Solving MIN UR problem by triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques

In this paper, as an extension of minimum unsatisfied linear relations problem (MIN ULR), the minimum unsatisfied relations (MIN UR) problem is investigated. A triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques is proposed for MIN UR problem. Different with algorithms in literature, it solves MIN problem directly, rather than transforming it into many sub-problems. The proposed algorithm is also applicable for the special case of MIN UR, in which it involves some mandatory relations. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective for MIN UR problem and it outperforms Sadegh's algorithm in sense of the resulted minimum inconsistency number, even though the test problems are linear.

Finite element analysis on stresses field of normalized layer thickness within ceramic coating on aluminized steel

Multilayer ceramic coatings were fabricated on steel substrate using a combined technique of hot dipping aluminum(HDA) and plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO). A triangle of normalized layer thickness was created for describing thickness ratios of HDA/PEO coatings. Then, the effect of thickness ratio on stresses field of HDA/PEO coatings subjected to uniform normal contact load was investigated by finite element method. Results show that the surface tensile stress is mainly affected by the thickness ratio of Al layer when the total thickness of coating is unchanged. With the increase of A] layer thickness, the surface tensile stress rises quickly. When Al2O3 layer thickness increases, surface tensile stress is diminished. 'Meanwhile, the maximum shear stress moves rapidly towards internal part of HDA/PEO coatings. Shear stress at the Al2O3/Al interface is minimal when Al2O3 layer and Al layer have the same thickness.

Numerical-Value Perturbation Method with Application of Solving Convective-Diffusion Integral Equation

The convective--diffusion equation is of primary importance in such fields as fluid dynamics and heat transfer hi the numerical methods solving the convective-diffusion equation, the finite volume method can use conveniently diversified grids (structured and unstructured grids) and is suitable for very complex geometry The disadvantage of FV methods compared to the finite difference method is that FV-methods of order higher than second are more difficult to develop in three-dimensional cases. The second-order central scheme (2cs) offers a good compromise among accuracy, simplicity and efficiency, however, it will produce oscillatory solutions when the grid Reynolds numbers are large and then very fine grids are required to obtain accurate solution. The simplest first-order upwind (IUW) scheme satisfies the convective boundedness criteria, however. Its numerical diffusion is large. The power-law scheme, QMCK and second-order upwind (2UW) schemes are also often used in some commercial codes. Their numerical accurate are roughly consistent with that of ZCS. Therefore, it is meaningful to offer higher-accurate three point FV scheme. In this paper, the numerical-value perturbational method suggested by Zhi Gao is used to develop an upwind and mixed FV scheme using any higher-order interpolation and second-order integration approximations, which is called perturbational finite volume (PFV) scheme. The PFV scheme uses the least nodes similar to the standard three-point schemes, namely, the number of the nodes needed equals to unity plus the face-number of the control volume. For instanc6, in the two-dimensional (2-D) case, only four nodes for the triangle grids and five nodes for the Cartesian grids are utilized, respectively. The PFV scheme is applied on a number of 1-D problems, 2~Dand 3-D flow model equations. Comparing with other standard three-point schemes, The PFV scheme has much smaller numerical diffusion than the first-order upwind (IUW) scheme, its numerical accuracy are also higher than the second-order central scheme (2CS), the power-law scheme (PLS), the QUICK scheme and the second-order upwind(ZUW) scheme.

Efficient excitations of radially and azimuthally polarized Nd 3+:YAG ceramic microchip laser by use of subwavelength multilayer concentric gratings composed of Nb2O5/SiO2

Cylindrical vector beams were produced from laser diode end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic microchip laser by use of two types of subwavelength multilayer gratings as the axisymmetric-polarization output couplers respectively. The grating mirrors are composed of high- and low-refractive-index (Nb2O5/SiO2) layers alternately while each layer is shaped into triangle and concentric corrugations. For radially polarized laser output, the beam power reached 610mW with a polarization extinction ratio ( PER) of 61: 1 and a slope efficiency of 68.2%; for azimuthally polarized laser output, the beam power reached 626mW with a PER of 58: 1 and a slope efficiency of 47.6%. In both cases, the laser beams had near-diffraction limited quality. Small differences of beam power, PER and slope efficiency between radially and azimuthally polarized laser outputs were not critical, and could be minimized by further optimized adjustment to laser cavity and the reflectances of respective grating mirrors. The results manifested, by use of the photonic crystal gratings mirrors and end-pumped microchip laser configuration, CVBs can be generated efficiently with high modal symmetry and polarization purity. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

提拉法Tm：YAG晶体的生长缺陷研究

采用提拉法(CZ)生长了质量优异的Tm：YAG晶体．部分晶片在1000℃的空气气氛中退火25h．借助光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，结合化学腐蚀法，对Tm：YAG晶体退火前后(111)面的缺陷特征进行了研究．Tm：YAG晶体(111)面的位错腐蚀坑呈三角形．在偏光显微镜下观察了退火前后Tm：YAG晶体(111)面的应力双折射．同时应用高分辨X射线衍射法测定了晶体的完整性．实验结果表明，长时间空气气氛下高温退火有效降低了晶体中总的位错密度，提高了晶体质量．

r面白宝石单晶的温梯法生长及缺陷研究

本文描述使用温梯法（TGT）生长（1-↑102）方向的白宝石单晶，应用X射线双晶摇摆曲线（XRC）测定了晶体内部的完整性，再利用KOH熔体腐蚀出样品的r面（1-↑102）上的位错蚀坑，借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行观察，发现r面白宝石的位错腐蚀坑呈等腰三角形，并且有台阶状结构，并分析了位错的成因。

Nd：YAG激光器光栅式扫描预处理的计算模拟与优化分析

采用计算模拟的方法．研究了光栅式扫描预处理的扫描方式以及脉冲能量波动、定位误差对预处理效率的影响。研究发现。脉冲能量波动及其定位误差使预处理效率降低，同时其影响与扫描方式之间存在相互调制作用．因此可以通过选择合适的扫描方式以及扫描间隔来优化预处理流程，提高预处理效率。此外发现，光斑呈等边三角形排列时的预处理效率优于正方形。

Isolation and cDNA cloning of cholecystokinin from the skin of Rana nigrovittata

Many neuroendocrine peptides that are distributed in amphibian gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are also found in amphibian skins, and these peptides are classified into skin-gut-brain triangle peptides, such as bombesins, gastrin-releasi

Maintenance of Multifemale Social Organization in a Group of Nomascus concolor at Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China

Many short-term studies have reported groups of black crested gibbons containing >= 2 adult females (Nomascus concolor). We report the stability of multifemale groups in this species over a period of 6 yr. Our focal group and 2 neighboring groups included 2 breeding females between March 2003 and June 2009. We also habituated 1 multifemale group to observers and present detailed information concerning their social relationships over a 9-mo observation period. We investigated interindividual distances and agonistic behavior among the 5 group members. The spatial relationship between the 3 adult members (1 male, 2 females) formed an equilateral triangle. A subadult male was peripheral to the focal group, while a juvenile male maintained a closer spatial relationship with the adult members. We observed little agonistic behavior among the adult members. The close spatial relationship and lack of high rates of agonistic behavior among females suggest that the benefits of living in a multifemale group were equal to or greater than the costs for both females, given their ecological and social circumstances. The focal group occupied a large home range that was likely to provide sufficient food sources for the 2 females and their offspring. Between March 2003 and June 2009, 1 adult female gave 2 births and the other one gave 1 birth. All individuals in the focal group survived to June 2009. A long-term comparative study focused on females living in multifemale groups and females living in pair-living groups would provide insight into understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of the social system in gibbons.

Balitora nantingensis (Teleostei : Balitoridae), a new hillstream loach from Salween drainage in Yunnan, Southwestern China

A new species of hillstream loach genus Balitora Gray is discovered from Nanting River drainage, which drains to Salween, Yongde County, Yunnan, China. Balitora nantingensis can be distinguished from B. lancangjiangensis by a triangle-like blotch in nape absent vs. present; area from halfway of pelvicfin ray to anus covered by scales vs. no scales in this area; the first pectoral ray thickened vs. not; posterior end of pelvic-fin surpasses middle point from posterior end of pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin vs. the end from posterior extremity of pelvic-fins to anus; fewer lateral line scales, 59-64 vs. 66-70; slightly longer head, SL 4.2-5.1 (4.6) times of HL vs. 5.0-5.9 (5.4); slightly larger eyes, HL 4.0-6.4 (5. 1) times of eye diameter vs. 5.5-7.5 (6.3). Balitora nantingensis can be distinguished from B. burmanica by body rounded vs. slender in dorsal view; pointed snout vs. blunt in dorsal view; a deeper body, body depth 12.5-16.9% of SL vs. 10-12%; a deeper caudal-peduncle, length of caudal-peduncle 2.0-2.8 times of its depth vs. 3.0-4.2; a shorter caudal-peduncle, 14.3-15.6% of SL vs. 16-21%; the average ratio of body width at pelvic-fin origin and distance between inner pelvic-fin base 2.0 vs. 3.4; body width 1.1-1.5 times of body depth vs. 1.5-1.6; posterior end of pelvic-fin almost one or slight more than one eye diameter from anus vs. closet to anus; outside rays of pelvic-fin extend more posteriorly than inside rays and make posterior outline of fin acclivitous and straight vs. the outside ones almost equal to the inside ones and make the fin slightly convex.

Mode Simulation for Midinfrared Microsquare Resonators With Sloped Sidewalls and Confined Metals

EQUILATERAL-TRIANGLE; MU-M; LASERS; MICROLASERS; MICRODISK Abstract: Mode characteristics for midinfrared microsquare resonators with sloped sidewalls and confined metal layers are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) techniques. For a microsquare with a side length of 10 mu m, the mode quality (Q)-factors of 8329, 4772, and 2053 are obtained for TM5,7 mode at wavelength 7.1 mu m by three-dimensional FDTD simulations, as the tilting angles of the side walls are 90 degrees, 88 degrees, and 86 degrees, respectively. Furthermore, microsquare resonators laterally surrounded by SiO2 and metal layers are investigated by the two-dimensional FDTD technique for the metal layers of Au, Ti-Au, Ag-Au, and Ti-Ag-Au, respectively.

Investigation on multiple-port microcylinder lasers based on coupled modes

Microcylinder resonators with multiple ports connected to waveguides are investigated by 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation for realizing microlasers with multiple outputs. For a 10 mu m radius microcylinder with a refractive index of 3.2 and three 2 mu m wide waveguides, confined mode at the wavelength of 1542.3 nm can have a mode Q factor of 6.7 x 10(4) and an output coupling efficiency of 0.76. AlGaInAs/InP microcylinder lasers with a radius of 10 mu m and a 2 mu m wide output waveguide are fabricated by planar processing techniques. Continuous-wave electrically injected operation is realized with a threshold current of 4 mA at room temperature, and the jumps of output power are observed accompanying a lasing mode transformation.

Analysis of mode characteristics for equilateral-polygonal resonators with a center hole

Mode characteristics for equilateral triangles, squares, and hexagonal resonators with a center hole are numerically simulated by the finite-different time domain (FDTD) technique. The center hole does not break the symmetry behavior of the original resonators and can result in modification of the mode field patterns and mode Q factors. In an equilateral triangle resonator the center hole can suppress the symmetry state of degenerate states with the merit of single mode operation. In a square resonator, the Q factor can be enhanced for some modes with a suitable size of the hole. For a hexagonal resonator with a side length of 1 mu m and a refractive index of 3.2, the mode Q factors first gradually decrease with the increase of the hole diameter for modes at a wavelength of about 1500 nm, then the modes transform to that of a microdisk with a jump of the mode wavelength as the hole diameter approaches 0.7 mu m. Finally, the mode Q factors greatly enhance as the hole diameter reaches about 1 mu m. The results indicate that the center hole can greatly modify mode characteristics, especially that of the mode Q factor. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Whispering-gallery microcavity semiconductor lasers suitable for photonic integrated circuits and optical interconnects

The characteristics of whispering-gallery-like modes in the equilateral triangle and square microresonators are introduced, including directional emission triangle and square microlasers connected to an output waveguide. We propose a photonic interconnect scheme by connecting two directional emission microlasers with an optical waveguide on silicon integrated circuit chip. The measurement indicates that the triangle microlasers can work as a resonance enhanced photodetector for optical interconnect.

Synthesis of GaN nanowires and nano-pyramids in a two-hot-boat chemical vapor deposition system via an in-doping technique

A two-hot-boat chemical vapor deposition system was modified from a thermal evaporation equipment. This system has the advantage of high vacuum, rapid heating rate and temperature separately controlled boats for the source and samples. These are in favor of synthesizing compound semiconducting nano-materials. By the system, we have synthesized high-quality wurtzite single crystal GaN nanowires and nanotip triangle pyramids via an in-situ doping indium surfactant technique on Si and 3C-SiC epilayer/Si substrates. The products were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, highresolution transmission electron microscopy, energy- dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements. The GaN nanotip triangle pyramids, synthesized with this novel method, have potential application in electronic/ photonic devices for field-emission and laser.