Structural and Magnetic Properties of Sm Implanted GaN

The structural and magnetic properties of Sm ion-implanted GaN with different Sm concentrations are investigated. XRD results do not show any peaks associated with second phase formation. Magnetic investigations performed by superconducting quantum interference device reveal ferromagnetic behavior with an ordering temperature above room temperature in all the implanted samples, while the effective magnetic moment per Sm obtained from saturation magnetization gives a much higher value than the atomic moment of Sm. These results could be explained by the phenomenological model proposed by Dhar et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(2005) 037205, Phys. Rev. B 72(2005) 245203] in terms of a long-range spin polarization of the GaN matrix by the Sm atoms.

Influence of exotic Mn on magnetic properties of YCo5.0-xMnxGa7.0 (0.05 <= x <= 3.0)

The YCo5.0-xMnxGa7.0 compounds crystallize with the ScFe6Ga6-type structure. The lattice of YCo5.0-xMnxGa7.0 expands with the increase of the Mn content for 0.05 <= x <= 2.5, but the lattice of YCo2.0Mn3.0Ga7.0 shrinks compared with YCo2.5Mn2.5Ga7.0. The shrinkage of the lattice is attributed to the magnetostriction of YCo2.0Mn3.0Ga7.0. The substitution of Mn for Co forms magnetic clusters in the antiferromagnetic matrix. The magnetic frustration results in the spin-glass-like behavior for 0.8 <= x <= 1.5 and the difference between zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) magnetizations for x = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0. A stable long-range magnetic ordering appears among the Mn-centered magnetic clusters with the ordering temperature 110 K for x = 2.0. The hump in the thermomagnetization of YCo3.0Mn2.0Ga7.0 can be attributed to the competitive effects between the thermal fluctuation and the enhanced magnetic interaction. Both the hump and the bifurcation between the ZFC and the FC magnetizations of YCo3.0Mn2.0Ga7.0 occur at lower temperatures as the applied field increases. On the two-step magnetization curve of YCo3.0Mn2.0Ga7.0, the inflection point at 4000 Oe is due to the coercive field, and the magnetic moments in the clusters are tilted to the applied field above 4000 Oe. The magnetic ordering temperature is further increased to 210 K for x = 2.5 and to 282 K for x = 3.0. The spontaneous magnetization of YCo2.0Mn3.0Ga7.0 is 0.575 mu B/f.u. at 5 K with a canted magnetic structure.

Structure and magnetic properties of ScFe6Ga6-type RCo5Ga7 (R = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er)

The structure and magnetic properties of the RCo5Ga7 (R = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er) compounds with the ScFe6Ga6-type structure have been studied. The stability of RCo5Ga7 is closely related with the ratio of the metal radii R-RE/R-(Co,R-Ga). With R-RE/R-(Co,R-Ga) less than or equal to 1.36, the compounds can be stabilized in the ScFe6Ga6-type structure. The lattice of RCo5Ga7 shrinks as the atomic order of R increases, and it is consistent with the lanthanide contraction. The structure analysis based on X-ray diffraction patterns reveals that in the orthorhombic RCo5Ga7 (Immm), R occupies the 2a site, and Co enters into the 8k and the 4h sites, and Ga is at the 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h and 8k sites. The interatomic distances and the coordination numbers of RCo5Ga7 are provided from the refinement results. The short interatomic distance (less than 2.480 Angstrom) between the Co ions results in the negative magnetic interaction, which does not favor ferromagnetic ordering. The magnetic moment of YCo5Ga7 is absent, and RCo5Ga7 (R = Tb, Dy, Ho and Er) may have long-range magnetic ordering with the paramagnetic Curie temperature lower than 5 K. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ordered InAs quantum dots with controllable periods grown on stripe-patterned GaAs substrates

GaAs (001) substrates are patterned by electron beam lithography and wet chemical etching to control the nucleation of InAs quantum dots (QDs). InAs dots are grown on the stripe-patterned substrates by solid source molecular beam epitaxy, A thick buffer layer is deposited on the strip pattern before the deposition of InAs. To enhance the surface diffusion length of the In atoms, InAs is deposited with low growth rate and low As pressure. The AFM images show that distinct one-dimensionally ordered InAs QDs with homogeneous size distribution are created, and the QDs preferentially nucleate along the trench. With the increasing amount of deposited InAs and the spacing of the trenches, a number of QDs are formed beside the trenches. The distribution of additional QDs is long-range ordered, always along the trenchs rather than across the spacing regions.

Enhanced photoresponse from the ordered microstructure of naphthalocyanine-carbon nanotube composite film

Naphthalocyanine-sensitized multi-walled carbon nanotube (NaPc-MWNT) composites have been synthesized through the pi-stacking between naphthalocyanine (NaPc) and carbon nanotubes. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and by UV - vis absorption and photocurrent spectra. The long-range ordering was observed in the NaPc - MWNT composites by using a TEM. The enhancement in the absorption intensity and the broadening of the absorption wavelength observed in the composite films, which were due to the attachment of NaPc on the MWNT surface, is discussed based on the measured UV - vis absorption spectra. Furthermore, the photoconductivity of the poly( 3-hexylthiophene)(PAT6) - NaPc - MWNT composite film was found to increase remarkably in the visible region and broaden towards the red regions. These new phenomena were ascribed to the larger donor/acceptor (D/A) interface and the formation of a biconsecutive D/A network structure, as discussed in consideration of the photoinduced charge transfer between PAT6 and NaPc - MWNT.

Quantum computation with coupled quantum dots embedded in optical microcavities

Based on an idea that spatial separation of charge states can enhance quantum coherence, we propose a scheme for a quantum computation with the quantum bit (qubit) constructed from two coupled quantum dots. Quantum information is stored in the electron-hole pair state with the electron and hole located in different dots, which enables the qubit state to be very long-lived. Universal quantum gates involving any pair of qubits are realized by coupling the quantum dots through the cavity photon which is a hopeful candidate for the transfer of long-range information. The operation analysis is carried out by estimating the gate time versus the decoherence time.

Mechanism of induced reaction during XPS depth profile measurements of CeO2/Si films grown by ion beam epitaxy

In a search for the mechanism of the induced reduction reaction that occurred in X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles measured experimentally on CeO2/Si epilayers grown by ion beam epitaxy (IBE), several possibilities have been checked. The first possibility, that the X-ray induces the reaction, has been ruled out by experimentation. Other possible models for the incident-ion induced reaction, one based on short-range interaction (direct collision) and the other based on long-range potential accompanied with the incident-ions, have been tested by simulation on computer. The results proved that the main mechanism is the former, not the latter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Brownian dynamics simulation of the crystallization dynamics of charged colloidal particles

Crystal formation process of charged colloidal particles is investigated using Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. The particles are assumed to interact with the pair-additive repulsive Yukawa potential. The time evolution of crystallization process and the crystal structure during the simulation are characterized by means of the radial distribution functions (RDF) and mean square displacement (MSD). The simulations show that when the interaction is featured with long-range, particles can spontaneously assemble into body-centered-cubic (BCC) arrays at relatively low particle number density. When the interaction is short-ranged, with increasing the number density particles become trapped into a stagnant disordered configuration before the crystallization could be actualized. The simulations further show that as long as the trapped configurations are bypassed, the face-centered-cubic (FCC) structures can be achieved and are actually more stable than BCC structures. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Higher Moments of Net Proton Multiplicity Distributions at RHIC

200 GeV corresponding to baryon chemical potentials (mu(B)) between 200 and 20 MeV. Our measurements of the products kappa sigma(2) and S sigma, which can be related to theoretical calculations sensitive to baryon number susceptibilities and long-range correlations, are constant as functions of collision centrality. We compare these products with results from lattice QCD and various models without a critical point and study the root s(NN) dependence of kappa sigma(2). From the measurements at the three beam energies, we find no evidence for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram for mu(B) below 200 MeV.

重离子耗散反应中的长程关联

本论文介绍了重离子耗散反应产物激发函数中能量结构研究的概况及相关的理论模型，描述了重离子耗散反应激发函数测量实验的基本技术和数据分析方法，并着重分析了19F+27Al耗散反应产物激发函数之间的关联特性。重离子耗散反应产物激发函数的涨落结构研究，是分析重离子耗散反应中各物理量随时间的演化过程的有效方法。本论文报道了实验室系110.25―118.75MeV 19F+27Al耗散反应产物激发函数测量的实验结果，通过对激发函数的涨落结构进行关联函数分析，结合有关理论模型，探讨了耗散反应产物激发函数的能量结构的物理本质。 19F+27Al耗散反应中，不同角度测量到的类弹产物的激发函数之间存在强烈的关联，当出射产物在质心系180±对称时，这种关联有一个极大值。以“时间―功率谱”方法分析数据，运用态叠加原理和宇称守恒在弹靶核组成的中间双核系统的演化过程中，可以合理地解释观测到的实验现象，阐述耗散反应中长程角度关联的物理本质。 19F+27Al耗散反应中，同一角度测量到的不同类弹产物的激发函数之间也存在着强烈的关联。这种关联随着耗散程度的加深而减弱，它与耗散反应的“弛豫”过程是一致的。耗散反应中的这种关联起源于弹靶核组成的中间双核系统中不同角动量之间的干涉以及中间双核系统极其缓慢的退相干过程

二维无关联振子系统的量子化及能谱中长程关联的理论分析

量子经典对应是人们一直关心的基本问题．早期的WKB量子论及其推广EBK理论分别给出了一维及多维可积系统周期轨道的作用量量子化条件，但是，这些理论都没有明确的给出周期轨道与量子能级之间的对应关系．另一方面，近年来，人们在数值计算中发现量子能谱中存在着与周期轨道有紧密联系的长程关联，但是目前对长程关联的研究大多局限于数值计算，其背后的动力学原因有待进一步的探讨。应用二维无关联振子系统具有的标度不变性，对量子态密度进行Fourier变换，得到二维无关联振子系统的回归函数．另一方面，在有理环面上积分Hamiltonian运动方程，数值计算给出二维无关联四次振子系统的半经典回归谱。对二维无关联四次振子系统的量子回归谱和经典回归谱进行比较，量子和经典回归谱中的峰(显示了能级之间存在着长程关联)的位置大致一定验证了Berry-Tabor求迹公式的有效性。从可积系统的Be：rry-Tabor公式出发，导出了二维可积系统周期轨道作用量量子化条件，考虑有理环面上周期轨道必须满足的周期性条件，找到了量子能级与经典周期轨道之间的对应关系．这一对应关系表明，二维无关联振子系统的一组能级与一组周期轨道之间存在着一一对应关系。这组能级对应的周期轨道具有相同的拓扑，但每条周期轨道对应的系统能量等于它所对应的量子能级。进一步的，我们用二维无关联振子系统的量子经典对应关系去分析量子能谱中的长程关联。分析表明，当二维无关联振子系统回归函数中的作用量取某一系统能量下某一周期轨道的作用量的值时，那些与这一周期轨道拓扑相同的周期轨道对应的量子能级对回归函数的贡献相干。这些具有相同拓扑的周期轨道对应的量子能级间存在着长程关联。

Collisional quantum interference effect on rotational energy transfer in an atom-diatom system

The theoretical model of collisional quantum interference (CQI) in intramolecular rotational energy transfer is described in an atom-diatom system, based on the first Born approximation of time-dependent perturbation theory and considering a long-range interaction potential. The relation between differential and integral interference angles is obtained. For the CO A(1)Pi (v = 0)/e(3)Sigma (-)(v = 1)-He collision system, the calculated integral interference angles are consistent with the experimental values. The physical significance of interference angle and the essential factors it depends on as well as the influence of the short-range interaction on CQI are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

特大洪灾后对中国生态环境问题的思考

分析了洪灾之后中国经济发展面临的主要环境问题和退化症结 ,根据 2 0 10年远景目标的要求 ,提出了“提高环保认识 ,开展生态建设 ,控制环境污染”的综合整治对策 ,为中国制定生态环境规划提供基本思路。

Effects of pH on the Interactions and Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin: Comparison between Chemical Force Microscopy and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The conformation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as its interactions with negatively charged mica surfaces in saline solutions of different pH values, have been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and chemical force microscopy (CFM), respectively. A new approach to extract the contribution of elementary interactions from the statistically averaged force-extension curves through self-consistent fitting was proposed and used to understand the effects of pH on the interactions and conformation of BSA in saline solutions. When pH increases, the SANS results reveal that the sizes of BSA molecules increase slightly, while the statistical analysis of the CFM results shows that the averaged pull-off force for the elongation monotonously decreases. The decrease of pull-off force with the increase of pH results from the decrease in the strength of hydrogen bonding and the number of interaction pairs, as well as the slight increase of the strength of van der Waals interaction. When pH approaches the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA, results from both SANS and CFM suggest a loss of long-range interactions in BSA molecules. Our results also suggest that the force-extension curve is mainly contributed by the van der Waals interaction. The combination of SANS and CFM provides new insight to understand the interactions and conformation of BSA molecules