攀西地区红格、新街岩体的岩石地球化学特征

The mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the Panxi, China contain large V-Ti-magnetite deposits. These layered intrusions are related with the Emeishan continental flood basalts in space and time. Two layered intrusions, Hongge and Xinjie have clear PGE mineralization at the base of the intrusions. Thus the detailed investigations of these two intrusions not only have a geological but also have an economic significance. This thesis aims to characterize the elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic features of diverse rock zones within the intrusion on the basis of systematic studies of the major, trace element and isotope ratios, therefore to constrain the petrogenesis, mantle source and evolution of the Hongge and Xinjie intrusions. Generally, both Hongge and Xinjie intrusions show the same Fe-Ti-rich and Si-M-poor characteristics. They are also enriched in rare-earth elements (REE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) as well as in Sr-Nd isotope ratios (Hongge: initial Sr = 0.7056-0.7076, ε_(Nd)(t) and (Nd/Sm)_N-ε_(Nd)(t) plots, the Hongge intrusion has a similar elemental and isotopic features to the Emeishan low-Ti (LT) basalts, whereas the Xinjie intrusion was close to the Emeishan high-Ti (HT) basalt. Therefore, the Hongge intrusion may be co-genetic with the LT basalt, formed by the partial melting of the spinel-garnet transition mantle that had a slight enriched isotope character. In contrast, the Xinjie intrusion and the HT basalts are probably derived from the garnet-phases mantle with a primitive isotope character. The involvement of the components of mantle wedge into the source is considered to be the major reason of the REE and LILE enrichment and Nd isotope depletion in the Xinjie intrusion. In contrast with the systematic variations in TiO_2 content, Mg#, transition elements (Ni, Cu, Co), REE concentrations, and La/Yb, La/Sm ratios from the lower zone to upper zone, the different rock zones of the Hongge intrusion have no clear Sr-Nd isotope variations. This suggests that the Hongge intrusions were formed by the crystal fractionation from the same magma source. The rhythm may be formed by slow injection of the co-genetic magma during the crystal fractionation. The increase in K_2O and Al_2O_3 contents, REE abundance, and the degree of the REE fractionation in the base of the intrusion, together with the relatively low ε_(Nd)(t) value, may imply that the base of the Hongge intrusion was contaminated with the local crust rocks. Xinjie intrusion shows the clearly elemental and isotopic differences in diverse cumulus cycles. The observation of the systematic variations in TiO_2 content, Mg# value, transition elements (Ni, Cu, Co), REE concentrations, and La/Yb, La/Sm ratios in first cycle was not occurred in second cumulus cycle. In addition, the ε_(Nd)(t) value in second cumulus cycle is apparently higher than that of the first one. Thus the abruptly elemental and isotopic changes at the base of second cycle demonstrate that there is considerable new and depleted magma addition to the residue magma after the crystallization of the first cycle. These features are very similar to those of the well-known PGE-rich Bushveld and Stillwater layered intrusions. The PGE mineralization in Xinjie intrusion is much better than in Hongge intrusion. Therefore, the layered intrusion similar to the Xinjie in Panxi area posses the better prospects for the PGE deposits.

胶东昆嵛山复式花岗岩体的演化—岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究

Kunyushan composite granite pluton is located in northeast part of the Sulu UHP collisional belt, Jiaodong peninsula, eastern China. It is regarded as the boundary of the Jiaodong block and the Sulu UHP collisional belt. The body is unique in the Dabieshan-Sulu UHP collisional orogen for its feature of multiple intrusions of diverse types granitoid rocks in a long span after UHP the collision between the North China and the Yangtze plates in late Triassic. It can be grouped into four series on the basis of petrology and petrochemistry. They are mid-K calc-alkaline granitoids, strongly peraluminous granites, high-K calc-alkaline granitoids and syenitic granite of shoshonitic series. In this thesis, the later three types of rocks are investigated geochronologically in detail. The grain zircon U-Pb isotope dilution dating technique has been employed in this study. Zircon morphology are presented and discussion on the chemical and physical conditions of the granite formation have been carried out in addtion. Strongly peraluminous granites comprises foliated monzogranite and garnet bearing leucogranite. They occupy more than half of the area of the Kunyushan composite body. Three zircon samples of foliated monzogranites have been analyzed, they yield lower intercept ages mainly in the range of 140-150 Ma. The formation of these rocks was likely to be at 700-600 ℃, implied by zircon morphology. Two zircon samples of the garnet bearing leucogranite yield lower intercept ages from 130 Ma to 140 Ma. Zircon morphology indicate that the liquidus temperature of the magma was about 750 °C. Syenitic granite of shoshonitic series occur in the north central part of the body, and the volume is quite small contrast to other types. One zircon sample was chosen from this rock, and yield lower intercept age of 121+1.8/-2.1 Ma. Zircon morphology indicate that the liquidus temperature of this rock is up to 900 °C, which is much higher than others'. High-K calc-alkaline granitoids can be divided into two types on the basis of rock texture and structure. One is Kf-porphyritic monzogranite. It's outcrop is quite small. Zircon ages of one sample constrain the emplacement of this rock at about 112 Ma. The other is medium-grain to coarse-grain monzogranite. Zircons from it yield lower intercept age of 100.5+2.9/-4.6 Ma. The variation of zircon morphology suggest that these two monzogranites were outcomes of a single magma at different stage. The former emplaced earlier than the latter. The liquidus temperature of the magma was about 800 ℃ Inherited zircon is ubiquitous in the Kunyushan composite body. Most of the samples yield upper intercept ages of late Proterozoic. It was considered that only the Yangtze plate underwent a crustal growth during late Proterozoic among the two plates which involved into the UHP collision. Inherited zircon of about 200 Ma can also be observed in strongly peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline granitoids. Two samples out of eight yield upper intercept ages of Achaean.

沾化凹陷泥质岩油气藏成藏特征研究

Mudstone reservoir is a subtle reservoir with extremely inhomogeneous, whose formation is greatly related to the existence of fracture. For this kind of reservoir, mudstone is oil source rock, cover rock and reservoir strata, reservoir type is various, attitude of oil layer changes greatly, and the distribution of oil and gas is different from igneous or clastic rock reservoir as well as from carbonate reservoir of self-producing and self-containing of oil and gas. No mature experience has been obtained in the description, exploration and development of the reservoir by far. Taking Zhanhua depression as an example, we studied in this thesis the tectonic evolution, deposit characteristics, diagenesis, hydrocarbon formation, abnormal formation pressure, forming of fissure in mudstone reservoir, etc. on the basis of core analysis, physical simulation, numerical simulation, integrated study of well logging and geophysical data, and systematically analyzed the developing and distributing of mudstone fissure reservoir and set up a geological model for the formation of mudstone fissure reservoir, and predicted possible fractural zone in studied area. Mudstone reservoir mainly distributed on the thrown side of sedimentary fault along the sloping area of the petroleum generatiion depression in Zhanhua depression. Growing fault controlled subsidence and sedimentation. Both the rate of subsidence and thickness of mudstone are great on the thrown side of growing fault, which result in the formation of surpressure in the area. The unlocking of fault which leads to the pressure discharges and the upward conduct of below stratum, also makes for the surpressure in mudstone. In Zhanhua depression, mudstone reservior mainly developed in sub-compacted stratum in the third segment of Shahejie formation, which is the best oil source rock because of its wide spread in distribution, great in thickness, and rich in organic matter, and rock types of which are oil source mudstone and shale of deep water or semi-deep water sediment in lacustrine facies. It revealed from core analysis that the stratum is rich in limestone, and consists of lamina of dark mudstone and that of light grey limestone alternately, such rock assemblage is in favor of high pressure and fracture in the process of hydrocarbon generation. Fracture of mudstone in the third segment of Shahejie formation was divided into structure fracture, hydrocarbon generation fracture and compound fracture and six secondary types of fracture for the fist time according to the cause of their formation in the thesis. Structural fracture is formed by tectonic movement such as fold or fault, which develops mainly near the faults, especially in the protrude area and the edge of faults, such fracture has obvious directivity, and tend to have more width and extension in length and obvious direction, and was developed periodically, discontinuously in time and successively as the result of multi-tectonic movement in studied area. Hydrocarbon generation fracture was formed in the process of hydrocarbon generation, the fracture is numerous in number and extensively in distribution, but the scale of it is always small and belongs to microfracture. The compound fracture is the result of both tectonic movement and hydrocarbon forming process. The combination of above fractures in time and space forms the three dimension reservoir space network of mudstone, which satellites with abnormal pressure zone in plane distribution and relates to sedimentary faces, rock combination, organic content, structural evolution, and high pressure, etc.. In Zhanhua depression, the mudstone of third segment in shahejie formation corresponds with a set of seismic reflection with better continuous. When mudstone containing oil and gas of abnormal high pressure, the seismic waveform would change as a result of absorb of oil and gas to the high-frequency composition of seismic reflection, and decrease of seismic reflection frequency resulted from the breakage of mudstone structure. The author solved the problem of mudstone reservoir predicting to some degree through the use of coherent data analysis in Zhanhua depression. Numerical modeling of basin has been used to simulate the ancient liquid pressure field in Zhanhua depression, to quantitative analysis the main controlling factor (such as uncompaction, tectonic movement, hydrocarbon generation) to surpressure in mudstone. Combined with factual geologic information and references, we analyzed the characteristic of basin evolution and factors influence the pressure field, and employed numerical modeling of liquid pressure evolution in 1-D and 2-D section, modeled and analyzed the forming and evolution of pressure in plane for main position in different periods, and made a conclusion that the main factors for surpressure in studied area are tectonic movement, uncompaction and hydrocarbon generation process. In Zhanhua depression, the valid fracture zone in mudstone was mainly formed in the last stage of Dongying movement, the mudstone in the third segment of Shahejie formation turn into fastigium for oil generation and migration in Guantao stage, and oil and gas were preserved since the end of the stage. Tectonic movement was weak after oil and gas to be preserved, and such made for the preserve of oil and gas. The forming of fractured mudstone reservoir can be divided into four different stages, i.e. deposition of muddy oil source rock, draining off water by compacting to producing hydrocarbon, forming of valid fracture and collecting of oil, forming of fracture reservoir. Combined with other regional geologic information, we predicted four prior mudstone fracture reservoirs, which measured 18km2 in area and 1200 X 104t in geological reserves.

山东西部中生代碳酸岩和火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因研究

On account of some very peculiar features, such as extremely high Sr and Nd contents which can buffer their primary isotopic signatures against crustal contamination, deep-seated origin within mantle, and quick ascent in lithosphere, carbonatites are very suitable for deciphering the nature of sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) and receiving widespread attentions all around the world. The Mesozoic carbonatites located in western Shandong was comprehensively investigated in this dissertation. The extremely high REE concentrations, similar spider diagrams to most other carbonatites around the world and high Sr. low Mn contents of apatite from carbonatites confirm their igneous origin. The K depletion of carbonatites from this studies reflect the co-existing of carbonatite melts with pargasite+phlogopite lherzolite rather than phlogopite lherzolite. Geological characteristics and their occumng without associated silicate rocks argue against their origin of fractionation of or liquid immisibility with carbonated silicate melts. In contrast to the low S7Sr/86Sr and high l43Nd/l44Nd of other carbonatites in the world, carbonatites of this studies show EMU features with high S7Sr/86Sr and low l4jNd/144Nd ratios, which imply that this enriched nature was formed through metasomatism of enriched mantle preexisted beneath the Sino-korean craton by partial melts of subducted middle-lower crust of Yangtze craton. In addition to carbonatites, the coeval Mesozoic volcanic rocks from western Shandong were also studied in this dissertation. Mengyin and Pingyi volcanic rocks, which located in the south parts of western Shandong are shoshonite geochemically. while volcanic rocks cropped out in other places are high-K calc-alkaline series. All these volcanic rocks enriched in LREE and LILE. depleted in HFSE, and show TNT(strong negative anomalies in Ta, Nb. Ti) patterns in spider diagrams which are common phenomena in arc-related volcanic rocks. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics reveal that the volcanic rocks decrease gradually in 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb, 20SPb/204Pb and increase in TDM from south to north, suggesting the distinction of SCLM beneath Shandong in Mesozoic is more explicit in south-north trending than in east-west trending. The variable features of SCLM can be attributed to the subduction of Yangtze craton beneath Sino-Korean craton, and subsequent metasomatism of SCLM by partial melts of Yangtze lower crust in different extent.

河北寿王坟铜矿成矿定年及同位素地球化学特征

Samples from carbonate wall-rocks, skarn, ore of skarn type, later calcite vein, and ore of porphyry type in Shouwangfen copper deposit district were collected. Systematic study was carried out on carbon, oxygen, rubidium, strontium and sulfur isotope compositions of carbonates and sulfides in these samples. The first Isochron dating by the Rb-Sr isotopes in chalcopyrite of ore sub-sample was done as well. The following conclusions were obtained. The age (113.6±4.3Ma), obtained by Rb-Sr isotope isochron dating of chalcopyrite and pyrite from sub-sample of skarn ores, probably represents the true mineralization age of skarn ores. That demonstrates the genetic relationship between granodiorite in Shouwangfen complex and skarn copper ores. On the other hand, the Rb-Sr isochron age (73±15Ma) of chalcopyrite from porphyry ores is a little incredible because of bad synthesizing evaluation. But combined with other age data of igneous rocks, it implies the possibility of hydrothermal mineralization in connection with magma activity during the fourth period of Yanshanian in Hebei Province, even in the whole northern edge of Huabei continental block. Together from structure analysis of sulfide sub-samples, from pretreating preccedure of Rb-Sr isotope isochron and its' valuating, we found out that Rb-Sr isotope isochron of sulfide sub-samples is influenced by the crystal structure of sulfides. That is, sulfide ores with very big crystals are not suitable for sub-sample isochron. Carbon, oxygen, sulfur and strontium compositions, of different minerals in these two kinds of ores, imply that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids were probably derived from magma deep under the crust. The calcite ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios from the porphyry are consistent to the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the Rb-Sr isochron of chalcopyrite and pyrite in the skarn ore, indicating that these two kinds of ores have the same source characteristic, although the porphyry deposit was formed probably 40 million years later than the skarn one according to our dating results. Skarn and skarn ores are usually considered as interaction product between carbonate wall-rocks and magmatic fluids, but the carbon of the sedimentary carbonate seems not involved in the skarn ores. Considering the connection of magmatic processes and hydrothermal ore formation in the Shouwangfen district, particularly, the spatial distribution of skarn-type and porphyry-type ores, it is possible that the Shouwangfen ore district corresponds to a hydrothermal ore-forming system, which was promoted by high-intruding magmatic rocks. Systematic stable isotopic research can help to reveal the upper part of this hydrothermal ore-forming system, which mainly related to heated and circulating meteoric water, and the lower part principally related to ascending magmatic fluids. Both skarn and porphyry ore-bodies are formed by up-intruding magmatic fluids (even more deep mantle-derived fluids).

西秦岭晚古生代弧前盆地沉积与成矿作用

The Western Qinling Orogenie belt in the Taibai-Fengxian and Xihe-Lixian areas can be subdivided into three units structurally from north to south, which are the island-arc, forearc basin and accretionary wedge, respectively. The forearc basin developed in the Late Paleozoic mainly controls sedimentation and some larger lead-zinc and gold deposits in the western Qinling. Stratigraphically, the island arc is dissected into the Liziyuan Group, the Danfeng Group and the Luohansi Group. The metavolcanic rocks include basic, intermediate and acidic rocks, and their geochemistry demonstrates that these igneous rocks generated in an island arc. Where, the basalts are subalkaline series charactered by low-medium potassium, with enriched LREE, negative Eu anomaly, and positive Nd anomaly. Cr-content of volcanic rocks is 2-3 times higher than that of island arc tholeiite all over the world. In addition, the lightly metamorphosed accretionary wedge in the areas of Huixian, Chengxian, Liuba and Shiqun is dominated by terrigenous sediments with carbonatite, chert, mafic and volcanic rocks. The age of the wedge is the Late Palaeozoic to the Trassic, while previous work suggested that it is the Silurian. The Upper Paleozoic between the island arc belt and accretionary wedge are mainly the sediments filled in the fore arc basin. The fillings in the forearc basin were subdivided into the Dacaiotan Group, the Tieshan Group, the Shujiaba Group and the Xihanshui Group, previously. They outcropped along the southern margins of the Liziyuan Group. The Dacaotan Group, the Upper Devonian, is close to the island arc complex, and composed of a suite of red and gray-green thick and coarse terrestrial elastics. The Shujiaba Group, the Mid-Upper Devonian, is located in the middle of the basin, is mainly fine-grained elastics with a few intercalations of limestone. The Xihanshui Group, which distributes in the southern of the basin, is mainly slates, phyllites and sandstones with carbonatite and reef blocks. The Tieshan Group, the Upper Devonian, just outcrops in the southwest of the basin, is carbonatite and clastic rocks, and deposited in the shallow -sea environment. The faults in the basin are mainly NW trend. The sedimentary characteristics, slump folds, biological assemblages in both sides of and within those faults demonstrate that they were syn-sedimentary faults with multi-period activities. They separated the forearc basin into several sub-basins, which imbricate in the background of a forearc basin with sedimentary characteristics of the piggyback basin. The deep hydrothermal fluid erupted along the syn-sedimentary faults, supported nutrition and energy for the reef, and resulted in hydrothermal-sedimentary rocks, reef and lead-zinc deposits along these faults. The sedimentary facies in the basin varies from the continental slope alluvial fan, to shallow-sea reef facies, and then to deep-water from north to south, which implies that there was a continental slope in the Devonian in the west Qinling. The strata overlap to north and to east respectively. Additionally, the coeval sedimentary facies in north and south are significantly different. The elastics become more and more coarser to north in the basin as well as upward coarsing. These features indicate prograding fillings followed by overlaps of the different fans underwater. The paleocurrent analyses show that the forearc basin is composed of thrust-ramp-basins and deep-water basins. The provenance of the fillings in the basin is the island arc in the north. The lead-zinc deposits were synchronous with the Xihanshui Group in the early stage of development of the forearc basin. They were strongly constrained by syn-sedimentary faults and then modified by the hydrothermal fluids. The gold deposits distributed in the north of the basin resulted from the tectonic activities and magmatism in the later stage of the basin evolution, and occurred at the top of the lead-zinc deposits spatially. The scales of lead-zinc deposits in the south of the basin are larger than that of the gold-deposits. The Pb-Zn deposits in the west of the basin are larger than those in the east, while the Gold deposits in the west of the basin are smaller than those in the east. Mineralizing ages of these deposits become younger and younger to west.

安多地区早中侏罗世岩浆岩岩石地球化学和同位素年代学研究及其对构造演化的制约

Anduo area is located in the Central Tibet, the middle segment of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture. Anduo Block is the northern part of Lhasa terrane. The relationships among the different geological bodies were determined during the 1: 250000 regional geological surveying. Petrography, petrologic geochemistry, isotopic geochemistry and geochronology of igneous rocks from the suture and granitoids from Anduo Block were analyzed systematically as a whole for the first time. Then, their tectonic setting and history are discussed.Anduo ophiolitic melange consists of metamorphic peridotites, cumulates, plagiogranites, sheeted dykes swarm, pillow lava and radiolarian cherts. The concentration of Cr and Ni in the metamorphic peridotites is very high, with Mg# about 0.94 ~ 0.97, higher 87Sr/86Sr and Pb isotopic ratios, and lower 143Nd/i44Nd ratio. LREE is enriched relative to HREE and positive Eu anomaly is very clear. The REE distribution curve is U shape. Nb and Ta anomalies from cumulate gabbro and sheeted dyke swarm are not clear, while that are slightly negative from pillow lava. Plagiogranite belongs to strong calc-alkaline series with high Si, middle Al, low Fe, Mg and low K contents. Eu anomaly (~ 1.23) from plagiogranites is slightly positive. The character of all components of ophiolite is similar to that of the MORB, while to some extent the ophiolite was influenced by crustal material. Anduo ophiolite formed in a mature back-arc basin. Additionally, intermediate acidity volcanic rocks within Anduo phiolite melange are island arc calc-alkline rocks related to ocean subduction.The early-middle Jurassic plutonic rocks are tonalite, granodiorite bearing-phenocryst, magaporphyritic hornblende monzogranite, magaporphyritic monzogranite, monzogranite bearing-phenocryst and syenogranite in turn. They belong to calc-alkaline series which developed from middle K to high K series temporally. REE distribution curves of all plutonic rocks are similar and parallel to each other. SREE and negative Eu anomaly values decrease. In the multi-element spider diagram, the curves of different plutons are similar to each other, but troughs of Nb, Sr, P and Ti from young plutons become more evident. This suggests that thereare some closely petrogenetic affinities among plutonic rocks which make up amagma plutonism cycle of the early-middle Jurassic. Magma source is mainly crustal,but abundant mafic microgranular enclaves within granitoids indicate that crastalmagma should be mixed with mantle-derived magma and the mantle-derived magmadecreased subsequently. Tonalite has features of I-type granite, magaporphyriticmonzogranite is transition type, and monzogranite bearing-phenocryst is S-typegranite. The characteristic of granitoids from Anduo Block suggest that the formingtectonic setting is active continental margin.Reliable zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages are obtained in the study area firstly. Plagiogranite from the Anduo ophiolite of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture is 175.1 Ma, and granitoids from Anduo Block is 172.6-185.4 Ma. Additionally, plagioclase from the plagiogranite dates a 40Ar/39Ar age of 144 Ma, while biotite and hornblend from granitoids of Anduo Block give a 163-165 Ma.Similar cooling ages of plagiogranite from the Anduo ophiolitic melange and granitoids from Anduo Block and the spatial distribution of the ophiolitic rocks between Anduo, Naqu, and Shainzha area suggest that bilateral subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang oceanic basin took place in the early-middle Jurassic. During this subduction, Anduo ophiolitic rocks were related to north subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang oceanic basin and Anduo back-arc basin spreading, while granitoids from Anduo Block were related to south subduction.

多波分量地震资料处理解释方法

To deal with some key problems in multi-component seismic exploration, some methods are introduced in this thesis based on reading amounts of papers about multi-component seismic theories and methods. First, to find a solution for the detection of the fracture density and orientation in igneous, carbonate and shale reservoirs, a large amount of which exist in domestic oil fields with low exploration and development degree, a new fast and slow shear waves separation method called Ratio Method based on S-wave splitting theory is discussed in this thesis, through which the anisotropy coefficient as well as fracture parameters such as density and azimuthal angle can be acquired. Another main point in this thesis involves the application of seismic velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) to predict the Hthological parameters of subsurface medium. To deal with the unfeasibility of velocity ratio calculation method based on time ratio due to the usually low single-noise ratio of S-wave seismic data acquired on land, a new method based on detailed velocity analysis is introduced. Third, pre-stack Kirchhoff integral migration is a new method developed in recent years, through which both S and P component seismic data as well as amplitude ratio of P/S waves can be acquired. In this thesis, the research on untilizing the P and S wave sections as well as amplitude ratio sections to interpret low-amplitude structures and lithological traps is carried out. The fast and slow shear wave separation method is then be applied respectively to detect the density and azimuthal angle of fractures in an igneous rock gas reservoir and the coal formation in a coal field. Two velocity ratio-calculating methods are applied respectively in the lithological prediction at the gas and coal field after summarizing a large amount of experimental results draw domestically and abroad. P and S wave sections as well as amplitude ratio sections are used to identify low-amplitude structures and lithological traps in the slope area of a oil-bearing sedimentary basin. The calculated data concerning fracture density and azimuthal angle through the introduced method matches well with the regional stress and actual drilling data. The predicted lithological data reflects the actual drilling data. Some of the low-amplitude and lithological traps determined by Kirchhoff migration method are verified by the actual drilling data. These results indicate that these methods are very meaningful when dealing with complex oil and gas reservoir, and can be applied in other areas.

大别（超）包产到户铁岩和阜新火山岩铂族元素斌存规律研究

The platinum-group elements (PGE), including Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd, axe strongly siderophile and chalcophile. On the basis of melting temperature, the PGE may be divided into two groups: the Ir group (IPGE, >2000°C) consisting of Os, Ir and Ru, and the Pd group (PPGE, <20GO°C) consisting of Rh, Pt and Pd. Because of their unique geochemical properties, PGE provide critical information on global-scale differentiation processes, such as core-mantle segregation, late accretionary history, and core-mantle exchange. In addition, they may be used to identify magma source regions and unravel complex petrogenetic processes including partial melting, melt percolation and metasomatism in the mantle, magma mixing and crustal contamination in magma chambers and melt crystallization.Compared with other rocks, (ultra)mafic rocks have lower REE content but higher PGE content, so PGE have advantages in studying the petrogeneses and evolution of them. In this study, we selected (ultra)mafic rocks collected in Dabie Orogen and volcanic rocks from Fuxin Region. Based on the distribution and behaviour of platinum-group elements, combined with other elements, we speculate the magma evolution and source mantle of these (ultra)mafic rocks and volcanic rocks.Many (ultra)mafic rocks are widely distributed in Dabie Region. According to their deformation and metamorphism, we classed them into three types. One is intrusive (ultra)mafic rocks, which are generally undeformed and show no or little sign of metamorphism, such as (ultra)mafic intrusions in Shacun, zhujiapu, Banzhufan, qingshan, Xiaohekou, Jiaoziyan, Renjiawan and Daoshichong. The other one is ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (ultra)mafic rocks, some of them appeared as eelogites, such as complex in Bixiling and adjacent Maowu. Another one is intense deformed and metamorphic, termed as tectonic slice, alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks. The most representative is Raobazhai and Dahuapin. However, there are many controversies about the formation of those (ultra)mafic rocks. Here, we select typical rocks of the three types. The PGE were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ater NiS fire-assay and tellurium co-precipitation.The PGE tracing shows that three components are needed in the source of the cretaceous (uitra)mafic intrusions. They could be old enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle, lower crust and depleted asthenospheric mantle. The pattern of PGE also shows the primitive magma of these intrusions underwent S saturation. According to palladium, we can conclude that the mantle enrich in PGE. Distribution of PGE in Bixiiing and Maowu (ultra)mafic rocks display they are products of magmas fractional crystallization. The (ultra)mafic rocks in Bixiiing and Maowu are controlled by various magmatic processes and the source mantle is depleted in PGE. Of interest is that the mantle produced UHP (ultra)mafic rocks are PGE-depleted, whereas the mantle of cretaceous (ultra)mafic intrusions are enrich in PGE. This couldindicate that the mantle change from PGE-enriched to PGE-depleted during120-OOMa, which in accord with the time of tectonic system change in the East China. At the same time, (ultra)mafic intrusions in cretaceous took information of deep mantle, which means the processes in deep mantle arose structural movement in the crust The character of PGE in alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks declared that the rocks had experienced two types of metasomatic processes - hydrous melt derived from slab and silicate melt. In addition, we analyze the platinum-group elements in volcanic rocks on the northern margin of the North China Craton, Fuxin. The volcanic rocks characterized by negative anomalies of platinum. This indicates that platinum alloys, which may host some Pt resided in the mantle. The PGE patterns also show that Jianguo alkali basalts derived from asthenospheric mantle source, but wulahada high-Mg andesites derived from lithospheric mantle.

峨眉山大火成岩省二滩玄武岩地球化学及源区特征

大陆溢流玄武岩根据TiO2含量可划分为高钛玄武岩和低钛玄武岩，这两种不同类型的玄武岩往往有不同的空间分布特征，也具有不同的成因指示意义。峨眉山玄武岩也有高、低钛之分，且其空间分布存在明显差异。然而，在以往的峨眉山玄武岩的研究中只对高、低钛玄武岩进行对比研究，而单独对同一类型玄武岩的研究甚少，尤其是对物质来源的研究。在本论文中，作者以峨眉山大火成岩省中部二滩地区高钛玄武岩为研究对象，通过主量元素、微量元素和Sr－Nd－Pb同位素对其地球化学、岩浆过程以及物质来源进行了探讨，得出以下初步认识和结论： ⑴ 二滩高钛玄武岩可划分出Group I和Group II两种岩石类型。Group I中Sr和Zr显示明显负异常，而Group II无Sr和Zr异常。此两种类型岩石的Sr－Nd－Pb同位素地球化学特征也较为不同。 ⑵ 二滩高钛玄武岩为板内构造环境，Group I和Group II显示出碱性或钙碱性岩特征。 ⑶ Group I和Group II具有不同的熔体形成熔融程度，Group I相对低(0～3.5％)，Group II相对高(4.0～8.0％)。不同的部分熔融程度导致了控制矿物相的不同。 ⑷ Group I和Group II岩浆分别经历了不同的结晶分异过程。Group I主要显示出斜长石结晶分异趋势，Group II则主要显示出橄榄石结晶分异趋势。 ⑸ 微量不相容元素和Sr－Nd－Pb同位素特征表明，Group I和Group II均源自深部富集地幔，具有不同的物质来源，且与地幔柱有成因上的联系。 以上特征表明，二滩玄武岩与深源地幔柱有成因上的联系。这可能是深部地幔柱(来自核－幔边界或下地幔)上升过程中在不同深度携带了不同物质，这些物质发生部分熔融，从而导致了Group I和Group II的明显差异。其充分说明，二滩高钛玄武岩的物源是不均一的，反映了源区的不均一性特征。

济阳坳陷高青—平南断裂带天然气地球化学及与火成岩的关系

济阳坳陷位于渤海湾盆地东南部，是中国东部重要的含油气坳陷之一，同时也是重要的天然气气藏富集区。坳陷中部高青－平南断裂从孔店组沉积时开始发育，至明化镇末期断裂停止活动。岩浆活动导致断裂带两侧天然气的分布较为复杂：既有纯烃类气藏，也有纯非烃类气藏，还有混合气藏。已有的工作主要是着重气藏形成的地质条件、成藏模式以及盆地演化过程中的构造-热事件中的岩浆活动对CO2气藏形成的总体影响。对烃类气藏成因研究不足，仅简单的归于油型气；同时天然气藏与火山活动之间的关系研究不够，本论文在天然气、火山岩地球化学基础上，探讨天然气的来源，综合分析了火山活动对天然气形成的影响。论文获得的主要认识如下： 1. 根据花沟地区天然气碳及稀有气体地球化学特征结合该地区火山岩流体包裹体组分，认为高青、花沟地区烃类气藏应该是有机与无机成因相结合的混合气体，其有机来源主要是来自油型气；无机来源主要是地幔脱气以及发生氧化还原反应生成的无机成因气；而平南、平方王地区烃类气主要为油型气。 2. CO2气藏主要是无机幔源成因。据CO2体积百分含量、CO2碳同位素（δ13CCO2）表明CO2是无机成因，氦同位素R/Ra、40Ar/ 36Ar表明区内CO2成因与无机幔源成因密切相关。不同地区幔源包裹体中的CO2含量不同，研究表明后期火山岩浆更富CO2。高青地区CO2气以幔源岩浆脱气成因为主；平方王和平南地区为幔源岩浆脱气和壳源岩石化学混合成因。 3. 稀有气体同位素组成说明该地区He、Ar为壳幔混合成因。40Ar/36Ar值317~3178之间，氦同位素R/Ra在1.44~5.96之间；在3He/4He-40Ar/36Ar以及3He/4He-4He/20Ne图中均处于壳源与幔源混合成因区域。 4. 岩浆活动对天然气成藏效应体现在对天然气形成与成藏的影响。 5. 高青－平南断裂带幔源流体活动方式和活动强度存在时间和空间上的差异是造成高青－平南断裂带天然气分布不同最主要的原因。CO2气藏更容易在两个断裂的交汇处形成，说明了断裂为天然气的运移提供通道。

甘肃阳山超大型金矿岩浆岩地球化学特征及成矿机制研究

阳山超大型金矿床位于西秦岭勉略缝合带内，地处陕、甘、川三省交界，是我国近期发现的世界级超大型金矿床。前人对该矿床的研究工作集中于矿床地质、稳定同位素、同位素年代学等方面，但对矿区内岩浆岩的系统研究始终是个空白。阳山金矿矿区内岩浆岩与矿体在时间上和空间上紧密联系，因此深入研究阳山矿区岩浆岩的地球化学特征，同时也对探讨该区构造活动、岩浆活动，揭示成矿过程、建立成矿模型具有重要意义。 本文通过对阳山金矿岩浆岩的研究，结合矿床地质、地球化学特征、大地构造背景等因素，利用主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素系统分析了阳山金矿矿区岩浆岩地球化学特征，获得了以下主要认识： 1 阳山矿区岩浆岩为是钙碱性过铝质花岗岩，岩浆在岩浆房或在侵位过程中，存在岩浆结晶分离演化趋势。 2 安坝矿段305号脉群、311脉群，葛条湾矿段和泥山矿段（除蚀变样品外）出露的岩浆岩具有比较一致的主、微量、稀土元素特征，三者在成因与物质来源上存在紧密的联系。 3 阳山矿区花岗岩的来源主要是地壳组分，同时可能还有早期俯冲带形成物质的参与，在深部地壳物质熔融后，花岗岩在秦岭微板块与扬子板块最终碰撞勉略主缝合带形成之后，于主碰撞晚期应力松弛阶段所形成。碰撞事件诱发了地壳增厚，使页岩或碎屑砂岩质的地壳岩石接近于熔融温度，由于热或水的加入引起部分熔融。 4阳山金矿的成因模型中，变质流体是阳山金矿成矿作用中的主导流体，在不同成矿阶段有少量地表水、岩浆水以及大气水混入。

峨眉山大火成岩省Ni-Cu-PGE矿床矿化类型变异机理研究

在峨眉山大火成岩省（ELIP）产出许多岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床，如金宝山、杨柳坪、力马河、白马寨，以及大槽－阿布郎当矿化岩体。根据成矿元素组成特征，这些矿床可以区分为多种不同矿化类型，有以铂族元素为主贫铜镍的矿床，如金宝山Pt-Pd矿床；有含较高铂族元素和铜镍的矿床，如杨柳坪Ni-Cu-PGE矿床；也有贫铂族元素富铜镍的矿床，以力马河和白马寨Ni-Cu矿床最为典型。造成峨眉山大火成岩省中Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床矿化类型变异的原因是什么？它们的母质岩浆性质如何，产生于怎样的熔融程度？既然能形成岩浆硫化物矿床，造成硫化物熔离的原因有哪些，什么因素起到了关键作用？这些矿化类型多样的Ni-Cu-PGE矿床的成矿岩浆有何差异？产生差异的原因是什么？带着这些疑问，通过借鉴国内外Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床研究的经验，本文以金宝山铂钯矿、力马河镍矿及大槽－阿布郎当岩体的地球化学研究为基础，结合近几年来前人对杨柳坪，白马寨等矿床的系统研究，本文试图解决上述疑问。现在取得的主要认识有： 1） 根据成矿元素组成特征，可以把峨眉山大火成岩省中（ELIP）存在的Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床分成多种不同的矿化类型，包括PGE矿床（例如金宝山Pt-Pd矿），Ni-Cu-PGE矿床（例如杨柳坪矿床），Ni-Cu矿床（例如力马河和白马寨矿床），以及弱矿化或不含矿的超镁铁质堆晶岩体（例如大槽－阿布郎当岩体）。通过对ELIP中几种类型Cu-Ni-PGE矿床成矿母岩浆的研究发现，它们均具有类似峨眉山苦橄岩的成分特征，表明母岩浆形成于较高程度的地幔部分熔融，并富集Ni和PGE。 2）硫化物熔离的多阶段性是导致矿床类型变异的一个重要因素。早期结晶矿物的分离结晶导致了金宝山母岩浆出现S的饱和，少量的浸染状硫化物被携带进入岩浆通道中发生了沉淀，继续富集PGE，形成了金宝山矿体。杨柳坪的母岩浆先发生了少量早期硫化物熔离丢失，PGE弱亏损的岩浆在后期上升过程中由于强烈的地壳混染，发生了大量硫化物熔离并发生堆积，形成杨柳坪矿体。力马河和白马寨的母岩浆在早期发生了较多的硫化物丢失，PGE强烈亏损的岩浆发生了二次以上的硫化物熔离，形成了力马河和白马寨矿体。 3） R因子（岩浆与熔离硫化物的比例）是决定ELIP中Cu-Ni-PGE矿床矿化类型变异的重要因素。金宝山矿床具有极高的R值（＞10000），杨柳坪和朱布矿床具有中等的R值（2000~5000），而力马河矿床近似为在经过R=2000的硫化物熔离之后，残余岩浆再经过R=200的硫化物熔离。 4） 地壳混染程度的差异可能是造成ELIP中Ni-Cu-PGE矿床矿化类型发生变异的关键因素。金宝山矿床的地壳混染程度较低，可能主要是早期橄榄石和铬铁矿的分异结晶导致了岩浆中硫化物出现了饱和。对于大槽－阿布郎当矿化岩体，只是在岩体边缘的局部出现了硫化物熔离，可能是围岩混染造成的。对于杨柳坪Ni-Cu-PGE矿床、力马河和白马寨Ni-Cu矿床，从微量元素蛛网中明显的Nb-Ta负异常，高放射成因187Os丰度的初始Os同位素组成（γOs(t)=100~120），S同位素等反映出显著的地壳混染，因而出现大量硫化物熔离。

东营凹陷火成岩发育区油气生成与成藏模式研究

该文提出了一套了适用于胜利油区火成岩油气藏成藏机理研究的综合研究方法.通过地质和地球物理资料分析,查明了火成岩的时空分布规律,应用岩石学和地球化学原理方法确定了火成岩-烃源岩共生组合体的岩性、岩相及其形成的构造背景.重点研究了火成岩-烃源岩共生组合体的地质地球化学特征及火山物质与有机质的相互作用,特别是用模拟实验的方法对火山来源的过渡金属元素在有机质生烃过程中催化作用进行深入研究,此外还讨论了火成岩-烃源岩组合体中有机质生烃的加氢作用,烃源岩有机酸对火成岩的溶蚀改造作用等.最后,应用油气成藏动力学的研究方法阐明了玄武岩-烃源岩和辉长岩-烃源岩组合体油气藏的成藏机制,建立了两种油气成藏模式.

地幔柱与岩浆成矿-峨嵋山大火成岩省地震波速层物相解释及典型PGE矿床成岩成矿机制研究

地幔柱概念在19世纪60至70年代就被提出，但是由于板块构造理论在解释地球上岩浆活动的分布规律时取得了空前的成功，在当时这一理论是被排斥的。板块边界概念可以解释地球上绝大部分的岩浆产出，但在解释板内岩浆的成因时往往显得力不从心，尽管这些岩浆的体积只占地球岩浆总量的2％。地幔柱理论模型发展到现在得到不同学科的支持。地质学、地球化学、地球物理学、古生物学、比较行星学、实验岩石学等等都提供了直接或间接的证据，证明地幔柱几乎存在整个地：质历史时期。当前地幔柱理论中在地球化学领域有两大研究热点：高钦低钦玄武岩的起源以及地幔柱中是否存在循环俯冲洋壳物质。完全解决这些问题才可能深入系统地建立地慢柱成矿作用模型。现在已经建立了一些矿床类型与地慢柱作用的联系：如现在认为赋存在金伯利岩中的金刚石矿床的形成与地慢柱作用密不可分，一些岩浆硫化物矿床和岩浆氧化物矿床很显然是地慢柱岩浆作用形成的，如西伯利亚火成岩省的Noril'sk-Talnakh铜镍铂族元素矿床以及KeweenawaJI大陆裂谷体系的Dultlth杂岩体的Cu-Ni矿床。另外还有赋存在大型基性一超基性层状岩体中的PGE、Ni和cu矿床，如Great Dyke和布什维尔德杂岩体。一些超大型热液矿床也与地慢柱有可能的联系（Pirajno，2000）：如270oMa形成的超大型Kidd Creek火山成因块状硫化物矿床（Bleeker et al.，1 999；Wynan et al.，1999）和南澳大利亚1600Ma形成的超大型olymPicD翻矿床。本文的研究工作包含两方面内容：通过热力学计算峨眉山玄武岩在深部的结晶分异，对峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆量分布和岩浆氧化物矿床（华Ti磁铁矿矿床）的分布以及下地壳高波速层的物相进行理论解释；对峨眉山大火成岩省金宝山PGE典型矿床进行成岩成矿的地球化学研究，预测整个大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床产出位置。大多数峨眉山玄武岩的 MgO＜7％，Ni为4-232ppm，它们是原始岩浆结晶分异后的产物。峨眉山玄武岩省下地壳和上地幔之间存在厚度为：8-25km1，P彼速为7.1-7.8km／s的附加层（高地震波速层）。滇西地区出露的洲套第三纪富碱斑岩，地球化学和同位素研究表明斑岩的岩浆源是来自“壳一慢混合层”，源区的形成时代为220-25Ma，与峨眉山玄武岩的形成时代一致。所以有理由认为该附加层是由峨眉山玄武岩在此结晶分异形成的。与地慢柱有关的洋岛Hawaii、Marquesas Islands；海底高原Oniong Java、大陆火山岩省ColumbiaRiver Plateaus地震彼研究都表明在上地慢顶部有一高速附加层，Farnetani etal.（1996）的研歼表明高速附加层是由来自地幔柱的岩浆在此结晶分异形成的。玄武岩是一种混合的部分熔融产物，是不同成分的地幔橄榄岩在不同的压力下熔出的。这种降压熔融高温高压实验是做不到的。熔出的熔体成分是温度、压力及橄榄岩成分（源区）的函数，形成的岩浆是一个多压熔融的集合体。热力学计算能够较为精确地计算出生成的岩浆成分和约束岩浆产生的过程。岩浆的结晶分异也是同样的情形，尤其是分离结晶过程，实验岩石学是很精确难模拟其过程的。热力学计算使用的MELTS程序，MELTS适用范围很广，适用于模拟岩石熔融生成岩浆和岩浆的冷却结晶。现今峨眉山大火成岩省的地壳厚度为40恤，这被认为是后期褶皱加厚的缘故。根据峨眉山玄武岩中辉石斑晶成分和玄武岩本身成分计算出分异结晶的压力为6kb，那么当时的地壳厚度约为20km：选择氧逸度为QFM，这一氧逸度范围认为是大多数大陆溢流玄武岩结晶分异时的氧化还原环境。热力学计算结果通过峨眉山玄武岩成分进行约束和验证。Al2O3、NaZO＋K 20、CaO与MgO计算的演化趋势线与实际观察的演化符合较好，橄榄石和斜方辉石的结晶使得CaO随着MgO的降低而增高；当单斜辉石成为液相线矿物时，cao也随着Mgo的降低而降低了。单斜辉石在岩浆演化到MgO＝10．3％时成为液相线矿物。整个计算过程中斜长石未成为液相线矿物，这与大多数玄武岩不具有Eu异常是一致的，并月＿Al2O3随着MgO的减小单调增加也说明了这点。不过大多数峨眉山玄武岩常含有斜长石斑晶，这是低压下结晶分异的结果。由于斜长石密度小，所有很难与高铁玄武岩分离。整个计算的难点也是创新点是波速计算。通过分离的堆晶矿物组合中各种矿物的成分和质量分数计算的附加层波速比观察值高，不过堆积岩体常常会有残留岩浆存在矿物晶粒间，这样会降低岩石的压缩波速。大型基性一超基性岩体常常会残留有或者捕获5-30％的岩浆。假定两个高波速附加层分别捕获7叭，和巧％的残留岩浆，计算的结果就大体等于观察值。热力学和质量平衡计算研究表明：高地震波速层为橄榄辉石岩一辉石岩的巨型侵入岩体；峨眉山中岩区的岩浆量最大也符合含V-Ti磁铁矿矿床只产在中岩区，如太和、白马、攀枝花、红格等岩体；西岩区的岩浆量最小表明几乎没有可能在西岩区形成有规模的V-Ti磁铁矿矿床，实际观察仅仅只见到数量少而小的岩体；东岩区下地壳厚达20灿1的高波速层暗示东岩区上地壳的侵入岩体积也应该具有相当规模，应该是V－Ti磁铁矿矿床成矿区。目前在东岩区很少发现与峨眉山玄武岩有关的岩浆矿床的主要原因是：东岩区的剥蚀深度不够，没有可观的侵入岩体出露，而中岩区侵入岩都侵入在元古代地层中。按照质量平衡的计算方法，最保守的估算整个峨眉地慢柱岩浆事件产生的岩浆量为8.9*106km3，上地壳峨眉山玄武岩和侵入岩体积为3.9*106km3。如果按照初始覆盖面积5x106km2计算（与西伯利亚暗色岩初始覆盖面积相当），喷发高峰期为2Ma，计算的喷发速率为3.9km3／year。这并不亚于西伯利亚暗色岩的喷发速率4km3／year。这对于研究峨眉山大火成岩浆事件与二叠·三叠交界或end-QuadaluPian生物灭绝之间的可能联系具有重要意义。本文另一方面的研究工作是：首先系统地介绍了岩浆硫化物矿床的基本原理，然后通过金宝山PGE矿床实例研究，提出金宝山岩体成岩模式，并且对整个峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床产出位置进行理论预测。详细地球化学研究表明金宝山镁铁一超镁铁岩是峨眉山大火成岩省古老火山岩浆房的残留物。岩体主要由底部超镁铁岩和上部镁铁岩组成，两种岩石的质量大致相同。根据超镁铁岩的矿物组合计算的成岩时的氧逸度较高，热力学方法计算的成岩压力为2kb左右。超镁铁岩的包嵌结构和铁铁岩的微晶一细晶结构说明超镁铁岩为镁铁岩结晶的矿物堆积形成的。镁铁一超镁铁岩的蚀变程度不同以及Sc、Sr、Eu等元素在两类岩石中的不同特征指示了整个成岩过程。金宝山岩体的原始岩浆 MgO=8％说明高镁玄武岩并不是形成PGE矿床的必要条件。金宝山的成岩模式是：在火山喷发前，岩浆侵位时橄榄石和少量铬尖晶石先结晶，沉淀在岩浆房底部；随后结晶的是斜方辉石和斜长石，斜方辉石也沉淀在岩浆房底部，斜长石由于密度较小集中中岩浆房上部，岩浆房的中部是：少量的斜长石小斑晶。由于斜方辉石和斜长石的结晶，这样岩浆中的Sc、Sr和Eu就会亏损，也是岩浆房底部堆积岩的原始捕获岩浆。火山喷发后，由于压力的突然降低，岩浆房底部的堆晶会发生再熔融，几乎消耗掉所有的斜方辉石，橄榄石也呈熔蚀状浑圆形态，重新熔融的斜方辉石导致超镁铁岩中残留岩浆比原始捕获岩浆更加富Sc，这种岩浆由于富MgO和在快速冷却的环境下同时结晶，最终形成光性方位一致的单刹辉石。喷发后岩浆房空间的剩余导致围岩-灰岩进入，造成岩浆房中剩余岩浆强烈的碳酸盐化。峨眉山玄武岩Cr-Mg#的相关关系定义一条正常玄武岩演化线。大多数这些玄武岩的Ni也保持了这种演化关系，其中低钦玄武岩和过渡型高钦玄武岩Ni-Mg＃相关关系远离了正常演化线，这些玄武岩的Cu-Mg#相关关系也有类似的情形。峨眉山低钦和过渡类型高钦玄武岩Ni和 Cu的非正常亏损，表明它们在地表下经历了硫饱和事件。金宝山岩浆硫化物矿床成岩模型的建立，为在整个大火成岩省寻找岩浆硫化物矿床提供了一种新认识。低钦和过渡型高钦玄武岩的古老火山口下部是岩浆硫化物矿床的所在地。