57 resultados para EXP
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本论文应用应力应变和动态力学方法,系统地表征了L_n-PIR的粘弹行为及其对聚合物链结构、分子量和分子量分布的依赖性,建立了有关力学量与分子量和分子量之间的相互作用规律的数学模式。结果表明,聚合物的粘弹力学量可以用有效分子量的概念来描述:P=K{(M-bar)_ηexp[(M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1]}~(-α) <1>不同类型的分子量的K_D值是不同的,其K_D大小顺序为:(M-bar)_n > (M-bar)_w > (M-bar)_k > (M-bar)_z。弹性物理量对分子量分布的依赖性较粘性物理量为小。分子量和分子量分布对屈服行为的影响,可以归结为分子链缠结行为的作用。L_n-PIR的屈服强度与链缠结点数(m-1)之间的关系满足如下指数方程λ_yσ_y=5.99*10~5(m-1)~(0.47),达因·厘米~(-2) <2>聚合物的屈服活化能与解链缠结活化能等值等效,均是为使分子链开始解缠结,克服缠结间链段的分子间作用力所做的功,是链缠结分子量的函数。对L_n-PIR,ΔEy与Me之间的关系为 ΔEy=-148.0+40.0 logMe,千焦/摩尔 <3>在M-bar=Mc时,ΔEy达最大值,为其流动活化能。L_n-PIR的屈服破坏能等效于解分子链缠结能,是为使缠结点解脱,克服缠结点的单体单元之间的范德华力所做的功。ΔEd是缠结点数(m-1)的函数ΔEd.=1.38*10~4(m-1),焦耳·摩尔~(-1) <4>单个链缠结点对ΔEd的贡献是相同的,约为0.143er,相当于相互缠结的两分子链段的链节单元之间的距离接近于范德华平衡半径re=2.84A的分子间作用力。另由于L_n-PIR聚合物本体内存在的紧密的分子链缠结结构,导致非牛顿效应,其流变行为和应力松弛行为偏离牛顿线性流动规律。L_n-PIR的本体粘度与分子量和分子量分布的关系为η_0~(100)=8.91*10~(-19) (M-bar)_η~(4.25)exp[-0.30*4.25((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)],达因·厘米~(-2)·秒 <5>正应力系数与分子量和分子量分布之关系为ξ_0~(100)=1.43*10~(-32) (M-bar)_η~(6.86)exp[-1.10((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)],达因·厘米~(-2)·秒<6>由于分子链的热运动状况不同,回复柔量对分子链结构和分子结构的依赖性是随温度而变化的。L_n-PIR在25 ℃和100 ℃时,回复柔量与分子量和分子量分布的关系为25 ℃: Je-o=0.158(M-bar)_η~(-0.75)exp[+0.298((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)],达因~(-1)·厘米~2 <7> 100 ℃: Je-o=1.32*10~6(M-bar)_η~(-1.81)exp[0.704((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]达因~(-1)·厘米~2 <8>最大松弛时间与(M-bar)_η、MWD之关系为Jm=1.19*10~(-6)(M-bar)_η~(1.72)exp[-0.282((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)],秒<9> Rouse松弛时间与(M-bar)_η、MWD之关系为Jr=1.79*10~(-14)(M-bar)_η~(3.46)exp[-0.567((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)],秒 <10>。
Resumo:
The geometrical parameters and electronic structures of C60, (A partial derivative C60) (A = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and (H partial derivative C60) (H = F, Cl, Br, I) have been calculated by the EHMO/ASED (atom superposition and electron delocalization) method. When putting a central atom into the C60 cage, the frontier and subfrontier orbitals of (A partial derivative C60) (A = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and (H partial derivative C60) (H = F, Cl) relative to those of C60 undergo little change and thus, from the viewpoint of charge transfer, A (A = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and H (H = F, Cl) are simply electron donors and acceptors for the C60 cage resPeCtively. Br is an electron acceptor but it does influence the frontier and subfrontier MOs for the C60 cage, and although there is no charge transfer between I and the C60 cage, the frontier and subfrontier MOs for the C60 cage are obviously influenced by I. The stabilities DELTAE(X) (DELTAE(X) = (E(X) + E(C60)) - E(x partial derivative C60)) follow the sequence I < Br < None < Cl < F < Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs while the cage radii r follow the inverse sequence. The stability order and the cage radii order have been explained by means of the (exp-6-1) potential.
Resumo:
The defect levels in Hg1-xCdxTe P+N junction photodiodes (x = 0.4) were first studied using deep-level transient spectroscopy. Two electron traps, E(1)(0.06) and E(2)(0.15), and two hole traps, H-1(0.075) and H-2(0.29), were obtained, Characteristic parameters-the minority lifetime of the devices and the dynamic resistance-area product at zero bias-are estimated according to these levels. Results show that these two minority levels may be important in controlling lifetime. We have studied the recombination mechanism of the hole trap H-2(0.29) further. It has a large activation energy and satisfies the formula sigma(T) = sigma(x) exp(-E(F)/E(T)). This reflects the fact that its recombination mechanism is multiphonon nonradiative recombination, which is rarely reported in narrow-bandgap materials.
Resumo:
主要研究了平面一维波导系统中的Rashba电子波函数的输运性质,得到了如下的结果.根据Rashba效应,能量为E的平面电子波,将分裂成波矢分别为k_1=k_0+k_δ与k_2=k_0-k_δ的两种波函数,其自旋取向与波导的夹角分别为+π/2(自旋向上态)与-π/2(自旋向下态).若在支路的终端是栅极或者铁磁接触,则相应的波函数成为驻波形式:exp(±ik_δl)sin[k_0(l-L)],其中L是支路的长度,l是支路内的坐标.与不考虑自旋的情况不同的是,Rashba电子波函数的相位与支路的取向角度θ有关.此外,两种自旋取向的波传播的群速度相同,都是hk_0/m*.在各支路结点处,由波函数的连续性和流密度守恒条件,得到了Rashba电子波函数所必须满足的边界条件.利用这些边界条件,我们研究了Rashba电子在一些结构中的透射和反射性质,发现自旋向上和向下的Rashba电子波函数的干涉效应将受到铁磁接触或栅极的调制.最后得到了多分支结构中,Rashba电子输运的一般性理论.我们提出的Rashba电子的一维量子波导理论可以被用来设计各种自旋极化器件.
Resumo:
Carrier recombination dynamics in AlInGaN alloy has been studied by photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL). The fast redshift of PL peak energy is observed and well fitted by a physical model considering the thermal activation and transfer processes. This result provides evidence for the exciton localization in the quantum dot (QD)-like potentials in our AlInGaN alloy. The TRPL signals are found to be described by a stretched exponential function of exp[(-t/tau)(beta)], indicating the presence of a significant disorder in the material. The disorder is attributed to a randomly distributed quantum dots or clusters caused by indium fluctuations. By studying the dependence of the dispersive exponent 8 on the temperature and emission energy, we suggest that the exciton hopping dominate the diffusion of carriers localized in the disordered quantum dots. Furthermore, the localized states are found to have OD density of states up to 250 K, since the radiative lifetime remains almost unchanged with increasing temperature.
Resumo:
人工湿地处理污水实验场经过多年的运行已形成了较稳定的具有多 种生物种类的适合污水处理的生态系统,活水公园人工湿地塘床系统运行时间仅一年,初步显示了湿地生态系统的生物多样性特点。筛选出了菖蒲、芦苇、茭白、香蒲、水竹、马蹄莲、凤眼莲、浮萍、睡莲等适合本地人工湿地塘床系统种植的湿地植物。人工湿地塘床系统是由各种湿地单元与各种各样的高、低等生物和所处的开放式的环境共同构成了较为完整的具有净化污水功能的生态系统,因此,与生物滤池相比,把人工湿地塘床系统称为生态滤池显得更为合适。其出水具有生物安全性。实验结果表明,实验场对生活污水中的COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、TP的去除率在80%以上,对TN的去除率为60.60% ~ 86.4%,细菌总数的去除率为86.9% ~ 99.6%,总大肠菌群的去除率为94.6% ~ 99.7%,其出水水质能够满足二级污水处理的要求。活水公园对枯水期府河水中的COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、TN、TP的去除率在85%以上,总大肠菌群的去除率为99.97%,其净化效果能够满足污水深度处理的需要。湿地植物光合作用向水体供氧能力的试验研究结果表明,在几种光照控制条件静态试验和现场试验中,菖蒲、香蒲、茭白、水竹、凤眼莲等植物植株水面以上的茎、叶在光照条件下进行光合作用时并没有引起根层区水体内溶解氧浓度的升高(氧增),反出现下降(氧亏)。说明这些植物水上部分光合作用对水体DO没有贡献。浮萍光合作时引起氧增的作用较弱,仅维持低水平,试验期间9:00 ~ 15:00的氧增幅度在0.11 ~ 1.13mg/L之间,平均为0.44mg/L。芦苇在9:00 ~ 15:00光合作用时根层区水体氧增幅在-0.20 ~ 1.07mg/L之间,平均为0.30mg/L。上述这些植物植株的水面以下的根、根茎、茎、叶如果暴露在光照条件下时,会进行光合作用,产生的氧直接释放到水体并引起氧增的作用非常明显,试验期间9:00 ~ 15:00的氧增幅度在1.91 ~ 16.1mg/L之间。人工湿地处理污水系统植物床基质内各测点的上、下层COD_(Cr)值虽有一定的差别,但经过成对平均数比较分析发现这种差别并未形成明显的趋势。污水在植物床基质中流动时,随着迁移距离的延长,其中的COD_(Cr)的降解速率呈现先快后慢的趋势,根据动态变化规律,建立了COD_(Cr)在植物床基质层内沿程水平迁移降解动态变化模型:C_L = C_o exp(4.629 * 10~(-5)L~2-0.01567L,0 ≤ L ≤ 100。经验证,模型预测值与实际监测值呈非常显著相关(r ≥ 0.9946 > r_(0.0005(4)),r_(0.0005(4)) = 0.9741)。在人工湿地塘床系统运行监测过程中,发现处于光照下的水体中的pH呈周期性变化,与DO的变化规律相似,在试验期间,9:00 ~ 15:00的pH和DO都呈上升趋势,两者呈协同周期性变化。经相关性回归分析,pH的变化规律与DO呈非常显著相正关,植物床表层渍水区pH与DO的回归关系相关系数r = 0.9129 > r_(0.01(70))(r_(0.01(70)) = 0.302),植物塘内的pH与DO的相关系数r = 0.8584 > r_(0.01(60))(r_(0.01(60)) = 0.325),植物床基质层内的pH与DO之间的相关性较差。相关分析结果表明,DO变化幅度大的水体中,pH的变化幅度也就越大,两者之间的相关性也就越显著,这可能与水体中氧化还原电位和水生植物光合作用伴随的代谢活动有关。这种相关性和协同周期性变化具有一定的生态学意义,并会给净化污水的效果产生影响。
Resumo:
采伐迹地上运走大径级的原木所剩下的枝桠物质是生态系统养分能量的来源;是动力,植物和微生物物栖息地。在本世纪五十年代就有人(A. A. Loman)对择伐和皆伐迹地上的枝桠进行了研究,用以比较它们树皮存留率的差异,但详细深入的研究是在八十年代以后,以R. L. Edmonds, C. E. Pertson为代表研究不同层次,不同径级研究枝桠的分解速率,我国在此领域的研究尚属空白。本文以长白山阔叶红松林带的四个树种:红松,白桦,落叶松,色木为对象探讨了它们枝桠的生物量,分解速率,分解过程中的养分动态以及枝桠堆对更新和火灾的影响。采伐后0-14后间,迹地上枝桠干重为31.96-9.60T/ha,通过对7个年代采伐迹地上枝桠堆面积估算后得知,枝桠堆平均占地为11.53%,以1CM直径累计值对应的枝桠堆的高度(Y:CM)为因变量,分解时间(X, yr)为自变量,则枝桠堆高度随时间变化的过程可以描述为:Y = 1.288 - 0.000889 X~2 r = -0.9896。本文以密度(Y: g/CM~3)随分解年令(X: yr)的变化来表示分解速率。四十年代样品用排水法求出来的密度与用园柱法求出的密度有如下相关关系:Y排 = 0.0129 +2.316 Y园,r = 0.94 Y表示密度(g/CM~3)。我们用单项指数模型描述分解速率:落叶松:Y = 0.4701 * exp (-0.01783 X) r = -0.927 色木: Y = 0.6742 * exp (-0.07824 X) r = -0.988 红松:Y = 0.5349 * exp (-0.03421 X) r = -0.927 桦树:Y = 0.5316 * exp (-0.1139 X) r = -0.992 红松树皮的分解模型近似于直线:Y = 0.5258 - 0.01133 X r = -0.984 落叶松,红松,色木,桦树的分解常数分别为:0.01783, 0.0.41, 0.0782, 0.1139。依此预测分解原密度的95%所需要的时间分别为:168年,87.6年,38.3年,26年。可以看出这四个树种分解从难到易的顺序为:落叶松 > 红松 > 色木 > 桦树。对枝桠密度的差民显著性检验可以说明:红松样品层次对分解的影响显著而径级对分解的影响仅在下层显著。随着分解的进行,样品的重量损失,我们也探讨了密度的降低与失重百分率之间的关系。桦树样品下层失重比上层快,说明淋溶作用对桦树样品失重的贡献不大。温湿度是影响分解的最主要的生态因子。枝桠堆上下层的湿度差异特别明显。分解时间越长,径级对含水量的影响越显著。水分含量(Y:%)随年代(X: yr)变化的趋势为:Y = 36.18 - 0.004337 X~2 (4-7cm径级)Y = 33.64 - 0.01097 X~2 (1-4cm径级) 温,湿度影响土壤动物及微生物种群分布及数量,进而影响到枝桠的分解速率,分解过程中元素动态变化是:C基本上恒定,全N含量趋于增高。径级对红松N的累积有影响。下层4-6cm径极累积最快,其次是上层4-6cm。层次的影响仅限于红松,除72年以外上层 > 下层。其它元素如P, Mg++, Ca++总的趋势是随分解过程而增加。土壤中的C元素含量受立地条件的影响,但是枝桠堆下面土壤C值高于对照。枝桠堆对森林更新和火灾均有影响。枝桠是林火的燃料,枝桠堆面积占采伐迹地的11.53%,这样减少更新面积。
Resumo:
During the Last Glacial Maximum, ice sheets covered large areas in northern latitudes, and global temperatures were significantly lower than today. But few direct estimates exist of the volume of the ice sheets, or the timing and rates of change during their advance and retreat. Here we analyze four distinct sediment facies in the shallow, tectonically stable Bonaparte Gulf, Australia - each of which is characteristic of a distinct range in sea level - to estimate the maximum volume of land-based ice during the last glaciation and the timing of the initial melting phase. We use faunal assemblages and preservation status of the sediments to distinguish open marine, shallow marine, marginal marine and brackish conditions, and estimate the timing and the mass of the ice sheets using radiocarbon dating and glacio-hydroisostatic modelling. Our results indicate that from at least 22,000 to 19,000 (calendar) years before present, land-based ice volume was at its maximum, exceeding today's grounded ice sheets by 52.5 x 10 exp 6 cu km. A rapid decrease in ice volume by about 10 percent within a few hundred years terminated the Last Glacial Maximum at 19,000 +/- 250 years.