累期降雨对土壤0~60 cm的水分储量有明显的补充,施用PAM和沃特两种保水剂,0~140 cm各层土壤储水量恢复相近,而140 cm以下土层沃特的恢复能力优于PAM,平均每20 cm土层储水量较PAM高6.2 mm。随着PAM施用量的增加水分利用效率提高,沃特保水剂则相反。沃特15 kg/hm2和PAM 9 kg/hm2处理水分利用效率、水分产出效率最高。通过对马铃薯产量和水分利用特征得出,PAM的用量为9 kg/hm2、沃特15kg/h...

不同保水剂对宁南山区马铃薯生长发育和产量的影响

为促进宁南半干旱山区产业支柱作物马铃薯的生产,解决马铃薯生产、特别是苗期的干旱缺水问题,采用田间试验方法,进行PAM保水剂、多功能保水剂与一定配方尿素+过磷酸钙的施用对马铃薯生长发育、产量及效益的试验。结果表明,两种保水剂均能促进马铃薯生长发育,增加干物质积累,但是在不同生育时期促进作物生长的效果有所不同。1%PAM保水剂浸种2~3 min处理在前期效果显著,多功能保水剂在后期效果突出。马铃薯以施用多功能保水剂30 kg/hm2效果最好,其产量和商品薯分别比对照高出52.33%、138.29%,增收5 356.8元/hm2。研究表明,施用30 kg/hm2多功能保水剂比用1%PAM保水剂浸种2~3min更适宜宁南半干旱区及其同类地区旱地种植马铃薯。

NaCl胁迫对甜高粱幼苗保护酶活性等生理特性的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl溶液(100 mmol/L、200 mmol/L)胁迫处理甜高粱幼苗,测定了叶片中叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量及三种保护酶活性等生理指标。结果表明:100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L处理的甜高粱幼苗质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量降低;保护酶系统中叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均升高,且在100 mmol/L浓度处理下达到最大,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升高再降低趋势。NaCl胁迫对甜高粱幼苗的一些生理特性产生一定影响。

长俊木瓜体细胞胚胎诱导的初步研究

以长俊木瓜为材料,研究了其体细胞胚胎诱导过程中各个环节的影响因素。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导的适宜外植体是叶片,培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D0.2 mg.L-1,黑暗培养;非胚性愈伤组织向胚性愈伤组织转化的适宜培养基是MS+6-BA1.0 mg.L-1+NAA1.0 mg.L-1;胚性愈伤组织的保持与增殖应在黑暗条件下进行,培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D0.2 mg.L-1;长俊木瓜叶片体胚的发生以加入ABA2.0 mg.L-1的MS培养基最为有利。

毛壳菌产抗真菌活性物质菌株筛选及种间原生质体融合研究

毛壳菌属很多种类具有重要生防价值，其生防机理包括对植物病原真菌的重寄生作用、诱导植物产生抗病性、产生抗真菌活性的次生代谢产物等。迄今，学界对毛壳菌的研究主要集中在毛壳菌的生防机理，毛壳菌活性次生代谢产物的分离等方面。本研究致力于产抗生素的毛壳菌的种间原生质体融合，从产抗生素毛壳菌菌株的筛选开始，进而对产抗生素的角毛壳菌进行诱变选育，最终用产不同抗生素的角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌进行种间原生质体融合。主要有以下五方面研究结果。 1、毛壳菌抗真菌活性物质产生菌株的筛选：不同毛壳菌菌株发酵液采用琼脂扩散法对植物病原真菌进行抑菌活性试验，结果显示，菌株CH08和CH23的发酵液对芒果炭疽、苹果炭疽和马铃薯晚疫菌具有抑制作用。菌株CH16和CH17的发酵液对芒果炭疽菌、苹果炭疽菌有抑制作用。菌株CH21发酵液对辣椒炭疽菌和西瓜枯萎菌有抑制作用。经形态学研究，菌株CH08、CH16、CH17和CH23鉴定为球毛壳菌，菌株CH21鉴定为角毛壳菌。对角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌菌株发酵液抑菌谱比较，发现角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌发酵液具有明显不同的抑菌谱，表明角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌产生不同的抗真菌活性物质。 2、角毛壳菌（CH21）和球毛壳菌（CH08）原生质体制备和再生条件研究：考察了菌龄、酶浓度、稳渗剂及其浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间及再生培养基对原生质体制备和再生的影响。用菌龄为生长54 h的角毛壳菌菌丝，以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液（pH6.0）配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液，30℃酶解1.5 h，原生质体释放量2.02×107个/g；以PDA为再生培养基，0.7 mol/L的蔗糖再生稳渗剂，再生率可达51.45%。用菌龄为生长48 h的球毛壳菌菌丝，以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液（pH6.0）配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液，30℃酶解1 h，原生质体释放量达1.57×108个/g；以PDA为再生培养基，0.7 mol/L的蔗糖为再生稳渗剂，再生率可达41.48%。 3、角毛壳菌（CH21）原生质体紫外诱变选育：以CH21为出发菌株，制备原生质体进行紫外诱变，诱变条件为：15 w紫外灯，距离30 cm，照射90 s，致死率80%~85%。建立了诱变菌株初筛的双层平板筛选模型。经平板初筛和摇瓶复筛，获得一株突变菌株CH21-I-402，其发酵液抑菌活性较出发菌株提高18.3%。 4、抗性标记菌株的获得：菌株CH21-I-402和CH08抗生素药敏试验表明， CH21-I-402菌株对潮霉素有抗性、对G418（Geneticin）敏感，菌株CH08对潮霉素和G418都敏感。根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的新霉素磷酸转移酶基因转化球毛壳菌，经PCR检测，新霉素磷酸转移酶基因成功转化进菌株CH08-GR70，CH08-GR120。转化子对G418抗性提高3～4倍，对潮霉素仍然比较敏感。 5、以G418和潮霉素抗性为筛选标记的原生质体融合与融合菌株AFLP分析：制备角毛壳菌CH21-I-402和球毛壳菌CH08-GR70原生质体，以35％的PEG6000为助融剂进行原生质体融合，以65 μg/ml的潮霉素和60 μg/ml G418为抗性筛选标记，获得46个再生菌株。再生菌株连续传代5代后，再生菌株表现出多种形态类型。利用AFLP技术对再生菌株及亲本菌株基因组DNA分析表明，再生菌株PF1、PF26为融合菌株。抑菌活性测试表明，融合菌株PF26发酵液对芒果炭疽菌和苹果轮纹菌有强的抑制作用，且抑菌活性比亲本球毛壳菌明显提高。 Chaetomium spp. have great potentials as biocontrol agents against a range of plant pathogens on the basis of its mycoparasitism, induced plant disease resistance, production of antifungal metabolites, and so on. Previous researches on C. spp. mostly focused on the mechanisms of its biocontrol and the isolation of secondary metabolites. In this study, screening antifungal C. spp., mutation breeding of C. cupreum and interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globosum were carried out, respectively. The corresponding results are as follows: Firstly, among more than 40 C. spp., the strains produced anti-fungal antibiotics were screened by agar diffusion experiments. Results showed that both CH08 and CH23 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cladosporium fulvum, and Phytophthora infestans. Both CH16 and CH17 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium fulvum. In addition, CH21 exhibited anti-fungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum and Colletotrichum capsici. Furthermore, CH08, CH16, CH17 and CH23 were identified as C. globosum, CH21 was proved to be C. cupreum based on morphology. The comparison of the anti-fungal spectrum between C. cupreum and C. globosum, showed they could produce different antibiotics. Secondly, specified protocols for preparing and regenerating protoplasts from mycelia of C. cupreum CH21 and C. globosum CH08 were studied. The effects of the age mycelia, the concentration of enzyme, digestion temperature and time, kinds of osmotic stabilizer and regeneration medium on protoplasts preparation and regeneration were all optimized, respectively. In one protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1.5 h at 30 ºC, 2.02×107 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. cupreum CH21 grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for 54 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA (potato dextrose agar with osmotic stabilize), the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 51.45%. In another protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1 h at 30 ºC, 1.57×108 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. globosum CH08 grown in PDB for 48 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA, the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 41.48%. Thirdly, the mutagenesis conditions and secondary screening model of C. cupreum CH21 were explored. An 80% to 85% death rate could be achieved when the protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21 were irradiated by 15 w UV lamp from 30 cm distance for 90 s. In addition, the doublelayer plate’s method for the primary screening of high-producing antibiotics strains was established. A high yielding antibiotic mutant CH21-I-402 was obtained through the primary screening on plate and the secondary selection in Erlenmeyer flask, compared to the original CH21 strain, the antifungal activity of the mutant CH21-I-402 was increased by 18.3%. Fourth, the sensitivity to antibiotics of both C. cupreum CH21-I-402 and C. globusm CH08 was detected. Results showed C. cupreum CH21-I-402 was sensitive to G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and resistant to Hygromycin B(Hr), and C. globusm CH08 was sensitive to both G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and Hygromycin B(Hs). At the same time, neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) gene was transformed into C. globusm CH08(Gs, Hs) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, and the npt II gene was verified by polymerase chain reaction in resistance to G418 strains CH08-GR70 and CH08-GR120. The transformants still showed sensitive to Hygromycin B(Hs). Finally, a selection system for hybrids was set up by interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globusm using dominant selective drug resistance markers. At first, protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21-I-402 (Hr, Gs) and C. globusm CH08-GR70 (Hs, Gr) were prepared, then the protoplasts were fused in the presence of 35% polyethylene glycol 6000 and regenerated on OPDA medium with 65 μg/ml Hygromycin B and 60μg/ml G418, at last 46 colonies with Hr and Gr were obtained. Even after 5 generations’ subculture, most of the colonies displayed significant difference in taxonomic characteristics with their parental strains. Regenerated strains PF1 and PF26 were confirmed as fusants by amplified fragment length polymorphisms analysis with the genomic DNA as the model. PF26 showed higher inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Macrophoma kuwatsukai than that of the parental strain C. globusm.

微生物酶法拆分消旋芳香族氨基酸的研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交试验，确定了米曲霉液态发酵产氨基酰化酶的最佳发酵条件。优化发酵培养基组成（ρ/g L-1）： 葡萄糖40,蔗糖10,可溶性淀粉20,蛋白胨2.5,马铃薯液1 000mL, pH自然。培养基装量50mL/250mL三角瓶，接种量4%。培养温度30℃，转速100 rmin-1，发酵时间42h。每50mL培养物的总酶活由优化前的2627U提高到7338U，是优化前的2.79倍。 研究了米曲霉氨基酰化酶的部分酶学性质，该酶催化反应的最适pH为7.0，最适温度为40℃，低浓度的Co2+（5×10-4mol/L）对酶活激活作用显著，催化反应过程中，底物浓度大于0.2 mol/L时，存在高浓度底物抑制酶活力现象。 初步探索了包埋法固定化米曲霉氨基酰化酶的载体，在实验的五种载体中，以海藻酸钠为载体包埋固定化米曲霉氨基酰化酶酶活保留率高，且操作简单，成本低廉。对包埋法固定化米曲霉氨基酰化酶酶学性质进行了研究，较游离米曲霉氨基酰化酶，最适温度未发生改变，最适pH向碱性范围偏移至8.0，对酸碱和热的稳定性增强，最适底物浓度增大到0.4 mol/L。 根据氨基酰化酶能立体专一水解L-氨基酰化物的特点，利用米曲霉氨基酰化酶对消旋苯丙氨酸进行了拆分。在米曲霉氨基酰化酶选择性的作用于底物N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酸，得到L-苯丙氨酸后，通过732阳离子树脂和结晶法分别将L-苯丙氨酸和N-乙酰-D-苯丙氨酸分离，N-乙酰-D-苯丙氨酸通过酸水解脱去乙酰基得到D-苯丙氨酸，拆分得到光学纯度为98%的L-苯丙氨酸（收率84.8%）和光学纯度为92.3%的D-苯丙氨酸（收率89.5%）。 separate factors tests and orthogonal experiments,the optimum fermentation conditions of aminoacylase –producing Aspergillus oryzae were determined, as follows（ρ/g L-1）,glucose 40,sucrose 10,soluble starch 20,peptone 2.5，potato juice 1000ml, inoculation volume 4%and fermentation temperature 30℃,rotation speed 100rmin-1.The highest total enzyme activity ,7338μ,was obtained after fermentation for 42 h, increased by 279% compared with the original value of 2627μbefore optimization. We dicussed partial characteristics of aminoacylase. The optimal pH and temperature of aminoacylase were 7.0 and 40℃ respectively. Low- concentration Co2+ (5×10-4mol/L）activated the aminoacylase remarkably while high-concentration substrate lowered the aminoacylase . Five vectors has been used for immobolizing the enzyme and calcium alginate showed to be the best one for it had the slightest influence on the enzyme activity, easy to operate ,and low in price, comparing with other fours. The enzymatic charateristic study showed that its optimum temperature didn’t change, but the optimum pH and substrat concentration were higher after immobilization. The stability of immobolized enzyme to acid, alkaline and heat rised as well. The aminoacylse from Aspergillus oryzae was used to resolute racemic phenylalanine to obtain D-phenylalanine. After catalyzing process, we took two methods to separate D-phenylalanine .In end,L-phenylalanine was obtained with 98% optical purity in 84.8% yield, D-phenylalanine was obtained with 92.3% optical purity in 89.5% yield.

Effect of gamma-ray radiation on physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers in Solanum tuberosum L.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of gamma-ray radiation on the physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers. Materials and methods: Minitubers of one potato cultivar, 'Shepody', were irradiated with 8 doses of gamma-rays (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 Gy [Gray]) to investigate the effects of radiation on emergence ability, plant height and root length, morphological variations, chromosome aberrations, M-1 (first generation mutants) tuber number and size of minituber plants. Results: Compared with the non-irradiated controls, the whole period of emergence was prolonged by 10-15 days for minitubers treated with gamma-ray radiation, but low doses of radiation (10, 20 and 30 Gy) promoted the emergence percentage of minitubers. With an increase in radiation dose, the emergence percentage, plant height and root length of minituber plants were significantly inhibited at 40 and 50 Gy. No emergence occurred at 60 Gy and higher doses. After radiation, a series of morphological variations and chromosome aberrations appeared in minituber plants. Radiation with 20 Gy promoted tuber formation, and the average number and diameter of M-1 tubers per plant were significantly increased over the control by 71% and 34%, respectively. Conclusion: Low doses of radiation (10-30 Gy) might be used as a valuable parameter to study the improvement of minitubers by gamma-ray radiation treatment.

重离子辐照甜高粱新品种选育及其诱变机理研究

利用重离子辐照技术对甜高粱种子进行不同剂量的诱变处理，并分析辐照后代的农艺性状、生理生化特性及基因组DNA的多态性差异，旨在选育出含糖量高、生物量高及抗逆性强的新品种，为发展生物质燃料乙醇产业提供优质的原料，并阐明重离子对甜高粱的诱变机理。主要结果如下： 1.甜高粱在田间的存活曲线表现为“类马鞍型”，随着辐照剂量的增加，其存活率先降后升再下降。 2.筛选出株高、单秆重、糖锤度、早熟型、茎粗等突变类型的材料，尤其是80Gy辐照剂量下从BJ0602中得到的早熟突变材料KFJT-1，生育期缩短了20天左右。 3.和未辐照株KFJT-CK相比，辐照突变株KFJT-1的萌芽指标表现为极显著差异（p＜0.01），其发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和子叶长度、胚根鲜重及子叶鲜重分别下降了24％、12.69％、0.8108％和15.32％、76.27％、27.08％。 4. 利用RAPD技术对不同剂量的辐照处理检测出的多态性差异表明，不同剂量的碳离子束辐照后，不同辐照剂量对应的5种处理材料的DNA突变率分别0％、11.4％、12.2％、18.7％和17.7％。 重离子辐照可引起甜高粱各个方向的突变，有些突变材料生物量和含糖量均高，而有些突变材料表现出生长点消失、叶片扭曲、黄化等表型性状

经碳离子束诱变的甜高粱汁酒精发酵高产菌株的研究

为了选育出适合发酵甜高粱汁来生产酒精的酵母菌株，本论文以酒精酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae YY为材料，利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（HIRFL）产生的100MeV/u碳离子束对酒精酵母进行了辐照诱变。采用红四氮唑（TTC）作为筛选指示剂，初筛得到了5株产酒能力有所提高的突变酵母菌。通过甜高粱汁发酵，测定发酵液中酒精含量和残糖，复筛出产酒精能力比出发菌株有明显提高的诱变菌株T4。并对其发酵条件进行了优化，以期获得的结果能够为甜高粱汁工业化生产酒精提供参考数据。通过本论文的研究，得到以下初步结果： 1. 在甜高粱汁培养基中，酒精酵母YY的对数生长期在8-20h之间，此时菌体的生长繁殖比较旺盛，活力最佳，为辐照诱变的最佳时期。辐照后，菌体的存活率随辐照剂量的增加呈现出逐渐衰减的趋势。 2. 红四氮唑TTC是一种无色显色指示剂，活菌中所含的脱氢酶可将它还原成红色，因此可以根据菌落呈色的深浅判断酵母菌产酒精能力的高低，从而挑选出产酒能力较高的菌株。本试验用TTC双层培养基法初步筛选出了利用甜高粱汁发酵生产酒精能力较强的T4酵母菌株。 3. 对影响T4菌发酵甜高粱汁生产酒精的几个主要因素（甜高粱汁糖度、接种量、温度、pH、无机盐）进行了初步探讨研究，得出了T4菌发酵甜高粱汁生产酒精的最适条件为：甜高粱汁糖度22%，接种量10%，温度30oC,pH 4.5 ,无机盐加入量为:（NH4）2SO4 1g/L，KH2PO4 5g/L，MgSO4 3g/L。 4. 对发酵条件进行优化后的中试结果显示：出发菌株YY发酵甜高粱汁的时间为36h，酒精产量为8.6% (V/V) ，而T4突变菌甜高粱汁发酵液中的最终酒精含量可以达到9.8%，发酵时间仅为24h。因此，T4菌在工业应用中很有前景

不同水肥条件对马铃薯肥料N利用率的影响

在旱棚控制条件下 ,用五因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计 ,研究了水肥施用分配 ,补水量 ,施N量 ,施K量 ,有机肥施用量的综合作用效应 .结果表明 ,五因素对肥料N利用率的作用顺序为施N量 >补水量>水肥施用分配 >有机肥施用量 >施K量 .水肥施用分配相对于不同水、化肥 (N、K )、有机肥量的选择 ,可以大大地提高肥料N利用率 ;量少应重前施用 ,量多重后施或均施为好 .补水量与施N量的耦合规律为 :高水高肥效果最佳 ,肥料N利用率可达 5 7 83 % ,中水中N及低水低N次之 ,为 2 9 17%～ 40 99% ;高水低N或低水高N导致最低的利用率 ,为 2 2 87%或 2 2 5 1%

不同灌水量和灌水周期对滴灌马铃薯生长及产量的影响

通过对不同灌水量及不同灌水间隔时间的马铃薯生长状况进行大田滴灌试验,研究马铃薯适宜的灌水定额及灌水周期,以求达到节水、增产的目的。试验结果表明:马铃薯滴灌时,灌水量越大,灌水周期越短,株高越高;茎粗开始衰减的时间比株高要早十几天,且衰减幅度比株高要大。灌水周期最短的处理茎粗却并不是最大,在180 m3/hm2的灌水定额下,灌水周期为5天的处理茎粗值最大。在相同的灌水量下,灌水间隔时间越短的处理马铃薯淀粉含量越高。灌水定额越小,灌水周期对产量的影响就越大;而当灌水定额一定时,灌水周期越短,产量越高;灌水定额为90 m3/hm2,灌水周期为3天的处理产量最高,为28 260 kg/hm2,比7天1灌的处理每公顷产量高出达10 350 kg。