强散射体产生的像面散斑对比度与随机表面及成像系统关系的研究

We study the statistical properties of the image speckles produced by strong-scattering objects in the 4f optical imaging system. Using the generic expression of the complex amplitude of speckles and the approximation of the double-exponential function, we first obtain the ensemble average of the speckle intensity. Then we derive the variance of the speckle intensity based on the rotational transformation of the real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude of speckles. We finally obtain the expression for the contrast of the. speckles, which is explicitly related to the statistical parameters of random surface and to the parameters of the imaging system. Our results are an obvious improvement compared with those reported in the literature, where the relations including such implicit quantities as the average size of the scattering grains of the random surface and the number of scattering grains are usually used. The results of this paper would be helpful for the characterization of random surface by speckle contrast.

双色激光场中激光强度和脉宽对线性多原子分子离子电离的影响

利用强激光场电离和离解分子来研究分子激发态的波包结构是强场物理的重要研究方向。利用短时指数传播子对称分割法和快速傅里叶变换技术。数值求解了一维含时Schr（oe）dinger方程，探讨了双色激光场中激光的基波和谐波强度之间的不同配比以及脉宽对线性多原子分子离子电离的影响。理论计算结果表明：基波和谐波的相对相位为π时，尽管随着激光的基波和谐波强度之间配比的变化，电离几率随原子间距变化的趋势基本保持不变，但在一定的激光基波强度下(1．2×10^13～1．2×10^15W／cm^2)，激光基波强度的变化可以明显

Charge displacement in ultraintense laser-plasma interaction

The distribution of optical held and charge density in the interaction between ultraintense ultrashort pulse laser and plasma is studied by numerical computation. The plasma considered has an exponential density profile. which corresponds to isothermal expanding. Our calculation shows that electrons are pushed forward by the incident laser, but ions, due to their much greater inertia, remain stationary. The resulting charge displacement forms a strong electrostatic field in the plasma. After the interaction of laser pulse and plasma. electrostatic energy still exists even after the laser pulse and will be absorbed by the plasma finally. This serves as an explanation to the mechanism of laser energy deposited into plasma.

Fuzzy inferring mathematical morphology and optical implementation

Fuzzification is introduced into gray-scale mathematical morphology by using two-input one-output fuzzy rule-based inference systems. The fuzzy inferring dilation or erosion is defined from the approximate reasoning of the two consequences of a dilation or an erosion and an extended rank-order operation. The fuzzy inference systems with numbers of rules and fuzzy membership functions are further reduced to a simple fuzzy system formulated by only an exponential two-input one-output function. Such a one-function fuzzy inference system is able to approach complex fuzzy inference systems by using two specified parameters within it-a proportion to characterize the fuzzy degree and an exponent to depict the nonlinearity in the inferring. The proposed fuzzy inferring morphological operators tend to keep the object details comparable to the structuring element and to smooth the conventional morphological operations. Based on digital area coding of a gray-scale image, incoherently optical correlation for neighboring connection, and optical thresholding for rank-order operations, a fuzzy inference system can be realized optically in parallel. (C) 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Role of absorption in grating erasure

In this paper, we have investigated the grating erasure of a reduced LiNbO3:Fe crystal with different erasing wavelengths. The overall hologram evolution in the process of grating erasure is nonexponential due to strong absorption which is contrary to the mono-exponential law. The hologram in the rear part of the crystal can persist for a long time in the grating erasure due to weak erasing light intensity by strong absorption, which can enlarge the erasure time constant. From the erasure experiments, the global absorption ad 5 can be taken as the optimum absorption to acquire a good trade-off between the sensitivity and hologram strength in the crystal. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Optimized phase pupil masks for extended depths of field

By properly designing a phase pupil mask to modulate or encode the optical images and then digitally restoring them, one can greatly extend the depth of field and improve image quality. The original works done by Dowski and Cathey introduce the use of a cubic phase pupil mask to extend the depth of field. The theoretical and experimental researches all verified its effectiveness. In this paper, we suggest the use of an exponential phase pupil mask to extend the depth of field. This phase mask has two variable parameters for designing to control the shape of the mask so as to modulate the wave-front more flexible. We employ an optimization procedure based on the Fisher information metric to obtain the optimum values of the parameters for the exponential and the cubic masks, respectively. A series of performance comparisons between these two optimized phase masks in extending the depth of field are then done. The results show that the exponential phase mask provide slight advantage to the cubic one in several aspects. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

激光多普勒振动计用于水下声光通信

介绍了激光多普勒振动计(LDV)用于水下声光通信的应用背景,阐述了激光多普勒振动计的工作原理和两种相干检测方式。采用零差的相干探测方式,设计并实现了一套光纤结构的激光多普勒振动计。为了证明系统能够应用于水下声光通信,进行了对水下声源发出的声波频率和强度的探测实验。通过对实验数据的分析得出：第一,系统能够检测出水下声源发出的声波频率,对7 kHz附近的10个声波频率的测量标准偏差小于8 Hz; 第二,系统探测信号强度与水下声源发声的声压级成指数关系,对于水下目标通信所用的3.5 kHz和7 kHz声波频段的

Broadband near-infrared emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped chalcohalide glasses

The near-IR emission spectra of Er3+-Tm3+ codoped 70GeS(2)-20In(2)S(3)-10CsI chalcohalide glasses were studied with an 808 nm laser as an excitation source. A broad emission extending from 1.35 to 1.7 mu m with a FWHM of similar to 160 nm was recorded in a 0.1 mol.% Er2S3, 0.5 mol.% Tm2S3 codoped chalcohalide glass. The fluorescence decay curves of glasses were measured by monitoring the emissions of Tm3+ at 1460 nm and Er3+ at 1540 nm, and the lifetimes were obtained from the first-order exponential fit. The luminescence mechanism and the possible energy-transfer processes are discussed with respect to the energy-level diagram of Er3+ and Tm3+ ions. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

木根麦冬rRNA基因进化的研究

木根麦冬（Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai）属于铃兰科（Convallariaceae）或广义百合科（Liliaceae s.l.）沿阶草族（Ophiopogoneae）沿阶草属（Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl.），属于典型的濒危植物。前人已从细胞学、种群生态学、生殖生物学和遗传结构与多样性等方面对木根麦冬进行了研究，但在分子进化和分子细胞遗传学水平上的研究近为空白。本文运用染色体的荧光原位杂交(FISH)、PCR扩增和克隆、DNA测序、系统发育重建等方法，对18S rDNA作了染色体原位定位，研究了木根麦冬的Ss rRNA基因结构特点，并重建了该基因的系统发育树，探讨了5S rRNA多基因家族的分子进化模式和木根麦冬的濒危机制。主要结果如下： 1．对木根麦冬三个居群七个个体、及其最近姐妹种林生麦冬（Ophiopogon svlvicola Wang et Tang）一个个体的5S rRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和TA克隆，在两个种中共得到1085个具有插入片段的阳性克隆。 2．对木根麦冬三个居群六个个体的294个SS rRNA基因克隆，及林生麦冬一个个体的45个克隆，总计339个克隆进行了DNA序列测定，这是目前已完成的最大的单个物种的5S rRNA数据。结果表明：两个种的序列高度多样化，在339个拷贝中仅仅有13对(3.8%)是相同的，序列长度变化在307bp-548bp之间，长度变异主要发生在间隔区，单个碱基的插入和缺失(indel)频率很高，5bp以上片段的插入，缺失有11个，插入的序列通常是其两侧序列的重复和倒位。术根麦冬序列的分化指数（sequence differentiation index，SDI）是0.078，林生麦冬是0.032，两个物种间是0.149，木根麦冬的序列之间的分化明显大于林生麦冬。 3．以PAUP程序对339个5S rRNA基因拷贝的DNA序列（包括编码区和间隔区）作了系统发育分析，结果如下：在得到一个唯一的最俭约树中，所有木根麦冬的拷贝被聚成一支，而林生麦冬的则被聚到另一支，统计支持率(bootstrap)达到lOO%，表明这两个物种所有的的5S rRNA基因拷贝分别来自各自的一个祖先拷贝（建立者拷贝），而其共同祖先的其它拷贝则在物种形成中或之后丢失：在多基因家族中如此长期而单一的拷贝偏选( sorting)过程尚未有前人报道;由此基因系统发育树可以看出，在这两个物种形成之后，“建立者拷贝”经历了多次扩增过程而形成了一个直系的（orthologous）多基因家族。 4．在木根麦冬分支中，很少有亚分支是全部由一个居群或一个个体的拷贝组成的，不同居群、不同个体的拷贝混合在同一个亚分支中;对基因系统发育树、序列多样性和序列分化指数分析表明，5S rRNA基因家族内一致化（homogeruzation）过程很弱，不同拷贝是独立进化的，这在串联．重复的多拷贝基因家族中是不寻常的;由上述分析我们推测，在术根麦冬的进化历史上，居群间的基因交流远远比今天频繁，可能是某些外在因素在近期发生变化，导致自交和自交衰退，并进而导致濒危。 5．利用荧光原位杂交技术，成功地将18S rRNA基因定位在木根麦冬减数分裂期的染色体上，两对强信号和一对弱信号分别位于三对二价体染色体上。

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF KARYOTYPES OF MUNTJACS BY CHROMOSOME PAINTING

We have used a combination of chromosome sorting, degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR), chromosome painting and digital image capturing and processing techniques for comparative chromosome analysis of members of the genus Muntiacus. Chromosome-specific ''paints'' from a female Indian muntjac were hybridised to the metaphase chromosomes of the Gongshan, Black, and Chinese muntjac by both single and three colour chromosome painting. Karyotypes and idiograms for the Indian, Gongshan, Black and Chinese muntjac were constructed, based on enhanced 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding patterns. The hybridisation signal for each paint was assigned to specific bands or chromosomes for all of the above muntjac species. The interspecific chromosomal homology was demonstrated by the use of both enhanced DAPI banding and comparative chromosome painting. These results provide direct molecular cytogenetic evidence for the tandem fusion theory of the chromosome evolution of muntjac species.

Localization of Sry gene on Y chromosome of Muntjac munticus vaginalis

The chromosomes 1, Y-1, Y-2 of Muntjac munticus vaginalis were isolated by fluorescence activated chromosome sorting and amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide primed-polymerase chain reaction ( DOP-PCR). A primer pair within human Sry HMG box was design

温度影响轮虫卵割速度卵割规律和星状体移动速度之研究

<正> 一.绪言从初期胚胎发育过程和发生生理的研究,知道卵的性质有全能与限能的不同。全能卵(regulative egg)的初期发育,在某一固定的温度下,卵的每次分割是按冪次式(exponential type)而进行,每完成一有丝分裂周期(mitotic cycle)所需的时间都相同。这种情形,早经 Gray,Balinsky,和 Syngajemskaja 等,备就 Echinus miliaris,Ascidia(Ciona intestinalis)和 Campanularie,等动物卵的观察,先

The effect of organic matter accumulation on phosphorus release in sediment of Chinese shallow lakes

The effects of organic matter in sediment on phosphorus release were studied by field investigations in eight Chinese shallow freshwater lakes with different trophic status and a laboratory experiment. The sediment organic matter content paralleled the trophic status, ranging from 6.1 to 173.0 g kg(-1) (dry weight), with the mean value of 63.1 g kg(-1) (dry weight). It was positively proportional to Soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in the interstitial water in a form of exponential function, but inversely related to the sediment Fe/P ratio. The sediment alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly related not only to the organic matter content (r = 0.829, P < 0.01, n = 120), but also to the soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in interstitial water (r = 0.454, P < 0.01, n = 42). In the laboratory experiment, the addition of organic matter (dry materials of an aquatic macrophyte) into the sediment significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and soluble reactive phosphorus release. However, in the treatment with organic matter added and aeration, this release was generally prevented in spite of an increase in APA. Hence, sediment organic matter can effectively accelerate phosphorus release by enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic desorption. The latter mechanism seems to be more important.

Effects of temperature and light on the growth and geosmin production of Lyngbya kuetzingii (Cyanophyta)

The effects of temperature and light on the growth and geosmin production of Lyngbya kuetzingii were determined. Of the three temperatures tested, 10, 25 and 35A degrees C, the maximal geosmin concentration and geosmin productivity were yielded at 10A degrees C, while the highest chl a production was observed at 25A degrees C. In the studies on light intensity, the maximal geosmin concentration and geosmin productivity were observed at 10 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), while the highest chl a production was at 20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). It was suggested that more geosmin was synthesized with lower chl a demand. Meanwhile, the relative amounts of extra- and intracellular geosmin were investigated. Under optimum growth conditions (20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), 25A degrees C; BG-11 medium), the amounts of extracellular geosmin increased as the growth progressed and reached the maximum in the stationary phase, while the intracellular geosmin reached its maximum value in the late exponential phase, and then began to decline. However, under the low temperature (10A degrees C) or light (10 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) conditions, more intracellular geosmin was synthesized and mainly accumulated in the cells. The proportions of extracellular geosmin were high, to 33.33 and 32.27%, respectively, during the stationary phase at 35A degrees C and 20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). It was indicated that low temperature or light could stimulate geosmin production and favor the accumulation of geosmin in cells, while more intracellular geosmin may be released into the medium at higher temperatures or optimum light intensity.

The first non-mammalian CXCR3 in a teleost fish: Gene and expression in blood cells and central nervous system in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A novel fish chemokine receptor gene, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-like was isolated from the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella , with its full-length genomic sequence. The cDNA of grass carp CXCR3-like (gcCXCR3-like) consists of 1261 bp with a 49bp 5'-UTR and a 189 bp 3'-UTR. An open reading frame of 1023 bp encodes a 341-amino acid peptide, with seven transmembrane helices. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the same sequence identities (37.8%) with its counterparts in goat and human. The gcCXCR3-like gene consists of two exons, with one intervening intron, spaced over approximately 2 kb of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that the gcCXCR3-like resembles the CXCR3s of other vertebrates. Real-time PCR analysis showed that gcCXCR3-like was expressed in all tested organs except heart and the expression level of gcCXCR3-like was highest in brain. Flow cytometric analyses showed the positive rate of labelled leukocytes from the healthy grass carp was 17.3%, and the labelled leukocytes were divided into three types by cell sorting. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that gcCXCR3-like expressed in whole brain regions including cerebel, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, optic lobe, and rhinencephalon, and that the labelled leukocytes are actually populations of monocyte and/or phagocyte, lymphocyte and the granulocyte. It is considered that fish CXCR expression and their function may need to be investigated in both nervous and immune systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.