Effects of rubber content and temperature on unstable fracture behavior in ABS materials with different particle sizes

The fracture behavior of ABS materials with a particle diameter of 110 nm and of 330 nm was studied using instrumented Charpy impact tests. The effects of rubber content and temperature on fracture behavior, deformation mode, stable crack extension, plastic zone size, J-integral value, and crack opening displacement were investigated. In the case of a particle size of 110 nm, the material was found to break in a brittle manner, and the dominant crack mechanism was unstable crack propagation. Fracture toughness increases with increasing rubber content. In the case of a particle size of 330 nm, brittle-to-tough transition was observed. The J-integral value first increases with rubber content, then levels off after the rubber content is greater than 16 wt %. The J-integral value of a particle diameter of 330 nm was found to be much greater than that of 110 nm. The J-integral value of both series first increased with increasing temperature until reaching the maximum value, after which it decreased with further increasing temperature. The conclusion is that a particle diameter of 330 nm is more efficient than that of 110 nm in toughening, but for both series the effectiveness of rubber modification decreases with increasing temperatures higher than 40 degreesC because of intrinsic craze formation in the SAN matrix at temperatures near the glass transition of SAN. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Synthesis of nanometric-size magnesium nitride by the nitriding of pre-activated magnesium powder

Magnesium nitride (Mg3N2) was synthesized by the reaction of magnesium in the highly reactive form (Mg*) with nitrogen at 450 degrees C under normal pressure. The effect of doping with nickel dichloride on the nitridation of Mg* was investigated. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of Mg* systems and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement of the product formed were carried out. TEM measurement showed that the particle size of the Mg3N2 synthesized was in the nanometric range. The dependence of nitridation of the NiCl2-doped Mg* on temperature was investigated at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 degrees C. The nitridation of NiCl2-doped Mg* could occur even at temperature as low as 300 degrees C. (C) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Large-pore mesoporous SBA-15 silica particles with submicrometer size as stationary phases for high-speed CEC separation

A new mesoporous sphere-like SBA-15 silica was synthesized and evaluated in terms of its suitability as stationary phases for CEC. The unique and attractive properties of the silica particle are its submicrometer particle size of 400 nm and highly ordered cylindrical mesopores with uniform pore size of 12 nm running along the same direction. The bare silica particles with submicrometer size have been successfully employed for the normal-phase electrochromatographic separation of polar compounds with high efficiency (e.g., 210 000 for thiourea), which is matched well with its submicrometer particle size. The Van Deemeter plot showed the hindrance to mass transfer because of the existence of pore structure. The lowest plate height of 2.0 mu m was obtained at the linear velocity of 1.1 mm/s. On the other hand, because of the relatively high linear velocity (e.g., 4.0 mm/s) can be generated, high-speed separation of neutral compounds, anilines, and basic pharmaceuticals in CEC with C-18-modified SBA-15 silica as stationary phases was achieved within 36, 60, and 34 s, respectively.

Detection and Characterization of Long-Pulse Low-Velocity Impact Damage in Plastic Bonded Explosives

Damage not only degrades the mechanical properties of explosives, but also influences the shock sensitivity, combustion and even detonation behavior of explosives. The study of impact damage is crucial in the vulnerability evaluation of explosives. A long-pulse low-velocity gas gun with a gas buffer was developed and used to induce impact damage in a hot pressed plastic bonded explosive. Various methods were used to detect and characterize the impact damage of the explosive. The microstructure was examined by use of polarized light microscopy. Fractal analysis of the micrographs was conducted by use of box counting method. The correlation between the fractal dimensions and microstructures was analyzed. Ultrasonic testing was conducted using a pulse through-transmission method to obtain the ultrasonic velocity and ultrasonic attenuation. Spectra analyses were carried out for recorded ultrasonic signals using fast Fourier transform. The correlations between the impact damage and ultrasonic parameters including ultrasonic velocities and attenuation coefficients were also analyzed. To quantitatively assess the impact induced explosive crystal fractures, particle size distribution analyses of explosive crystals were conducted by using a thorough etching technique, in which the explosives samples were soaked in a solution for enough time that the binder was totally removed. Impact induces a large extent of explosive crystal fractures and a large number of microcracks. The ultrasonic velocity decreases and attenuation coefficients increase with the presence of impact damage. Both ultrasonic parameters and fractal dimension can be used to quantitatively assess the impact damage of plastic bonded explosives.

Behaviour of a puff of resuspended sediment: a conceptual model

The particulate matter concentration above the seabed is usually assumed to decrease with height, following an exponential or Rouse profile. Many particulate matter concentration profiles with a peak were found on the North Mediterranean bottom water at a few tens of metres above the bottom. A particle size signal at the same altitude was found in this area and on the New York Eight shelf. It is assumed that this unexpected shape is due to a cloud of resuspended cohesive sediments originating from an impulse resuspension process. A simplified three-dimensional numerical model is proposed to describe the behaviour of resuspended particulate matter that originates from a sediment impulse vertically injected in the bottom water. This model reproduces the concentration profile shape observed, and it gives indications concerning the length and time characteristics of such a cloud, depending on the water velocity and bottom boundary layer properties.

Shock wave diffraction by a square cavity filled with dusty gas

A simple two-dimensional square cavity model is used to study shock attenuating effects of dust suspension in air. The GRP scheme for compressible flows was extended to simulate the fluid dynamics of dilute dust suspensions, employing the conventional two-phase approximation. A planar shock of constant intensity propagated in pure air over Aat ground and diffracted into a square cavity filled with a dusty quiescent suspension. Shock intensities were M-s = 1.30 and M-s = 2.032, dust loading ratios were alpha = 1 and alpha = 5, and particle diameters were d = 1, 10 and 50 mum. It was found that the diffraction patterns in the cavity were decisively attenuated by the dust suspension, particularly for the higher loading ratio. The particle size has a pronounced effect on the flow and wave pattern developed inside the cavity. Wall pressure historics were recorded for each of the three cavity walls, showing a clear attenuating effect of the dust suspension.

Dust-Cloud Structures behind a Shock Wave Moving Over a Deposited Layer of Fine Particles

The present paper investigates dispersed-phase flow structures of a dust cloud induced by a normal shock wave moving at a constant speed over a flat surface deposited with fine particles. In the shock-fitted coordinates, the general equations of dusty-gas

Shock-Induced Near-Wall Two-Phase Flow Structure Over a Micron-Sized Particles Bed

The present paper studies numerical modelling of near-wall two-phase flows induced by a normal shock wave moving at a constant speed, over a micronsized particles bed. In this two-fluid model, the possibility of particle trajectory intersection is considered and a full Lagrangian formulation of the dispersed phase is introduced. The finiteness of the Reynolds and Mach numbers of the flow around a particle as well as the fineness of the particle sizes are taken into account in describing the interactions between the carrier- and dispersed- phases. For the small mass-loading ratio case, the numerical simulation of flow structure of the two phases is implemented and the profiles of the particle number density are obtained under the constant-flux condition on the wall. The effects of the shock Mach number and the particle size and material density on particle entrainment motion are discussed in detail.The obtained results indicate that interphase non-equilibrium in the velocity and temperature is a common feature for this type of flows and a local particle accumulation zone may form near the envelope of the particle trajectory family.

冲击剪切载荷下SiC_P_6151Al复合材料变形局部化及增强颗粒尺寸效

利用特殊设计的“hat shape”试样,在分离式Hopkinson压杆和MTS通用材料试验机上实验研究了颗粒尺寸和应变率对颗粒增强金属基复合材料(SiC/6151Al)变形局部化行为的影响。结果表明：颗粒尺寸对复合材料的变形强化与变形局部化行为有显著影响。具体表现为：颗粒越小,复合材料流动应力越高,即强化效果越好；另一方面,对受载试样的微观检测发现,颗粒越小,复合材料剪切变形局部化越明显。同时发现,冲击载荷（高应变率）下复合材料更容易发生变形局部化。

Modeling of Ammonothermal Growth of Nitrides

Bulk single crystals of GaN and AlN can be grown from supercritical fluids using the ammonothermal method, which utilizes ammonia as fluid rather than water as in the hydrothermal process. In this process, a mineralizer such as amide, imide or nitride is used to attack a bulk nitride feedstock at temperatures from 200°C to 500°C and pressures from 1 to 4 kbar. Ammonothermal systems have been modeled here using fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and heat transfer models. The nutrient is considered as a porous media bed and the fluid flow is simulated using the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The resulting governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. The effects of particle size on flow pattern and temperature distribution in an autoclave are analyzed.

Deformation behavior and microstructure effect in 2124Al/SiCp composite

Dynamic compression tests were performed by means of a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Test materials were 2124Al alloys reinforced with 17% volume fraction of 3, 13 and 37 μm SiC particles, respectively. Under strain rate ε = 2100 l/s, SiC particles have a strong effect on σ_0.2 of the composites and the σ_0.2 increases with different SiC particle size in the following order: 2124Al-alloy → 124Al/SiC_p (37 μm) → 2124Al/SiC_p (13 μm) → 2124Al/SiC_p (3 μm), and the strain hardening of the composites depends mainly on the strain hardening of matrix, 2124A1 alloy. The results of dimensional analysis present that the flow stress of these composites not only depends on the property of reinforcement and matrix but also relates to the microstructure scale, matrix grain size, reinforcement size, the distance between reinforcements and dislocations in matrix. The normalized flow stress here is a function of inverse power of the edge-edge particle spacing, dislocation density and matrix grain size. Close-up observation shows that, in the composite containing SiC particles (3 μm), localized deformation formed readily comparing with other materials under the same loading condition. Microscopic observations indicate that different plastic flow patterns occur within the matrix due to the presence of hard particles with different sizes.

Evolution of thermoplastic shear localization and related microstructures in Awl/SiCp composites under dynamic compression

The localized shear deformation in the 2024 and 2124 Al matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles was investigated with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) at a strain rate of about 2.0x10(3) s(-1). The results showed that the occurrence of localized shear deformation is sensitive to the size of SiC particles. It was found that the critical strain, at which the shear localization occurs, strongly depends on the size and volume fraction of SiC particles. The smaller the particle size, the lower the critical strain required for the shear localization. TEM examinations revealed that Al/SiCp interfaces are the main sources of dislocations. The dislocation density near the interface was found to be high and it decreases with the distance from the particles. The Al matrix in shear bands was highly deformed and severely elongated at low angle boundaries. The Al/SiCp interfaces, particularly the sharp corners of SiC particles, provide the sites for microcrack initiation. Eventual fracture is caused by the growth and coalescence of microcracks along the shear bands. It is proposed that the distortion free equiaxed grains with low dislocation density observed in the center of shear band result from recrystallization during dynamic deformation.

Toward an understanding of the turbidity measurement of fleterocoagulation rate constants of dispersions containing particles of different sizes

Our previous studies have shown that the determination of coagulation rate constants by turbidity measurement becomes impossible for a certain operating wavelength (that is, its blind point) because at this wavelength the change in the turbidity of a dispersion completely loses its response to the coagulation process. Therefore, performing the turbidity measurement in the wavelength range near the blind point should be avoided. In this article, we demonstrate that the turbidity measurement of the rate constant for coagulation of a binary dispersion containing particles of two different sizes (heterocoagulation) presents special difficulties because the blind point shifts with not only particle size but also with the component fraction. Some important aspects of the turbidity measurement for the heterocoagulation rate constant are discussed and experimentally tested. It is emphasized that the T-matrix method can be used to correctly evaluate extinction cross sections of doublets formed during the heterocoagulation process, which is the key data determining the rate constant from the turbidity measurement, and choosing the appropriate operating wavelength and component fraction are important to achieving a more accurate rate constant. Finally, a simple scheme in experimentally determining the sensitivity of the turbidity changes with coagulation over a wavelength range is proposed.

Ocean currents-induced pipeline lateral stability on sandy seabed

Unlike previous mechanical actuator loading methods, in this study, a hydrodynamic loading method was employed in a flow flume for simulating ocean currents induced submarine pipeline stability on a sandy seabed. It has been observed that, in the process of pipeline losing lateral stability in currents, there usually exist three characteristic times: (1) onset of sand scour; (2) slight lateral displacement of pipeline; and (3) breakout of pipeline. An empirical linear relationship is established between the dimensionless submerged weight of pipeline and Froude number for describing pipeline lateral stability in currents, in which the current-pipe-soil coupling effects are reflected. Scale effects are examined with the method of "modeling of models," and the sand particle size effects on pipeline stability are also discussed. Moreover, the pipeline stability in currents is compared with that in waves, which indicates that the pipeline laid directly upon the sandy seabed is more laterally stable in currents than in waves.

Evaluation of influence of multiple scattering effect in light-scattering-based applications

The extinction cross sections of a system containing two particles are calculated by the T-matrix method, and the results are compared with those of two single particles with single-scattering approximation. The necessity of the correction of the refractive indices of water and polystyrene for different incident wavelengths is particularly addressed in the calculation. By this means, the volume fractions allowed for certain accuracy requirements of single-scattering approximation in the light scattering experiment can be evaluated. The volume fractions calculated with corrected refractive indices are compared with those obtained with fixed refractive indices which have been rather commonly used, showing that fixed refractive indices may cause significant error in evaluating multiple scattering effect. The results also give a simple criterion for selecting the incident wavelength and particle size to avoid the 'blind zone' in the turbidity measurement, where the turbidity change is insensitive to aggregation of two particles.