不同最小控制时段约束下黄河天然径流量变化阶段性

阶段性是描述河流径流量丰枯变化持续长度的主要特征。在年际变化较大的长时间序列中,通过确定不同最小控制时段,可以把高频变化的年份和时段有效合并,从而更好描述不同流量的持续特征。在划分径流量丰枯连续自然阶段的基础上,根据最小控制时段,对相邻阶段进行逐步合并,提取并分析了黄河三门峡水文站1470-1997年528 a的逐年天然径流量阶段性变化特征。分析表明,黄河天然径流量多年平均值为511.81×108m3,变差系数为0.20,年际变化非常剧烈;随着最小控制时段的增加,阶段数呈指数函数迅速减少;每一阶段平均、最小和最大阶段长度呈显著的线性增加趋势;各阶段天然径流量的差异也逐步减小。当最小控制时段为5,10,20,30 a时,可以划分为60,24,15,9个阶段,相应的平均阶段长度也分别为8.7,21.7,27.4,57.9 a,阶段最大值与最小值的极差分别是平均值的71.8%,62.4%,47.6%和13.7%。

双碳桥联二环戊二烯基酸叔烷基环戊二烯基稀土氯化物的合成与表征

6.6-二甲基富烯与金属镁、CCl_4在THF中还原偶联可产生双碳桥联二环戊二烯基氯化镁，[C_5H_4C(CH_3)_2C(CH_3)_2C_5H_4]Mg_2·Cl_2·4THF。该化合物与无水氯化稀土反应可产生双碳桥联二环戊二烯基稀土氯化物；（I）（II）两类化合物经元素分析，热失重分析，红外光谱，核磁共振谱、电子能谱、水解产物的质谱，核磁共振谱分析及（I）类化合物中镱的络合物的晶体结构分析确定了该化合物的组成及结构。采用低温技术，用Nicolet R_3M/E型四园衍射仪，LT-1低温装置收集衍射数据。并用重原子法解出结构，块矩阵最小二乘法修正。R = 0.0507, R_w = 0.0530。晶体[C_5H_4C(CH_3)_2C(CH_3)_2 C_5H_4]TbClMg_2Cl_4·7THF属三斜晶系，PT空间群，a = 16.911A, b = 13.208A, c = 13.772A, α = 116.52°,β = 111.30°, γ = 87.61°, V = 2549.02A~3, M = 1116.1，晶胞中含2份化学式量，D_C = 1.45g／cm~3, μ = 22.6cm~(-1)(Mokα)。晶体结构分析表明，该化合物为一离子对型络合物，络阴离子的结构为桥联二环戊二烯为－螯含配体，该配体的二个环戊二烯基和两个Cl~-离子与Yb~(+3)离子络合成四面体构型。每个环戊二烯基均以η~5和Yb~(+3)离子成键。该螯合物具有一定的张力。两个桥碳原子及与桥碳原子相连的环戊二烯基环上的碳原子的键角较正常的碳正碳面面体角扩张了约5°。另一THF分子为填隙分子。该离子为两个共用三个氯顶点的变形八面体。两个镁以三重氯桥键相连。这种三重氯镁桥键是首次发现。氯镁核键基本保持离子键的特征，其氯镁键长与氯镁的无机盐键长极为相近。Yb~(+3)离子的配位数与8，Mg~(+2)离子的配位数为6。6，6-二甲基高烯与苯基理在1：1的乙醚，汽油溶剂的中0 ℃反应产生一个叔烷基取代环戊二烯基锂。该锂盐与无水氯化钙反应可产生取代环戊二烯基氯化钙；该化合物的组成已为元素分析，热重分析，红外光谱核磁共振氢谱及水解产物质谱，核磁共振氢谱所证实。红外光谱中700、752、1470、1500、1600cm~(-1)吸收峰示有苯环存在，1360，1380cm~(-1)示有谐二甲基，1025cm~(-1)示有取代环戊二烯基。产物的核磁共振氢谱的化学位移值为：7.21ppm示有苯环，6.13，6.30ppm示有环戊二烯基。1.53ppm为甲基上的氢的化学位移值。

实用化1730nm波段掩埋结构半导体激光器的研制

报道了应用于医疗器械的InP基1730nm波段半导体激光器．外延片采用低压金属有机物化学气相沉积法（MOCVD）生长，有源区为5个周期的InGaAs量子阱层和InGaAsP垒层．器件采用pnpn结限制掩埋结构，有源区脊宽2μm、腔长300μm．室温下腔面镀膜后激光器管芯的阈值电流为18±5mA，8mW输出功率时的工作电流为60±5mA．采用TO封装后，100mA工作电流下激光器的输出功率大于5mW，输出波长为1732±10nm，高温恒流加速老化筛选实验表明，器件具有长期工作的可靠性，满足实用化要求。

Relationship between load/unload response ratio and damage variable and its application

The physics-based parameter: load/unload response ratio (LURR) was proposed to measure the proximity of a strong earthquake, which achieved good results in earthquake prediction. As LURR can be used to describe the damage degree of the focal media qualitatively, there must be a relationship between LURR and damage variable (D) which describes damaged materials quantitatively in damage mechanics. Hence, based on damage mechanics and LURR theory, taking Weibull distribution as the probability distribution function, the relationship between LURR and D is set up and analyzed. This relationship directs LURR applied in damage analysis of materials quantitatively from being qualitative earlier, which not only provides the LURR method with a more solid basis in physics, but may also give a new approach to the damage evaluation of big scale structures and prediction of engineering catastrophic failure. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of processing temperature on microstructure and microhardness of copper subjected to high-pressure torsion

Cu samples were subjected to high-pressure torsion (HPT) with up to 6 turns at room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT), respectively. The effects of temperature on grain refinement and microhardness variation were investigated. For the samples after HPT processing at RT, the grain size reduced from 43 mu m to 265 nm, and the Vickers microhardness increased from HV52 to HV140. However, for the samples after HPT processing at LNT, the value of microhardness reached its maximum of HV150 near the center of the sample and it decreased to HV80 at the periphery region. Microstructure observations revealed that HPT straining at LNT induced lamellar structures with thickness less than 100 nm appearing near the central region of the sample, but further deformation induced an inhomogeneous distribution of grain sizes, with submicrometer-sized grains embedded inside micrometer-sized grains. The submicrometer-sized grains with high dislocation density indicated their nonequilibrium nature. On the contrary, the micrometer-sized grains were nearly free of dislocation, without obvious deformation trace remaining in them. These images demonstrated that the appearance of micrometer-sized grains is the result of abnormal grain growth of the deformed fine grains.

Relationship between load/unload response ratio and damage variable and its application

The physics-based parameter: load/unload response ratio (LURR) was proposed to measure the proximity of a strong earthquake, which achieved good results in earthquake prediction. As LURR can be used to describe the damage degree of the focal media qualitatively, there must be a relationship between LURR and damage variable (D) which describes damaged materials quantitatively in damage mechanics. Hence, based on damage mechanics and LURR theory, taking Weibull distribution as the probability distribution function, the relationship between LURR and D is set up and analyzed. This relationship directs LURR applied in damage analysis of materials quantitatively from being qualitative earlier, which not only provides the LURR method with a more solid basis in physics, but may also give a new approach to the damage evaluation of big scale structures and prediction of engineering catastrophic failure. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5 using a biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry

A novel method is reported for the detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5 using a biosensor based on high spatial resolution imaging ellipsometry (IE). Monoclonal antibodies specific to H5 hemagglutinin protein were immobilized on silicon wafers and used to capture virus particles. Resultant changes on the surface of the wafers were visualized directly in gray-scale on an imaging ellipsometry image. This preliminary study has shown that the assay is rapid and specific for the identification of avian influenza virus subtype H5. Compared with lateral-flow immunoassays, this biosensor not only has better sensitivity, but can also simultaneously perform multiplexed tests. These results suggest that this biosensor might be a valuable diagnostic toot for avian influenza virus detection. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

陕西兴平与咸阳人工植被土壤含水量研究

IEECAS SKLLQG

Synthesis of carbon nanotube bundles with mesoporous structure by a self-assembly solvothermal route

A kind of carbon nanotube bundle has been synthesized by a simple one-step solvothermal reaction between Na and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) using NiCl2 as catalyst precursor. Before the reaction, NiCl2 was initially dispersed ultrasonically in cyclohexane then prereduced by Na at 230degreesC to produce small Ni particles in reduced state. The tubes thus-produced have a uniform outer diameter of about 20 nm, an inner diameter of 4 nm, and are highly ordered assembled as bundles which have a 2D hexagonal arrangement as proven by SAXS and TEM experiments.

翻耙补播对科尔沁碱化草地土壤理化性质和生物活性的影响

对科尔沁地区碱化草甸草地翻耙补播沙打旺后的土壤理化性质和土壤生物活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明,翻耙补播改良后草地综合生产性能得到明显改善,土壤容重、pH、含盐量和碱化度降低,土壤含水量和孔隙度增加,土壤有机质和N、P、K等养分含量增加;同时,土壤微生物C、N的含量以及土壤酶的活性也得到较大幅度提高。

防治辽北土地荒漠化对策

荒漠化土地荒漠化(沙漠化)是发生在干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区,由于气候变化和人类活动所造成的土地退化过程。近半个世纪以来,由于人类过度耕种、过分放牧和狂砍滥伐森林,使得土地贫瘠、植被破坏、水土流失,从而加剧了沙漠化对人类的威胁。我国是世界上受沙漠化危害较严重的国家之一,沙化土地有173.97万平方公里,占国土陆地面积的18.12%,每年由沙化造成的直接经济损失超过540亿元。土地沙漠化已成为严重威胁中华民族生存空间、制约我国经济社会发展的巨大挑战。

科尔沁沙地典型人工植被区土壤水分动态研究

半干旱沙区土壤水分对植物的成活与持续生长具有重要作用。通过对不同植物种类区土壤水分的动态监测分析表明,不同植物种类对土壤水分的影响存在显著差别;不同地下水位埋深对植被区的土壤水分状况产生重要影响,地下水埋深浅的区土壤水分长期维持较高的状态,能够满足植物生长的需求;沙丘区地下水位深,土壤水分主要依靠降水的补充,固沙植物的生长明显降低了有效土壤水分供给量,多数植物受到水分胁迫的影响。在半干旱沙丘区建立人工植被过程中,应该依照土壤水分状况配置植物种类和栽植密度,以土壤水分状况决定植物分布。地下水位较高区可栽植密度大的乔木或草本植物,而在沙丘区则一定依照降水量栽植适宜的植物和合理的栽植密度,以保证植物的长期稳定生存生长。