106 resultados para Plant water use
Resumo:
光是植物赖以生存的重要环境因子,但是植物在获得光的同时不可避免的会受到紫外辐射的伤害。尤其是近年来,人类向大气中排放的大量氮氧化合物和氟氯烃类化合物(CFC’s)引起臭氧分子的分解,导致到达地球表面的紫外辐射增加,特别是UV-B辐射增强。而另一方面,植物对UV-B辐射反应的敏感性在种间和品种间存在差异,主要受植物基因型,生态型和生活型的控制。本项目分别以粗枝云杉和青杨组杨树为模式植物,从形态和生理生化方面分别研究了来自不同水分背景下的粗枝云杉种群和来自不同UV-B背景下的青杨种群在增强UV-B下的反应及其反应差异,并探讨了干旱、喷施外源脱落酸(ABA)对它们抗UV-B能力的影响。研究成果可为生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据和科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 粗枝云杉的两个种群,湿润种群(来自四川黑水)和干旱种群(来自甘肃迭部)在水分良好和干旱状况下表现出对增强UV-B的不同响应。同时,干旱对粗枝云杉抗UV-B能力的影响也得到研究:两种胁迫共同作用时,干旱表现出在一定程度上减弱了增强UV-B对粗枝云杉的生理特性的影响。 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个粗枝云杉种群的光合同化速率(A), 气孔导度(gs)和PSII的有效光量子产量(Y), 同时,提高了非光化学猝灭效率(qN)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群抗旱性更强,表现为干旱种群拥有更高的SOD和干旱进一步加剧了UV-B的胁迫效应。 本研究中,干旱胁迫单独作用时,显著降低了青杨两个种群的生物量积累和气体交换,具体包括A、gs、蒸腾速率(E)和光合氮利用效率(PNUE),提高了两个种群的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、长期水分利用效率(WUET)、碳同位素组分(δ13C)和氮含量(N)。同时,UV吸收物质和ABA含量也得到积累。另一方面,增强UV-B对青杨两个种群各个指标的影响,同干旱所引起的效应有着相似的趋势。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群有着更强的抗旱和抗UV-B能力,具体表现在高海拔种群有着更多的生物量积累,更强的气体交换和水分利用效率及更高水平的ABA和UV吸收物质含量。相比干旱诱导的生物量积累和气体交换的降低,在干旱和增强UV-B两个胁迫同时作用于青杨时,这种降低表现的更为明显。显著的干旱和UV-B的交互作用还表现在WUEi, WUET, δ13C, 可溶性蛋白含量, UV吸收物质含量, ABA, 叶片和茎中的N含量以及C/N比中。 3. 经过一个生长季的试验观察,增强UV-B、外源ABA及两因子共同作用对青杨的生物量积累、气体交换、内源ABA和UV吸收物质含量、抗氧化系统以及碳、氮含量和碳/氮比均产生显著影响。本试验中,青杨的两个种群分别来自中国西南部的不同海拔地区,高海拔种群来自青海大通而低海拔种群来自四川九寨。外源ABA的胁迫为直接喷施ABA到青杨叶片,而增强UV-B胁迫是利用平方波系统分别保证青杨苗暴露于外界UV-B强度和两倍于外界UV-B强度下。 研究结果显示,增强UV-B显著的降低了两个青杨种群的株高、基茎、总叶面积和总生物量等生长指标,同时也导致其A、gs、E和叶片中碳含量的减少。而显著增加了SOD和过氧化物酶(GPx)活性水平,诱导了过氧化氢(H2O2)和MDA的显著增加,促进了UV吸收物质和不同器官中内源ABA含量的显著积累。另一方面,外源ABA引起了青杨光合同化速率的下降,SOD和GPx酶活性的增强,H2O2 和 MDA含量也表现出显著增加,同时,内源ABA含量得到显著累积。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群具有更加抗UV-B和外源ABA的特性。显著的UV-B和ABA的交互作用表现在A, E, SOD和GPx活性,以及叶片和根部的内源ABA等一系列指标中。在所有胁迫下,叶片中的碳和氮含量同其在茎和根中的含量显著相关,另外,叶片和茎中的氮含量同茎中的碳含量显著相关。 Sunlight is an indispensable environment factor for plants survival and development. Meanwhile, photosynthetic organisms need sunlight and are thus, inevitably, exposed to UV radiation. Especially for recent years, ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-B reaching the Earth’s surface increased because of depletion of ozone layer resulted from emission of NxO and CFC’s from human activities. On the other hand, the sensitivity of plants to UV-B radiation depends on the species, developmental stage and experimental conditions. In this experiment, two populations of Picea asperata Mast from different water background and two populations of Populus cathayana Rehder from different altitude background were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation. Morphological and physiological traits induced by enhanced UV-B in each plant species were observed and the different responses were discussed, furthermore the influences of drought and exogenous ABA on responses induced by enhanced UV-B were studied. The study could provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation and rehabilitation of ecosystem. The results are as follows: 1. Different responses of two contrasting Picea asperata Mast. populations to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation under well-watered and drought conditions were investigated. And the effects of enhanced UV-B on tolerance of drought were also observed in our study that the UV-B exposure may have alleviated some of the damage induced by drought. Two contrasting populations, originating from a wet and dry climate region in China, respectively, were employed in our study. Drought significantly decreased CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and effective PSII quantum yield (Y), while it significantly increased non-photochemical quenching (qN) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both populations. Compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population was more acclimated to drought stress and showed much higher activities of SOD and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and much lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage. On the other hand, enhanced UV-B radiation also induced a significant decrease in the chlorophyll (Chl) content in both populations under well-watered conditions, and a significant increase in UV-absorbing compounds in the wet climate population. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the increases in MDA and electrolyte leakage, as induced by drought, were less pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. In addition, an additive effect of drought and UV-B on A and gs was observed in the wet climate population, and on the activity of APX and qN in the dry climate population. 2. The significant effects of drought, enhanced UV-B radiation and their combination on Populus cathayana Rehd. growth and physiological traits were investigated in two populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Our results showed that UV-B acts as an important signal allowing P. cathayana seedlings to respond to drought and that the combination of drought and UV-B may cause synergistically detrimental effects on plant growth in both populations. In both populations, drought significantly decreased biomass accumulation and gas exchange parameters, including A, gs, E and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). However, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), transpiration efficiency (WUET), carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and nitrogen (N) content, as well as the accumulation of soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds and abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly increased by drought. On the other hand, cuttings from both populations, when kept under enhanced UV-B radiation conditions, showed very similar changes in all above-mentioned parameters, as induced by drought. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to drought and enhanced UV-B, as indicated by the higher level of biomass accumulation, gas exchange, water-use efficiency, ABA concentration and UV-absorbing compounds. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the decrease in biomass accumulation and gas exchange, induced by drought, was more pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. Significant interactions between drought and UV-B were observed in WUEi, WUET, δ13C, soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds, ABA and in the leaf and stem N, as well as in the leaf and stem C/N ratio. 3. During one growing season, significant effects induced by enhanced UV-B radiation, exogenous ABA and their combination on biomass accumulation, gas exchange, endogenous ABA and UV-absorbing compounds concentrations, antioxidant system as well as carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content and C/N ratio were investigated in two contrasting Populus cathayana populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Exogenous ABA was sprayed to the leaves and enhanced UV-B treatment was using a square-wave system to make the seedlings under ambient (1×) or twice ambient (2×) doses of biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE). Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly decreased height, basal diameter, total leaf area, total biomass, A, gs, E and carbon (C) content in leaves, and significantly increased activities of SOD and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content as well as the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds and endogenous ABA concentrations among different organs in both populations. In contrast, exogenous ABA showed significant decrease in A and significant increases in activities of SOD and GPx, H2O2, MDA content and the endogenous ABA concentrations. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to enhanced UV-B and exogenous ABA. Significant interactions between UV-B and ABA were observed in A, E, activities of SOD and GPx, as well as in endogenous ABA in leaves and roots of both populations. Across all treatments, C and N content in leaves was strongly correlated with those were in stems and roots, respectively. Additionally, leaf and stem N content were significant correlated with stem C content.
Resumo:
SPAC系统中水总是从水势高处流向水势低处,土壤水势的高低是影响植物根系吸水速率的主要因素。相对于土壤含水量来说,用土壤水势作作物非充分灌溉的下限指标更具科学性,更利于水分下限指标的推广应用。试验结果表明,对于整个生育期来说,-200 kPa是比较适宜的大棚番茄土壤水势下限。在这一指标的推广过程中,须先测定当地土壤水分特征曲线,并从曲线上找出该适宜水势对应的土壤含水量,通过控制土壤含水量达到控制土壤水势的目的,从而实现精量灌溉。
Resumo:
National Natural Science Foundation of China [30590381, 40971027]; State Key Technologies RD Program [2006BAC08]; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Key Research and Development Program [2010CB833501]
Resumo:
Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240-330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.
Resumo:
Radiation-use efficiency (RUE, g/MJ) and the harvest index (HI, unitless) are two helpful characteristics in interpreting crop response to environmental and climatic changes. They are also increasingly important for accurate crop yield simulation, but they are affected by various environmental factors. In this study, the RUE and HI of winter wheat and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance were investigated based on the massive field measurements of five nitrogen (N) treatments. Crop production can be separated into light interception and RUE. The results indicated that during a long period of slow growth from emergence to regreening, the effect of N on crop production mainly showed up in an increased light interception by the canopy. During the period of rapid growth from regreening to maturity, it was present in both light interception and RUE. The temporal variations of RUEAPAR (aboveground biomass produced per unit of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) during the period from regreening to maturity had different patterns corresponding to the N deficiency, N adequacy and N-excess conditions. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the RUEAPAR and the accumulative normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the integrated season (R-2 = 0.68), between the HI and the accumulative NDVI after anthesis (R-2 = 0.89), and between the RUEgrain (ratio of grain yield to the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) and the accumulative NDVI of the whole season (R-2 = 0.89) and that after anthesis (R-2 = 0.94). It suggested that canopy spectral reflectance has the potential to reveal the spatial information of the RUEAPAR, HI and RUEgrain. It is hoped that this information will be useful in improving the accuracy of crop yield simulation in large areas.
Resumo:
As one of the most typical wetlands, marsh plays an important role in hydrological and economic aspects, especially in keeping biological diversity. In this study, the definition and connotation of the ecological water storage of marsh is discussed for the first time, and its distinction and relationship with ecological water requirement are also analyzed. Furthermore, the gist and method of calculating ecological water storage and ecological water requirement have been provided, and Momoge wetland has been given as an example of calculation of the two variables. Ecological water use of marsh can be ascertained according to ecological water storage and ecological water requirement. For reasonably spatial and temporal variation of water storage and rational water resources planning, the suitable quantity of water supply to marsh can be calculated according to the hydrological conditions, ecological demand and actual water resources.
Resumo:
In the present study, we used the eddy covariance method to measure CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem (37°36'N, 101°18'E; 3 250 m a.s.l.) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the growing season in 2003, from 20 April to 30 September. This meadow is dominated by formations of Potentilla fruticosa L. The soil is Mol-Cryic Cambisols. During the study period, the meadow was not grazed. The maximum rates of CO2 uptake and release derived from the diurnal course of CO2 flux were -9.38 and 5.02 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively. The largest daily CO2 uptake was 1.7 g C•m-2•d-1 on 14 July, which is less than half that of an alpine Kobresia meadow ecosystem at similar latitudes. Daily CO2 uptake during the measurement period indicated that the alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem may behave as a sink of atmospheric CO2 during the growing season. The daytime CO2 uptake was correlated exponentially or linearly with the daily photo synthetic photon flux density each month. The daytime average water use efficiency of the ecosystem was 6.47 mg CO2/g H2O. The efficiency of the ecosystem increased with a decrease in vapor pressure deficit.
Resumo:
在中国北方大部分地区,水分始终是影响植物生长和分布的最主要限制性因子之一,植物在其生长期经常遭受水分胁迫。不仅如此,随着大气同温层中臭氧浓度的减少,过量的有害紫外辐射(主要是UV-B,280nm-320nm)将穿透大气层达到地球表面。随着全球变化的加剧,这些地区的植物将不可避免地受UV-B和水分胁迫的共同作用。 本实验是在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续三个生长季每天增补9.4kJ•m-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。本实验的目的是观测在野外环境下,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊水分生理、氮素利用以及形态特征的影响。具体对以下指标进行测定:叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ13 C)、叶含水量、叶面积、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶全氮含量、叶氮素再吸收率。 实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%),处理植株的氮素再吸收率比对照植株高出50.9%。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比(Ci/Ca) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ13 C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致水分利用效率(WUE)的增加(4.1%),植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30-40cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30-40cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ13 C、Ci/Ca、气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。本研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。
Resumo:
本研究通过探讨毛乌素沙地主要犀生植物和中生植物的冰分关系。对“翠生植物”的概念作了进一步的分析和阐述,探讨了燕腾作用、光合作用的气孔调节与植物叶片水分平衡的相互关系,并提出了以蒸腾“午休一为基础的关于捌分植物水分生态类型的新概念。上述问题的探讨可作为对中圈毛乌素沙化草地植物环境系统优化模式的水平衡假说的验证。 探讨了为合理确定在研究地区种蕈造林的最佳密度所需进一步研究的内容:水分亏缺对植物量累积的抑制作用。并对该地区主要植物种的季节蒸腾耗水量作了估算。 研究了依赖于主导环境因子的沙生植物蒸腾速率的回归模型。得出结论认为:对手蒸腾速率和叶面积指数,建立多元非线性回归可以取得较好结果。 最后,对几个重要的蒸散预测模型和土壤水分运动的物理模型进行了评述,并探讨了这些模型对于干旱区蒸散预测研究的可行性,作为本研究的未来探讨的课题。
Resumo:
本论文是国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”下子项目“对全球变化反应植物生态生理学的基础模型研究”中的重要部分。 本文研究了紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)在C02倍增下光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度、叶面积、物候进程、高度、以及生物量的生态生理变化,并在此基础上对苜蓿进行了生态生理模型化的研究。 在倍增(694ppm)和对照(375ppm) C02浓度下,对紫花苜蓿的生态生理学的研究表明,以整个生育期计,倍增组的表观光合作用比对照组可提高18.7%:气孔导度略有下降(2%);蒸腾作用减少了2.7%;水分利用效率提高了30.1%;叶面积增加了48.9%;每株植物白天的净光合总量可提高76.7%,另外,植株高度和整株生物量的测定也显示了C02增加对苜蓿的正效应。 本文还对生理指标的实测数据进行了模型化的研究。对光合作用模型和气孔导度模型中参数的拟合结果表明,C02倍增下,苜蓿的光能转化效率(α),电子传递速率(Jmax)比对照组都有明显的提高,最大气孔开度(Gsmax)略有下降.
Resumo:
本文研究了北京山区落叶阀叶林优势种一辽东栎、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、核桃楸、山杏和荆条等乔灌木的稳定碳同位素比率,长期水分利用效率、植物蒸腾特性和土壤植物体的水分运动特点,并从植物解剖学的角度研究了这些植物叶片特点和其水分生理生态特性的关系。 对北京山区落叶阔叶林生态系统这几种乔、灌木植物叶片中的碳稳定性同位素比率(δ¹³C值)测定结果显示,这些植物叶片的δ¹³C值受多种因子的影响,具有较大的种间差异及时空异质性。主要表现在不同植物种叶片δ¹³C值不同,其排列顺序为山杏(- 24.75±0.85%。>大叶白蜡(- 25,94±1.52%。)=荆条(- 26.01±1.63%。)=辽东栎(一26.07±1.17%。)=北京丁香(-26.46±0.80c70。)>核桃楸(-28.11±1.52%。);生长初期叶片δ¹³C值较生长末期高,尤以核桃楸和辽东栎表现明显其生长初期和末期的叶片δ¹³C值皆相差达3‰;生境条件,特别是土壤水分含量和土层厚度,对植物叶片的813C值的高低有较大的影响,生长在于旱生境中的植物具有较高的δ¹³C值。另外,即使是同一株植物,叶片δ¹³C值也因其在冠层中所处的位置不同而异,冠层项部叶片的δ¹³C值高于林冠内部的叶片。北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的长期水分利用效率与种的特点有关,山杏最高(4.950±0.l71mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),核桃楸最低(3.760±0.203mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),大叶白蜡、荆条、辽东栎和北京丁香居中(4.346- 4.530 mmolCO_2•mol-1H_2O),大部分植物长期水分利用效率在春季(5月)较高,秋季较低,荆条由于物候期的特殊性在其生长季初期较低,而后逐渐增高。核桃楸在不存在水分亏缺情况下,树干液流速率受微气候因子的影响,液流速率的最大值达1600g•hour 左右。树干液流速率的日进程和大气相对湿度、温度的日进程具有相当好的生态学同步性。通过对核桃楸夜晚树干液流的分析可以得出其有根压存在的结论。 植物叶片和枝条中自由水和束缚水含量主要决定于植物种的特性,枝条的年龄、生境特点,特别是土壤水分特点。在落叶阔叶林I(样地2)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡>辽东栎;而杂灌丛(样地1)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:核桃楸>大叶白蜡>山杏>荆条>北京丁香>辽东栎,可见群落类型对植物自由水含量影响是很大的,植物束缚水含量与其自由水含量的格局完全相反,荆条、山杏等植物含量高,核桃揪含量低。枝条水分含量有与叶片水分含量相类似的特点。 北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分生理生态学特性和其叶片的特点有很大的关系,首先是植物叶片的特点总是和其种的特性相联系,主要表现在叶的类型、叶片上毛、气孔密度、着生方式等,如荆条叶片上下表面都密被披针形毛,气孔小,核桃楸气孔较大且凸出,大叶白蜡叶片上的气孔凹陷,辽东栎的气孔呈椭圆状,保卫细胞上有许多白色蜡质结晶。有一些种有环状的气孔外缘。生境的变化对叶片的形态特征有影响,在全光照条件下叶片小而犀,而在庇荫条件下叶片大而薄,在扫描电镜下可见全光照条件下北京丁香叶片基本无毛,庇荫条件下则有短微毛,全光条件下荆条叶片上毛有小乳头状凸起,庇荫条件下没有。本文所研究的植物种气孔都着生在叶片的下表面,气孔密度的大小排列顺序是:辽东栎>山杏>北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡。经方差分析显示种闷气孔密度存在极显著性差异。对所研究植物的气孔导度和环境因子、叶片解剖特点进行线性回归分析,得到了总体的和各个种的回归模型,结果表明光照强度、气孔密度等对气孔导度影响显著,但因种的不同相互之间存在差别。 植物的蒸腾速率受多因子的影响,主要有种的特点、微气候因子(光照强度、大气相对湿度、叶面温度、叶室温度等)和土壤水分特点。植物的蒸腾速率日进程和微气候因子日进程有相当好的生态学同步性。对辽东栎的蒸腾速率和光照强度的研究发现二者有很好的线性关系。这些植物蒸腾速率都表现出一定规律的日进程和季节进程,大多数植物蒸腾速率在一天中有数次波动,最高峰一般出现在中午12时之前;在整个生长季中,6月底至8月初的蒸腾速率高于其他月份。
Resumo:
鄂尔多斯高原是一个多层次、复杂的生态地理过渡带,具有复杂多样的环境条件和生态特点。因而,研究该地区植被与环境复杂多变的相互关系有助于我们认识鄂尔多斯高原生态系统的脆弱性和植被对于维持该区生态系统结构和功能过程的重要性。 降水、温度及其组合特点决定了鄂尔多斯高原特殊的生态环境格局,分析其演变趋势有助于理解鄂尔多斯高原生态环境的演变过程。从旬、月、生长季和非生长季及年四个不同的时间分辨率对鄂尔多斯高原八个气象台站近30年的气象资料进行分析。结果表明30年来年平均气温、2、9、12月均温明显增高;年降水未发生显著变化,降水分配模式变化明显。采用与植物生长密切相关的气候因子对整个鄂尔多斯高原的气候特征进行综合分析,将鄂尔多斯高原划分为三个综合气候类型,即:半湿润、低蒸发型,半干旱、半湿润、中等蒸发型和偏干旱、高蒸发型。根据不同的气候类型,确定适宜恢复的植被类型,对目前该区域进行的生态恢复工作具有重要指导意义。 在鄂尔多斯高原从东向西的降水梯度上,选取三个实验点测定柠条的光合、蒸腾和水分利用效率等主要生理生态指标,分析了同种植物对不同环境的反应。鄂托克旗柠条光合速率最高,东胜东部柠条次之,杭锦旗柠条光合速率最低而蒸腾速率最大,东胜东部柠条和鄂托克旗柠条的蒸腾速率相差不大。 植被能够降低其下垫面及其附近的地表温度,从而影响地表蒸发。以鄂尔多斯高原典型植物油蒿和柠条作为研究对象,采用先进的非接触红外测温法,并提出度量植株温度效应的影响指数,对鄂尔多斯高原两种典型植物植株附近地表温度进行了比较分析,结果表明,柠条对地表温度的影响较油蒿明显。
Resumo:
随着三峡大坝建设,在2003年6月三峡库区蓄水到135 m水位,之后人为调节使其在137-139 m范围内波动变化。从2003年7月开始,我们对库区植物的水分关系及其对三峡水位上升的可能反应进行了系统研究。 在库区中残存的次生松栎混交林,我们从江边沿海拔梯度设置了3块样地:Riparian,Mid-hill和Top-hill样地,垂直高度相差约20 m。从2003年7月到2004年7月,我们比较了岸边样地内与高处两样地内植物的木质部水分稳定同位素D和18O值,植物清晨和中午水势,叶片碳稳定同位素值13C,以及2004年7月测定的气体交换。岸边 植物木质部水分同位素值显著高于江水的同位素值,而与高处两样地内植物木质部水分同位素相近。岸边植物与高 处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势,也表明对岸边植物来说,江水并不是它们重要的水分来源。同样,岸边植 物叶片 13C值与高处同种植物的值也不存在显著差异。我们研究的3种植物清晨水势都与土壤含水量正相关,尤 其浅层土壤更为显著。研究结果表明岸边植物几乎没有利用江水,而同高处两样地内植物一样,都是以利用渗入到土壤中的降雨为主。 松栎混交林中,马尾松与槲栎相比,净光合速率和气孔导度,叶片含N量,以及清晨水势低于槲栎,而中午水势,叶片13C值高于槲栎。两种树木叶片13C值与含N量都成正相关关系。槲栎叶片13C值与清晨水势成负相关,而马尾松针叶13C值与清晨水势相关性并不显著。 在岸边的松栎混交幼林与成年林相比,幼树的清晨水势略高于对应的成年树,叶片13C值低于成年树;幼树的光合速率和气孔导度略高于成年树,而瞬时水分利用效率低于成年树,但差异均不显著。马尾松幼苗为实生苗,与成年树相比,更偏向于利用浅层土壤水;而槲栎幼树多为从原来被砍伐的树上萌生的,木质部水分同位素与成年树相近。 从2004年5月到10月,我们又对大坝下游江段岸边植物(马尾松,枫杨和柑桔)的水分关系进行了研究。木质部水分同位素比率表明,岸边植物木质部水分同位素比率与高处植物具相近的值,且显著高于江水同位素值。研究表明岸岸边和高处植物以降雨或靠降雨补充的浅层地下水为主要水分来源,即便岸边植物也几乎不利用江水。岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势,光合速率和气孔导度,以及叶片C值等,也进一步说明岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的水分生理特征。 叶片13C可以指示植物的一些生理过程,我们对松栎混交林中不同生活型植物的13C值进行了分析,乔木层叶片 13C值比较高,其中常绿针叶的值又高于落叶阔叶树木的值;林下灌木,非禾本科草本,及藤本植物的13C值都明显低于乔木层。 三峡大坝改变河水对植物生理生态过程的影响是一个长期的过程,库区水位上涨是否影响到岸边植物的生理过程及生长等,需要进一步作长期、定位和连续的观测研究。
Resumo:
锥形繁殖体是具有吸湿芒和锐利尖端的一种繁殖体类型。芒的吸湿运动促使锥形繁殖体穿透土壤,而存在于繁殖体上的短硬刚毛阻止它在芒再次打开螺旋时从土壤中退出。通过这个过程,种子被埋藏到一定深度,称之为种子(繁殖体)的打钻作用,这是锥形繁殖体最主要的功能。锥形繁殖体的结构和功能代表了繁殖体在生活史各个阶段的适应,可能是植物在群落内占优势的原因之一。针茅属植物是具有锥形繁殖体的植物中较大的一类,常常被看作是识别地带性植被的优势种。小针茅分布于荒漠草原,克氏针茅和大针茅分别分布于典型草原较干和较湿的区域。沿着环境梯度的变化这些植物呈现明显的生态替代。因此,我们以小针茅、克氏针茅和大针茅为研究对象,从种子打钻、种子埋藏、种子生理特征出发研究针茅属植物的繁殖体特征对地带性分布的适应。结果表明: 小针茅的实生苗主要由当年种子产生,克氏针茅和大针茅在当年的冷秋季节和第二年的春季均能够产生实生苗。根据土壤种子库分类,三种针茅均具有瞬时种子库,所不同的是小针茅具有I型种子库的特征,克氏针茅和大针茅具有II型种子库的特征。针茅属植物通过芒的吸湿运动将繁殖体埋入土壤,这个过程可以造成种子损伤,但大部分只是引起基盘的脱落,而这不影响萌发,受到严重损伤的种子仅占种子库很小的一部分。 繁殖体吸湿芒的损伤程度和繁殖体的入土角度都影响繁殖体的埋藏。当芒被过度损伤以致不能提供杠杆作用时繁殖体不能埋藏。而繁殖体入土角度和埋藏深度之间存在显著的负相关关系。繁殖体的埋藏能力并不总是与土壤条件有关,大针茅和克氏针茅的繁殖体埋藏与土壤类型有关,而小针茅的埋藏主要与环境的湿度条件有关。 种子埋藏深度通过减少实生苗出现率和推迟实生苗的出现时间来影响实生苗的出现。埋藏深度与实生苗的出现率呈显著负相关,与实生苗出现时间呈显著的正相关关系。棕钙土内种子埋藏深度对实生苗出现的影响比在栗钙土内的影响更明显。不同针茅物种具有不同的最适埋藏深度范围,小针茅的最适埋藏深度更浅而范围也更窄,这与它出现的环境有关。因此,繁殖体的形态和生理特征都体现了不同针茅繁殖体对环境条件的进化适应,可以从有性更新的角度解释针茅属植物的地带性分布和生态替代的原因。 放牧是羊草草原的主要利用方式。放牧引起的植被变化影响水分的可用性,而反过来植物所获取的水分来源也可以影响物种的分布。通过测定内蒙古羊草草原群落放牧和不放牧区内主要植物种和土壤的氢同位素值来研究植物 的水分来源,确定放牧对植物使用水分来源的影响,调查放牧前后植物的水分来源变化和相对生物量变化的关系。 我们发现120 cm深的土壤剖面在统计学上可以分为三层:0-20 cm, 20-50 cm和50-120 cm。低于50 cm土壤层的氢同 位素信号类似于地下水,这部分水分很少受到降雨的影响也不被任何植物所利用。群落内,灌木小叶锦鸡儿主要使 用来自20-50 cm土壤层的水分,除此之外大多数物种则主要使用来自水分含量频繁波动的地下20 cm土壤层内的水分。放牧使群落倾向于利用更浅层的土壤水,对植物的水分来源的影响则直接反映到它们的生物量变化上。此外,植 物水分来源对放牧的响应和生物量对放牧的响应存在显著的相关关系,水分来源受到放牧影响越大的植物对放牧的响应越敏感。因此,我们有可能能够通过植物对水分来源的利用来估计物种在放牧演替中的丰富度分布。
Resumo:
机械刺激效应(Effects of mechanical stimulation)是风生态学直接效应的主要表现形式。研究机械刺激对植物的影响,有利于将风的直接与间接效应区别开来,从而精确研究植物对风的反应格局;研究不同生活型植物对机械刺激的反应是植物力学与植物生态学的重要内容,有助于揭示植物对生境的适应机制。 本研究涉及三个实验。第一个实验探讨不同生活型植物对机械刺激和水分互作的响应格局;第二个实验研究匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓对部分机械刺激的反应;最后一个实验揭示不同水分供应条件下,番茄和紫花苜蓿对不同机械刺激频度的响应。在第一个实验中,克隆半灌木羊柴(Hedysarum laeve),一年生草本植物虫实(Corispermum mongolicum),多年生大型禾草沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)和多年生丛生禾草黑麦草(Lolium perenne)分别接受由两个水平机械刺激(无刺激和刺激60 s d-1)和两个水平水分供应(200 ml d-1和400 ml d-1)组成的处理。在第二个实验中,匍匐茎草本蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)接受4个不同水平的机械刺激:(1)整个克隆不受机械刺激;(2)整个克隆都受机械刺激;(3)除顶端外其余克隆部分受机械刺激;(4)仅克隆顶端受机械刺激,其余部分不受机械刺激。在最后一个实验中,番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接受由三个水平机械刺激频度(0,25赫兹和50赫兹)和三个水平水分供应(50ml,150ml和250ml)组成的处理。这些实验主要回答不同生活型植物的生长和(或)机械性状如何响应机械刺激。主要结果如下: (1)在对机械刺激和水分交互效应的实验中,交互效应随物种发生变化。机械刺激和水分的交互效应对羊柴、番茄和紫花苜蓿作用不显著,但对虫实、沙鞭和黑麦草作用显著。 (2)在对机械刺激的研究中,机械刺激对植物的效应有正负之分。如机械刺激降低羊柴和沙鞭的总生物量,表明其是一种胁迫因子。但对于虫实、番茄和紫花苜蓿来说,机械刺激却能不同程度地促进植物的生长。 (3)机械刺激对虫实的机械性状没有显著影响,但对羊柴的机械性状恰好相反。此外,水分对虫实机械性状有显著影响。 (4)不同植物对机械刺激频度的敏感性存在差异。对番茄来而言,50赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用;对紫花苜蓿来说,25赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用。 (5)蛇莓对局部机械刺激具有显著反应,特别是在顶端进行机械刺激的处理中,整个克隆片段的叶柄长度缩短,根冠比发生改变,将较多的生物量分配到根。 这些结果表明:(1)不同物种对机械刺激和水分互作的反应可能与机械震动方式及物种本身有关;(2)单位植物大小所承受的机械刺激的强度及物种的生长速率是不一样的;(3)不同反应间的相互作用及相互独立可部分解释物种间的效应差异;(4)接触性形态建成的效应不能从一个物种外推到另外一个物种。 以前的研究集中探讨直立茎植物对机械刺激的响应,而对匍匐茎植物的研究极为贫乏。我们对蛇莓部分机械刺激的研究仅仅是一个初步探索。蛇莓的可塑性行为可能是一种适应性策略,因为这类植物常常生长在机械刺激频繁的开阔生境中。上述三个实验仅仅从生长和机械角度探讨了植物的适应性,而要真正揭示植物对多风生境的适应需要对不同物种进行多水平、多层面的研究,以期掌握不同生活型植物对机械刺激响应的一般格局。例如,从激素、细胞、解剖结构等方面探索其内在机制。