Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, Peru

Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

黄土高原沟壑区农户土地利用结构变化与效益分析

通过对长武王东沟村农户土地利用结构及经济收入的详细调查,揭示了2007年王东沟小流域不同收入类型农户的土地利用结构现状、1998-2007年的土地利用结构变化情况、产业结构和投入产出情况及其经济效益等。结果表明当前农户最主要的土地利用方式是果园和耕地,收入的主要来源是工副业和果业,各类型间农户收入及其构成差异显著。不同收入水平农户的效益差异与有自然条件、管理水平及劳动力水平等因素有关。提出王东沟小流域应结合目前政策形势调整农户种植结构,合理配置土地资源,发展第三产业以提高经济收入等建议。

中性芳烃稀士氯化铝配合物的合成及结构

本论文工作以非Fisher-Hafner方法，即由LnCl_3、AlCl_3、和C_6Me_6在甲苯中直接反应的方法，合成了一系列中性芳烃稀土氯化铝配合物Ln(III)(C_6Me_6)(AlCl_4)_3·CH_3C_6H_5，其中Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb。并对这些配合物进行了元素分析，此外光谱分析和水解色一质谱分析。发现配合物中配体的特征吸收与游离的配体一致，表明配合物中配体与中心离子的作用较弱，其成键机制和中心离子与负π环成乙烯基配体的作用不同。测定了Yb(C_6Me_6)(AlCl_4)_3·CH_3C_6H_5的晶体结构。其结构与Cotton报道的在Fisher-Hafner还原条件下合成的中性配合物为同物。改变LnCl_3与AlCl_3的反应摩尔比，即当EuCl_3和AlCl_3的摩尔比为1:1时，与C_6Me_6在甲苯中反应，首次合成了中性芳烃与核二价稀土氯化铝配合物[Eu_2(II)(AlCl_4)_4(C_6Me_6)_2]_n。并对其作了红外光谱分析，元素分析，色一质谱分析，激光光谱，荧光光谱，电子解谱分析，以及X-射线晶体结构测定。配合物中配体C_6Me_6的特征吸收与游离的C_6Me_6一致，表明中心离子与配体之间的作用较弱。配合物的激光光谱。荧光光谱以及电子解谱证明中心稀土离子的价态为二价。由于该配合物的合成，极大地丰实了中性芳烃稀土配合物的内容，可以预计，中性芳烃稀土配合物的类型远远不止于目前文献上报道的稀土为零价的Gd(But_3C_6H_3)_2和中心稀土离子为三价的Ln(III)(C_6Me_6)(AlCl_4)_3两种结构，随着研究工作的深入，必将有适与新型的中性芳烃稀土配合物合成出来。

中性芳烃烯土氯化铝配合物的合成结构及催化反应性能

本文以经铝粉活化的AlCl_3与无水氯化稀土在芳烃溶剂中反应，分离到了一系列含有不同芳烃配体的中性芳烃稀土氯化铝配合物。对这些配合物进行了元素分析和水解色谱分析，证实了配合物的组成。这是迄今为止继Cotton 报道的S_m(C_6Me_6)(AlCl_4)_3之后仅有的溶液中合成的芳烃配合物的例子。对配合物进行了红外、校磁共振谱的测定，发现配合物中配合体的特征吸收和化学位移与游函的配体一致，说明配合物中配体与中心金属函子的作用较弱。对典型的配合物进行了X－射线晶体结构测定。对含相同中心函子不同配体的配合物结构研究发现，在配体与中心金属函子的作用中，电子效应和空间效应同时反方向起作用，即电子效应加强配体与中心金属函子的作用，空间效应阻碍配体与中心金属离子作用。这两种作大约在二甲基苯为配体时达到平衡。其后，随着电子性的甲基增多，两种效应对配体与中心金属离子作用的影响相互抵消。同时对含有相同配体不同中心金属离子的配合物的结构研究中发现，中心金属离子对配合物的结构没有明显的影响，其键参数的差别主要来自离子半径的变化。对配合物的电子结构进行了研究。对S_m(CH_3C_6H_6)(AlCl_4)_3的INDO计算表明：1．配体甲苯环上电子云密度有所下降，并且邻、对位下降幅度较间位大、六个环上C原子电子云分布与游离和甲苯比较差别缩小。2．环上H原子的电子云密度降低，说明配位对环上H原子有一定的活化作用。3．中心离子的正电荷下降。中心稀土离子主要以5d、6s、6p参与成键。用L_a(C_6H_6)(AlCl_4)_3和Nd(C_6H_6)(AlCl_4)_3作催化剂研究了苯与已烯－1的烷基化反应，发现配合物的催化活性比相应的氯化稀土大，这可能是由于配合物的生成使Zn~(3+)在芳烃菏剂中可以均相存在，因而提高了催化剂的活性。另外发现，反应在较低产率即达到平衡，这可能是存在着已烯－1与苯在催化剂上的络合一释络平衡。

新疆策勒棉花节水与特高产栽培技术

该文通过田间观测研究，查明了绿洲棉花需水耗水规律，建立了高产棉田节水和高效用水技术体系.通过对密植条件下棉花生态适应性的研究，创立了双株双层立体栽培模式和相应配套技术，使皮棉产量达到了3,859.5kg.hm<'-2>，比普通棉田产量翻了一番，也创造了皮棉单产的世界纪录.试验结果表明，普通棉田传统灌溉量高达770.0mm，水分利用效率仅为0.10kg.m<'-3>，而研究得出的普通栽培模式的优化灌溉定额仅为362.3mm，其优化分配方案为播种期90.0mm、苗期51.0mm、蕾期76.5mm、花铃期85.1mm、吐絮期59.6mm，水分利用效率达到0.22kg.m<'-3>.特高产栽培模式的水分利用效率高达0.50kg.m<'-3>.连续三年的高产实践证明，该高产模式不仅具有在不降低皮棉品质的前提下保证高产的先进性，而且还具有良好的可重现性.“双株双层”结构的形成是棉花特高产栽培技术的核心.由选用良种、蹲苗密植、化控塑型、植保防病、配方施肥和节水灌溉等配套技术组成的技术体系是实现棉花特高产的关键.

变水处理与短期遮荫对作物水分利用效率的影响

变水处理与短期遮荫对棉花水分利用效率的影响研究表明 ,在充分供水 -水分胁迫 -复水的变水处理过程中 ,短期遮荫使净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率降低 ;光照 -遮荫 -光照期间 ,总的水分利用效率以水分胁迫的最高 ,充分供水的次之 ,复水处理最低 ,其中遮荫 40 %的水分利用效率高于遮荫 75%的处理 .回归分析表明 ,水分利用效率与光合速率表现出极显著正相关 ,两者回归直线的斜率随水分胁迫而增大 ,而水分利用效率与蒸腾速率的关系较弱 ,多数处理两者相关达不到显著水平

利用城乡废弃资源提高土壤保水保肥功能

以生活炉渣、建筑废料、生物秸秆等城乡废弃资源为原料,制备一种面向节水农业的环保新产品———土壤扩蓄增容肥.实验结果表明:在棉花苗期,6种土壤扩蓄增容肥配方的节水效果较土对照高300倍,干物质积累增加4.77%~50.00%.6种配方的皮棉产量均比对照高,增产幅度为4.70%~14.25%,纤维物理性状有所改善.产量高低顺序依次是,玉米秸秆>小麦秸秆>生活炉渣>秸秆木炭>建筑废料>煤矸石>CK.利用城乡废弃资源生产的扩蓄增容剂,不仅能改良土壤物理和化学性状,更是棉花增产、优质、节水、降低生产成本的关键技术措施之一,具有显著的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益.

激光微地貌扫描仪的开发研制及在坡面侵蚀研究应用初步

利用光线的反射与聚焦成象原理 ,将地表高程转换成不同物象点位置的电信号 ,再经计算机处理成数字高程模型 ,即形成用于获取地表糙度数字高程模型的激光微地貌扫描仪。实验测量得到 :在相同初始条件下 ,不同坡度土槽放水和降雨实验后地表形态的数字地形模型。通过对侵蚀地表形态的分析 ,得出坡度对坡面侵蚀及沟蚀影响的某些初步规律。

黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响

通过对苹果地、农田和其他塬面主要土地利用方式的比较研究 ,发现苹果地土壤入渗速率大、降雨产流率低和存在生物利用型土壤干层。这些水文学性质将增强土壤 -植物 -大气间垂直水分交换 ,削弱降雨转化为地表径流和地下水的比例 ,最终影响区域地表和地下水资源的数量。另外土壤干层的出现还削弱了土壤水库对年际和季节性干旱的调节作用 ,导致苹果产量随降雨量的自然变化呈现较大波动

黄土高原沟沿线的廊道防蚀效应探析

在分析黄土高原地区的沟沿线、沟沿线上下沟间地和沟谷地土壤侵蚀特征、小流域泥沙来源、坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的基础上,结合廊道的生态功能和以往的研究结果,认为在沟沿线的上部建立草灌与整地工程措施相结合的植物廊道,来拦蓄阻截沟间地的来水来沙,可使流域的土壤侵蚀量减少54．5%～77．0%。

蔬菜温室土壤某些化学性质的演变特征

To explore the changes of soil chemical properties in vegetable greenhouse,a comparative study was carried out with the samples gathered from vegetable greenhouse fields and their adjacent upland fields in Damintun Town,Xinming County,Liaoning Province.The results showed that compared with upland fields,the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in greenhouse fields increased significantly.At the depth of 0～30 cm,soil organic carbon in greenhouses of 1-,4-and 10-year increased by 31.09%,35.44%,and 66.80%,respectively,compared with the upland soil.Soil nitrate content at the depth of 0～30 cm in greenhouse fields was 5.05～12.49 times as much as that in upland fields.The nitrate content in different soil layers increased with the increasing age of greenhouse field.,e.g.,at the depth of 20～30 cm,soil nitrate content was significantly higher in 10-year than in 1-and 4-year greenhouse field,with an increase of 65.73% and 50.89%,respectively,and 6.55 times as much as that in upland field,which indicated that soil nitrate transported downwards,and obviously enriched in deeper soil layers under heavy application of fertilizer.Also with the increasing age of greenhouse field,soil pH decreased,while soil soluble salts accumulated.

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Cellulose-Based Materials through a Solution-Immersion Process

An industrial waterproof reagent [(potassium methyl siliconate) (PMS)] was used for fabricating a superhydrophobic surface on a cellulose-based material (cotton fabric or paper) through a solution-immersion method. This method involves a hydrogen bond assembly and a polycondensation process. The silanol, which was formed by a reaction of PMS aqueous solution with CO2, Was assembled on the cellulose molecule surface via hydrogen bond interactions. The polymethylsilsesquioxane coatings were prepared by a polycondensation reaction of the hydroxyl between cellulose and silatiol. The superhydrophobic cellulose materials were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and surface analysis (XPS, FESEM, AFM, and contact angle measurements).

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopic study of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c and its mutant

The structural stability and redox properties of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c and its mutant, F82H, were studied by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy. Phenylalanine, which exists at the position-82 in yeast iso-1-cytochrome c, is replaced by histidine in the mutant. The SERRS spectra of the proteins on the bare silver electrodes indicate that the mutant possesses a more stable global structure with regard to the adsorption-induced conformational alteration. The redox potential of the mutant negatively shifts by about 400 mV, relative to that of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. This is ascribed to axial ligand switching and higher solvent accessibility of the heme iron in the mutant during the redox reactions.

Asymmetric polymerization of menthyl methacrylate by anionic catalysts

In this paper, (-)menthyl methacrylate((-)MnMA) was polymerized at -78degreesC in toluene with three types of anionic catalysts, which were complexes of fluorenyllithium with (-)sparteine -((-)-Sp), (S, S)-(+)-2, 3-dimethoxy-1, 4-bis(dimethylamino)butane((+)DDB) and N,N,N,N'-tetramethylethylenediamine(TMEDA), and the chiral optical property of the obtained polymer was studied. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the polymer showed negative Cotton effect.